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all2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how the student could have used his slide to find the number of stomata per cm2

A
  • by using a method of determining area of field of view/area seen using microscope
  • by counting the number of stomata in field of view
  • and using repeats and calculating a mean
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2
Q

The stomata on the leaves of pine trees are found in pits below the leaf surface. Explain how this helps to reduce water loss

A
  • water vapour accumulates / increased humidity/ reduced air movement around stomata
  • so water potential/diffusion gradient is reduced
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3
Q

How blood plasma is different from tissue fluid

A

-more/larger proteins / less urea/carbon dioxide / more glucose/amino acids/fatty acids/oxygen/ high(hydrostatic) pressure

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4
Q

The blood pressure is high at the start of the capillary. Explain how the left ventricle causes the blood to be at high pressure.

A

-contracts

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5
Q

The blood pressure decreases along the length of the capillary. What causes this decrease in pressure?

A
  • loss of fluid/volume

- so friction/resistance of capillary wall

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6
Q

Explain the link between a low concentration of protein in blood plasma and the accumulation of tissue fluid

A
  • Water potential (in capillary) is higher/less negative so the water potential gradient is reduced
  • therefore more tissue fluid formed at arteriole end
  • and less/no water is absorbed into blood capillary
  • by osmosis into blood capillary
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7
Q

Why it may be more useful to calculate the index of diversity than to record only the number of species present

A
  • measures number of individuals of each species and number of species
  • some species only present in small numbers
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8
Q

Gas exchange in fish takes place in gills. Explain how two features of gills allow efficient gas exchange

A
  • filaments/lamellae provide large surface area
  • thin/flattened epithelium are only one/two cell layers so there is a short diffusion pathway between water and blood
  • countercurrent/blood flow maintains concentration/diffusion gradient
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9
Q

The scale for plotting body mass is a logarithmic scale. Explain why a logarithmic scale was used to plot body mass.

A

-so that a large range of values can fit on a graph

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10
Q

Describe the relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake

A

-Decrease in uptake with increase in mass / negative correlation

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11
Q

The zoologist measured oxygen uptake per gram of body mass. Explain why he measured oxygen uptake per gram of body mass

A
  • enables comparison

- as animals differ in size/mass

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12
Q

Heat from respiration helps mammals to maintain a constant body temperature. Use this information to explain the relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake shown in the graph.

A
  • smaller animals have larger surface area to volume ratio
  • so lose more heat per gram of tissue
  • and respire more/faster relative to body mass
  • and oxygen is used in respiration
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13
Q

how the scientists should have treated the control group

A
  • given only saline

- otherwise treated exactly the same way

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14
Q

factors which should be considered when deciding the number of mice to be used in this investigation

A
  • ethical consideration, e.g., leads to death/suffering of mice
  • large number to improve reliability / reduce sampling error
  • number of mice related to cost/space available/animal husbandry
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15
Q

What information does standard deviation give about the volume of the tumours in this investigation?

A

-the degree of spread/variation from the mean

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16
Q

ways in which courtship behaviour increases the probability of successful mating

A
  • recognition of same species
  • stimulates release of gametes
  • recognition of mate/opposite gender
  • indication of sexual maturity/fertility
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17
Q

A female with a head length of 50 mm selected a mate. Explain how you could use the graph to predict the total head length of the mate selected.

A
  • use line of best fit

- and extrapolate/extend line as required

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18
Q

How comparisons of biological molecules in these two species could be used to find out if they are closely related.

A
  • compare DNA
  • sequence of bases/nucleotides
  • DNA hybridisation
  • separate DNA strands / break hydrogen bonds
  • mix DNA/strands of different species –the temperature/heat required to separate hybrid strands indicates relationship
  • compare same/named protein
  • sequence of amino acids /primary structure
  • immunological evidence – not a mark
  • inject seahorse protein/serum into animal
  • obtain antibodies/serum
  • add protein/serum/plasma from other seahorse species
  • the amount of precipitate indicates relationship
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19
Q

How downward movement of the diaphragm leads to air entering the lungs.

A
  • increases volume in lungs/thorax
  • lowers pressure in lungs/thorax
  • air is pushed in by higher outside pressure, down a pressure gradient
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20
Q

Pulmonary ventilation equation

A

Pulmonary ventilation= tidal volume x ventilation rate

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21
Q

Mitochondrion function

A

-aerobic respiration

22
Q

Why certain structures can’t be seen using an optical (light) microscope

A
  • resolution is not high enough

- the wavelength of light is too long

23
Q

Sucrose monosaccharaides

A
  • glucose

- fructose

24
Q

Lactose monosaccharaides

A
  • glucose

- galactose

25
Q

Osmosis/water potential- diarrhoea (cholera bacteria increases chloride ions into lumen)

A
  • water moves into the gut
  • so there is a lower water potential of gut lumen
  • this means water moves down a water potential gradient by osmosis
  • so not enough water is reabsorbed
26
Q

Non-competitive inhibitors- now imatinib stops uncontrolled cell division in leukaemia

A
  • imatinb is a non competitive inhibitor as it binds to a site other than the active site (allosteric site)
  • this means that the active site is now the wrong shape and no e-s complex is formed
  • so the uncontrolled cell division is now controlled
27
Q

blood vessel to which the artificial heart is connected

A

Aorta

28
Q

why the left ventricle requires the help of the artificial heart but the right ventricle does not

A
  • because the left ventricle pumps the blood further (to the whole body except lungs)
  • meaning It does most the work and produces a greater force/pressure
29
Q

why the pulse recordings in the doctor’s surgery were taken when the men were lying down

A

-the patients were at rest in controlled conditions using a standard position

30
Q

why the pulse felt can be used to measure heart rate

A
  • because it is caused by pressure, a surge of blood

- from one contraction of the left ventricle of the heart

31
Q

Why people with AIDS die because they are unable to produce an immune response to pathogens

A
  • because people are infected by other pathogens
  • which reproduce and cause disease
  • which can damage cells
  • and release toxins
  • and the immune system can’t prevent or stop the events
32
Q

why because HIV shows a lot of antigenic variability a vaccine might not be effective against HIV

A

-antigen on HIV changes
-so specific receptor no longer binds to new antigen
OR
-there are many different stands of HIV
-and it is not possible to make a vaccine for all antigens

33
Q

Ways in which substances can cross the cell surface membrane

A 
By osmosis 
- From a high water potential to a low water potential/down a water potential gradient
- Through aquaporins/water channels
By facilitated diffusion 
- Channel/carrier protein
- Down concentration gradient
By active transport 
- Carrier protein/protein pumps
- Against concentration gradient
- Using ATP/energy (from respiration);
By phagocytosis/endocytosis 
- Engulfing by cell surface membrane to form vesicle/vacuole
By exocytosis/role of Golgi vesicles 
- Fusion of vesicle with cell surface membrane
34
Q

How atheroma formation increases a person’s risk of dying

A
  • atheroma is fatty material
  • in the wall of an artery
  • which causes higher risk of aneurysm
  • and a higher risk of thrombus formation/blood clot
  • which could block the coronary artery
  • so less oxygen/glucose goes to the heart muscle
  • and reduces respiration
  • causing a heart attack (myocardial infarction)
  • or it could block an artery to the brain
  • causing a stroke
35
Q

type of reaction that would break down these carbohydrates into their monomers.

A

Hydrolysis

36
Q

Give a feature of starch and explain how this feature enables it to act as a storage substance

A
  1. Coiled / helical / spiral
  2. (So) compact / tightly packed / can fit (lots) into a small space
  3. Insoluble
  4. (So) no osmotic effect / does not leave cell / does not affect water potential
  5. Large molecule / long chain
  6. (So) does not leave cell / contains large number of glucose units
  7. Branched chains
  8. (So) easy to remove glucose
37
Q

An arteriole is described as an organ. Explain why.

A

-Made of (different) tissues / more than one tissue

38
Q

An arteriole contains muscle fibres. Explain how these muscle fibres reduce blood flow to capillaries.

A
  1. (Muscle) contracts;

2. (Arteriole) narrows/constricts/reduces size of lumen/vessel / vasoconstriction;

39
Q

A capillary has a thin wall. This leads to rapid exchange of substances between the blood and tissue fluid. Explain why

A

-Short diffusion distance/pathway;

40
Q

Blood flow in capillaries is slow. Give the advantage of this.

A

-(More) time for exchange/diffusion (of substances);

41
Q

Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by a lack of protein in the blood. This leads to a swollen abdomen due to a build up of tissue fluid. Explain why a lack of protein in the blood causes a build up of tissue fluid.

A
  1. Water potential (in capillary) not as low/is higher/less negative / water potential gradient is reduced;
  2. Less/no water removed (into capillary);
  3. By osmosis (into capillary);
42
Q

Classification

A

-kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

43
Q

These results suggest that leopards are more closely related to cheetahs than to pumas. Explain why.

A
  1. More hydrogen bonds (form);
  2. Similar DNA sequence(s) / similar base sequence(s) / more complementary bases / more base
    pairs;
44
Q

what is meant by a genetic bottleneck

A
  1. Drop in population / many killed / only single female left;
  2. Idea of reduced/low genetic variation/diversity / reduction in (variety of) alleles / smaller gene pool;
45
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

-Variation / differences within the same/a species;

46
Q

Explain why both types of twin were used in this investigation. (schitsophrenia)

A
  1. Identical twins show genetic influence / differences between them show environmental influence;
  2. Non-identical twins (also) show an environmental/non-genetic influence;
47
Q

factors that the scientists should have taken into account when selecting the twins to be used in this study.

A
  1. Age;
  2. Sex (non-identical twins);
  3. Family/medical history (of mental illness);
  4. No use of recreational drugs;
  5. Ethnic origins;
48
Q

Describe how the students would have returned the air bubble to the start of the capillary tube in this investigation.- potometer

A

-Open/use tap / add water from reservoir;

49
Q

precautions the students should have taken when setting up the potometer to
obtain reliable measurements of water uptake by the plant shoot.

A
    1. Seal joints / ensure airtight / ensure watertight;
      1. Cut shoot under water;
      2. Cut shoot at a slant;
      3. Dry off leaves;
      4. Insert into apparatus under water;
      5. Ensure no air bubbles are present;
      6. Shut tap;
      7. Note where bubble is at start / move bubble to the start position;
50
Q

A potometer measures the rate of water uptake rather than the rate of transpiration. Give two reasons why the potometer does not truly measure the rate of transpiration.

A
  1. Water used for support/turgidity;
  2. Water used in photosynthesis;
  3. Water produced in respiration;
  4. Apparatus not sealed/’leaks’;

all biology (26 decks)

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