Lungs & Diaphragm Flashcards
What lines of separation does the right lung possess?
Oblique fissure and horizontal fissure
What is the location of the superior lobe of the right lung?
Above the horizontal fissure
What is the location of the middle lobe of the right lung?
Between the horizontal and oblique fissures
What is the location of the inferior lobe of the right lung?
Below the oblique fissure
Why are the grooves and impressions of the lungs not typically present in the living?
Due to the perfusion/inflation of the lungs
What are the grooves/impressions found in the right lung?
Grooves for the azygos vein, esophagus, superior vena cava, and right brachiocephalic vein, as well as the cardia impression (shallow)
What are the lines of separation found with the left lung?
Only the oblique fissure
What is the location of the superior lobe of the left lung?
Above the oblique fissure
What is the location of the inferior lobe of the left lung?
Below the oblique fissure
What are characteristic features of the left lung?
Lingula, grooves for the aorta and left subclavian artery, cardiac notch, and a deep cardiac impression
What is significant about the cardiac notch of the left lung?
Important for auscultation of the heart
Why does the esophagus typically not lie against the left lung?
It rests on the aorta
What are the functional units of the lung?
Bronchopulmonary segments
Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of what four things?
Segmental bronchus, branch of the pulmonary artery, segment of lung tissue, and surrounding septum
Why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically important?
Can be surgically removed without affecting the functioning of adjacent segments
What is the blood supply of the lungs?
Bronchial arteries and bronchial veins
From where do the bronchial arteries arise?
Thoracic aorta
Where do the bronchial veins drain?
Azygos and accessory hemiazygos veins
What is the primary tissue of the trachea, main bronchi, and lobar bronchi?
Cartilaginous rings
What is the primary tissue of segmental bronchi?
Smooth muscle
What is the primary tissue of bronchioles?
Smooth muscle
What is the primary tissue of alveoli?
Membrane
What is bronchitis?
Inflammation of the segmental bronchi
What is bronchiolitis?
Inflammation of the bronchioles
What is pneumonia?
Inflammation of the alveoli
What fibers form the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses?
Vagus and sympathetic trunk
The sympathetic trunk is made up from which cord levels?
T2-T5
What effect does sympathetic activation have on the lungs?
Bronchial dilation, vasoconstriction, and decreased glandular secretion
What effect does parasympathetic activation have on the lungs?
Bronchial constriction, vasodilation, and increased glandular secretion
What is asthma?
An obstructive airway disease characterized by coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing
What causes asthma?
Spasms of the smooth muscle which lies in the segmental bronchi and bronchioles
What also tends to accompany asthma?
Excessive secretion of mucus
What triggers extrinsic asthma?
Allergies
What triggers intrinsic asthma?
Stimuli such as stress, cold, or exercise
Subluxation of what area tend to accompany asthma?
Upper thoracic region
What part of the autonomic nervous system would dominate in asthma if there was a subluxation in the upper thoracics (T2-T5)?
Parasympathetics