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Gross II Unit 2 > Heart Part 1 > Flashcards

Heart Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest walls?

A

Left ventricle (2-3x more)

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2
Q

Which chamber of the heart has the thinnest walls?

A

Right atrium

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3
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

Obstruction of a pulmonary artery by a blood clot

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4
Q

What is the typical pathway of a pulmonary embolism?

A

Passes through the inferior or superior vena cava to the right atrium, then right ventricle, then pulmonary trunk, then pulmonary arteries where the block occurs

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5
Q

How can heart failure occur with a pulmonary embolism?

A

Dilation of the right ventricle and atrium can occur (death within minutes)

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6
Q

What three things do all of the heart valves have?

A

Valve orifice, fibrous ring (anulus), and cusps

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7
Q

Which two heart valves posses semilunar cusps?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves

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8
Q

Which heart valve is the only one without 3 cusps?

A

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

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9
Q

What is the location of the pulmonary valve?

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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10
Q

What is the location of the aortic valve?

A

Between the left ventricle and aorta

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11
Q

What is the location of the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

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12
Q

What is the location of the tricuspid valve?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

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13
Q

What are the cusps of the pulmonary valve?

A

Anterior, left and right

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14
Q

What are the cusps of the aortic valve?

A

Left, right, and posterior

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15
Q

What are the cusps of the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

A

Anterior and posterior

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16
Q

What are the cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

Anterior, posterior, and septal

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17
Q

What are the alternative names for the mitral and tricuspid valves?

A

Left and right atrioventricular valves, respectively

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18
Q

What causes the “lub” sound?

A

Contraction of the ventricles and closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves

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19
Q

What causes the “dup” sound?

A

Closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves

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20
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve most audible?

A

Over the left second intercostal space

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21
Q

Where is the aortic valve most audible?

A

Over the right second intercostal space

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22
Q

Where is the mitral valve most audible?

A

Over the left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line

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23
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve most audible?

A

Over the left fifth intercostal space at the border with the sternum

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24
Q

Which is the most frequently diseased valve?

A

Mitral valve

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25
Q

Which is the second most frequently diseased valve?

A

Aortic valve

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26
Q

Why is the mitral valve the most frequently diseased valve?

A

Due to the increased pressure generated by the left ventricle leading to microabrasions

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27
Q

What is the orientation of the heart?

A

From base to apex: forward, downward, and to the left (roughly a 45 degree angle)

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28
Q

What forms the base of the heart?

A

Left and right atria

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29
Q

What forms the apex of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

30
Q

The apex of the heart lies in which intercostal space?

A

Left 5th

31
Q

What forms the majority of the anterior surface of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

32
Q

What forms the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

A

Right and left ventricles

33
Q

What mostly forms the left pulmonary surface of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

34
Q

What mostly forms the right pulmonary surface of the heart?

A

Right atrium

35
Q

What is the ear-like appendage from the superior aspect of the right atrium?

A

Right auricle

36
Q

What are the prominent parallel ridges located in the anterior atrial wall?

A

Pectinate muscle

37
Q

What is the vertical muscular ridge that runs from the opening of the superior vena cava to that of the inferior vena cava & marks the termination of the pectinate muscles?

A

Crista terminalis

38
Q

What separates the right atrium proper from the sinus of vena cave?

A

Crista terminalis

39
Q

What is the smooth-walled area located posterior to the crista terminalis that receives openings of the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, and anterior veins of the right ventricle?

A

Sinus of venae cavae

40
Q

What is the remnant of the foramen ovale which is the opening between the right and left atrium that closes at birth?

A

Fossa ovalis

41
Q

What is an atrial septal defect?

A

When the foramen ovale persists as a small opening in the superior part of the fossa ovalis

42
Q

What is the rate of occurrence of atrial septal defect?

A

25% of adults

43
Q

What is the term for minimal atrial septal defect?

A

Probe patent foramen ovale

44
Q

What is the term for larger atrial septal defect?

A

Clinical atrial septal defect

45
Q

What becomes dilated in atrial septal defect due to the blood being shunted from the left atrium to the right?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk

46
Q

What opening of the right atrium doesn’t have a valve?

A

Superior vena cava

47
Q

What are the interconnecting muscular ridges located in the ventricular wall?

A

Trabeculae carneae

48
Q

What are the cone-shaped muscles which originate from the ventricular wall that tend to be bifid, trifid, or multiple?

A

Papillary muscles

49
Q

What attach the papillary muscles to the borders of the cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

Chordae tendinae

50
Q

What is significant about the chordae tendonae?

A

They prevent eversion of the valve during ventricular contraction

51
Q

What is the upper portion of the right ventricle which ends in the pulmonary trunk?

A

Conus arteriosus

52
Q

What is the thick, muscular ridge which separates the conus arterioles from the rest of the right ventricle?

A

Supraventricular crest

53
Q

What is the large trabecular which extends from the inter ventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle?

A

Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)

54
Q

What are the two openings of the right ventricle?

A

Right atrium and pulmonary trunk

55
Q

What is the ear-like appendage of the left atrium?

A

Left auricle

56
Q

What is significant about the pectinate muscles of the left atrium?

A

Most of the left atrium wall is smooth due to fewer pectinate muscles

57
Q

What are the two openings into the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins and left ventricle

58
Q

What is significant about the trabecular carneae of the left ventricle?

A

Finer and more numerous

59
Q

What is the aortic vestibule?

A

Smooth-walled portion of the left ventricle below the cusps of the aortic valve

60
Q

What are the openings in the left ventricle?

A

Left atrium and aorta

61
Q

What is the purpose of the septal wall?

A

Divides the heart into left and right halves

62
Q

Which part of the septal wall is found between the two atria?

A

Interatrial septum

63
Q

Which part of the septal wall is above the septal cusp of tricuspid valve and below the anterior cusp of mitral valve?

A

Atrioventricular septum

64
Q

Which part of the septal wall is thin, smooth, and fibrous in structure?

A

Membranous interventricular septum

65
Q

Which part of the septal wall is very think and no membranous like the rest?

A

Muscular interventricular septum

66
Q

What are the two ways in which enlargement of the heart can occur?

A

Muscular hypertrophy or dilation of a chamber

67
Q

Why does muscular hypertrophy of the heart occur?

A

To compensate for age, atherosclerosis, and/or hypertension when more force is required to push blood through the arteries

68
Q

How does dilation of a heart chamber occur?

A

Septal defects and/or valve incompetency

69
Q

What occurs with an incompetent mitral valve?

A

Regurgitation of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium

70
Q

Which valves lack chord tendineae and papillary muscles?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves

71
Q

What are the spaces between the semilunar cusps and the walls of the vessel called that are located superiorly?

A

Pulmonary and aortic sinuses

Gross II Unit 2 (10 decks)

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