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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Maximum magnification of a light microscope

A

1500;

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2
Q

Maximum magnification of a transmission electron microscope

A

500 000;

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3
Q

Definition: resolution

A

ability to see (two) objects (that are close together) as separate objects
see detail

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4
Q

one function of xylem tissue

A

transports water (up plant);
transports, minerals / ions, (up plant);
support (plant / stem / shoot);

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5
Q

the function of this spiral band of lignin and explain why it is important that the xylem vessel becomes lignified in this way.

A

Functions:
- (lignin), strengthens / thickens, the (xylem) wall;
- waterproofing (wall) / AW;
- (improving) adhesion of water (molecules);
- (spiral) pattern allows flexibility / stretching / movement;
Flexibility / stretching must ref, pattern of lignin laid down i.e. spirals
Explanation:
- prevents collapse of xylem;
- (water) under tension / at low pressure / negative pressure;
- reduces (lateral) loss of water, through wall;
- increases capillarity / AW;
- prevents stem breaking / AW;

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6
Q

the function of the pits in xylem tissue

A

(pits) allow water to move, in / out / between, vessel(s);
to bypass blockage;
supply water to other, tissues / (other types) cells / parts of plant;

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7
Q

Definition: tissue

A

collection / group, of cells (of one or more types);
(cells), working together OR with, common / same, function;
specialised (cells);

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8
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in the lungs

A

squamous / ciliated;

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9
Q

why the lungs can be considered to be an organ

A

(organ is) a collection of tissues / named tissues

(working together) to enable gas exchange

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10
Q

Cellular structure with the function: release of energy

A

mitochondria

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11
Q

Cellular structure with the function: movement of cilia

A

cytoskeleton

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12
Q

Cellular structure with the function: secrete mucus

A

Golgi (vesicle)

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13
Q

the functions of glycoproteins in the cell surface membrane

A

1 (acting as) antigens;
2identification / recognition, (of cells) as, self / non-self
3 cell signalling
ACCEPT description e.g. communication between cells / cell responds to, chemical / signal, from another cell
4 receptor / binding site, for, hormone / (chemical) signal / (medicinal /
named) drugs
5 ref. to receptor / binding site / trigger, on transport proteins /
6 cell adhesion / to hold cells together (in a tissue);
7 attach to water molecules (to stabilise membrane / cell)
8 three technical terms used and spelt correctly;
receptor, antigen, hormone, cell signal(ling), adhesion, recognition, facilitated diffusion, active transport

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14
Q

steps a student should take when setting up the potometer to ensure that the apparatus works correctly

A

shoot is healthy
assemble apparatus / cut shoot, under water
cut last 2-3 cm off cut end / cut at an angle
check there are no air bubbles in apparatus
apparatus, water tight / air tight / has no leaks
leaves dry

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15
Q

possible reasons, other than light and temperature, why the rate of transpiration was lower in the afternoon than in the morning

A 
in afternoon:
plant dying / less healthy / wilting
ref to stomatal closure
more humid / higher water (vapour) potential in air
less air movement / wind / draughts
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16
Q

why the potometer only gives an estimate of the rate of transpiration

A

(potometer) measures (water) uptake
not all water (taken up) is lost
some water used (in photosynthesis / making cells turgid)

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17
Q

State two other ways in which the wall of an artery is different from the wall of a vein

A

Arteries have:
no valves
endothelium / tunica intima, folded
more / thicker, muscle / elastic tissue / tunica media
more / thicker, collagen / tunica externa

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18
Q

how this hydrostatic pressure is generated in the heart

A

contraction of ventricle, wall / muscle

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19
Q

why the hydrostatic pressure of the blood drops as blood moves away from the heart

A

more, (smaller) vessels / named vessels
(vessels) have larger, total lumen / cross sectional area
reduced resistance to blood flow
arteries, stretch / expand
loss of, fluid / plasma, from capillaries

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20
Q

plasma fluid

A

plasma / fluid, moves out of, capillary / blood
enters / forms, tissue fluid
(plasma) proteins, remain in capillary / too large to pass through
capillary wall
(fluid moves) down pressure gradient
hydrostatic pressure greater than, water potential / Ψ

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21
Q

Outline the mechanism of inspiration

A

diaphragm / intercostal muscles, contract:
diaphragm moves down / ribs move upwards and outwards;
volume of thorax increased;
pressure inside thorax falls;
to below atmospheric pressure (so air enters lungs);
accept any three from: diaphragm, intercostal, volume, pressure, thorax, thoracic cavity

22
Q

A person breathes through the mouthpiece of a spirometer.

State what happens to the air chamber in the figure above during inspiration.

A

it falls / goes down

23
Q

why a person using the spirometer to measure their vital capacity should wear a nose clip

A

to ensure all air breathed comes from chamber OR
to prevent, escape of air / entry of air, through nose
make results invalid

24
Q

other precautions that should be taken when using a spirometer to measure vital capacity

A 
use (medical grade) oxygen / fresh air;
disinfect mouthpiece;
ref. to health of subject;
e.g. asthmatics
ref to correct functioning of equipment;
25
Q

Outline the sequence of events following the production of extracellular proteins that leads to their release from the cell.

A

proteins moved to Golgi (apparatus / body);
processed / modified ;
e.g. carbohydrate group added
into vesicles;
(vesicle) moved to, plasma / cell surface, membrane;
(vesicles) fuse with membrane;
exocytosis;

26
Q

Explain, using the term water potential, what has happened to cell M

A

water moves out of cell;
by osmosis;
cell has, higher / greater / less negative, water potential (than surrounding solution) / ORA;
(water moves) down water potential gradient/from high to low water potential;

27
Q

How they enter a cell through the plasma (cell surface) membrane
small, non-polar substances

A

diffuse (through membrane / phospholipid bilayer);

28
Q

How they enter a cell through the plasma (cell surface) membrane
large substances

A

using), transport / carrier, proteins;

endocytosis / phagocytosis / described;

29
Q

How they enter a cell through the plasma (cell surface) membrane
polar substances

A

through, pore / channel, proteins;

(using), transport / carrier, proteins

30
Q

Definition: stem cell

A

a cell that is, unspecialised / not differentiated;
capable of, division / mitosis;
able to, differentiate / specialise / become other cell types

31
Q

one tissue in plants that contains stem cells

A

cambium / meristem / early embryonic cells

32
Q

reasons why mitosis is important to organisms

A 
growth (of tissue / organism);
replace (cells) / repair (tissues);
asexual reproduction/cloning / producing genetically identical
cells;
maintain chromosome number in all cells;
33
Q

Explain, using the term surface area to volume ratio, why large, active organisms need a specialised surface for gaseous exchange

A

large / active, organisms have high(er), demand for oxygen / need
to remove CO2;
small(er), surface area to volume ratio / SA:V / surface area:volume;
surface area too small / distance too large / diffusion takes too long
(to supply needs);

34
Q

How the feature improves the efficiency of gaseous exchange

many alveoli

A

this increases the surface across which oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse

35
Q

How the feature improves the efficiency of gaseous exchange

the epithelium of the alveoli is very thin

A

short (diffusion) distance;

36
Q

How the feature improves the efficiency of gaseous exchange

there are capillaries running over the surface of the alveoli

A

delivers carbon dioxide (to be removed from
blood) / carries oxygen away (from alveoli);
short (diffusion) distance;

37
Q

How the feature improves the efficiency of gaseous exchange
the lungs are surrounded by
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

A

ventilation / supply of oxygen (to alveoli) /

removal of carbon dioxide (from alveoli);

38
Q

Outline how the diaphragm and intercostal muscles cause inspiration

A

diaphragm (contracts / flattens and) moves downwards;
intercostal muscles contract to move ribs, up / out;
increase volume of thorax;
reduce pressure inside thorax;
to below atmospheric pressure/creates pressure gradient

39
Q

Definition: single circulatory system

A

blood passes through the heart once for each, circulation / circuit / cycle, of the body;

40
Q

Definition: closed circulatory system

A

the blood is maintained inside vessels

41
Q

Fish circulatory system type

A

Single closed circulatory system

42
Q

Describe how the action of the heart is initiated and coordinated

A

/ SAN, creates / initiates / starts / originates, excitation;
wave (of excitation) spreads over atrial, wall / muscle;
ref to, AVN / U;
atria contract / atrial systole;
contraction is synchronised / AW;
delay at AVN;
(excitation spreads) down septum;
ref to, bundle of His / Purkyne fibres;
ventricles contract / ventricular systole, from, apex / bottom;
any three from: pacemaker, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, excitation, atrial / atrium / atria, septum, Purkyne, bundle of His, ventricle(s) / ventricular, apex, systole.

43
Q

Definition: source

A

site where, sucrose / sugars / assimilates, loaded (into phloem)

44
Q

Definition: sink

A

site where, sucrose / sugars / assimilates, unloaded / removed
(from phloem)

45
Q

When the bark is removed from a tree, the phloem is also removed. If a complete ring of bark is removed, the tree trunk can be seen to swell above the cut.
Suggest two reasons why the trunk swells above the cut.

A 
(sugars) cannot pass the cut / AW;
	decrease water potential;
water moves into cells;
	(damage triggers) increased cell division;
to produce cells to store sugars;
	cut causes, gall / infection;
46
Q

Types of cell that line the bronchus

A

goblet / mucus (secreting) cell;

ciliated (epithelium);

47
Q

How goblet cells and ciliated epithelium cells work together to keep the lung surface clear of dust and other particles

A

(A / goblet cells) release mucus / AW;
(mucus) traps, dust / particles / named particle;
ciliated cell / B / cilia, wave / waft / move, mucus;
to, top of trachea / back of mouth / AW;

48
Q

the function of the smooth muscle fibres in the bronchus wall

A

to constrict the bronchus

49
Q

why blood capillaries and alveoli are very close together

A

short, distance / path
(so that) diffusion / concentration, gradient is, high / steep;
high rate of, (gas) exchange / diffusion

50
Q

the function of these elastic fibres in the walls of the alveoli

A

recoil / expel air / prevent bursting

all biology (26 decks)

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