Lower urinary tract tumours

Question 1

Where do most prostate cancers arise from?

Answer 1

peripheral zone

Question 2

Key histological finding in prostate cancer

Answer 2

absence of basal layer

malignant cells breech the basement membrane

Question 3

Function of PSA

Answer 3

liquefy the seminal coagulum in the ejaculate to facilitate fertilisation

Question 4

Potential causes of elevated PSA lvls

Answer 4

BPH

UTI/Prostatis

Recent instrumentation

Question 5

Most common type of bladder cancer

Answer 5

transitional cell carcinoma

Question 6

Function of alpha-hameolysin

Answer 6

toxin produced by bacteria invading the urinary tract which lyses RBCs and host epithelium to allow invasion through epithelial barrier

Question 7

Host defences against UTI

Answer 7

• antegrade urine flow
• urine has high osmolarity and pH
• LoH produces Tamm-horfsall proteins which bind fimbriae+ prevent epithelial attachment
• surface cells of epithelium shed releasing bacteria
• glucosamine secretion produces protective coat over luminal surface

Question 8

Causes of urinary stones?

Answer 8

supersaturation urine

disorder of calcium/oxalate metabolism