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Pathologies > Dementia > Flashcards

Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

Key pathophysiological features of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • amyloid plaques + hyperphosphorylated tau protein deposited in neurons => neuronal cell death
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2
Q

Type of dementia associated with more memory problems

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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3
Q

Lewy bodies are

A

a build up of alpha-synuclein proteins

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4
Q

Give 3 examples of Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A

Donepezil,

Rivastigmine,

Galantamine

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5
Q

Outline the effect of Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on ppl w dementia

A

can delay worsening of memory, thinking, language + thought processes for 6-12months +

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6
Q

Effect of Memantine on Dementia

A

it can help with:

memory

reasoning

language

attention

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7
Q

For what kind of behaviours in Alzheimer’s disease is Memantine often used

A

challenging behaviours e.g. to reduce agitation or aggressive behavioural symptoms

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8
Q

Outline 2 important risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease

A

Age: >65yrs after 80yrs 1in6 chance

Sex: twice as many women >65yrs than men

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9
Q

List some symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • disorientation in time + place
  • difficulty with DM, problem solving, planning + sequencing tasks
  • difficulty remembering recent events
  • difficulty finding words
  • repeating words during conversations
  • not recognising familiar faces
  • reduced ability to perform everyday tasks e.g. cooking/shopping
  • changes in ability to process + interpret visual information
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10
Q

Pathophysiology of vascular dementia

A

ischaemic injury to the brain causing permanent neuronal death

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11
Q

Potential causes of vascular dementia

A

Atherosclerosis

TIAs

Direct damage from haemorrhagic stroke

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12
Q

2nd most common cause of dementia in ppl >65yrs

A

Vascular Dementia

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13
Q

Outline some clinical features of Vascular Dementia

A
  • slowness of thought
  • difficulty with planning and understanding
  • concentration problems
  • changes to your mood/personality/behaviour e.g. agitation, depression
  • feeling disoriented + confused
  • difficulty walking and keeping balance
  • urinary frequency, urgency + incontinence
  • night wandering
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14
Q

A key risk factor for Vascular Dementia is

A

FHx of stroke/diabetes/heart disease = 2x increased risk

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15
Q

Pathophysiology of frontotemporal dementia

A

deposition of ubiquitinated TDP-43 and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in the frontal and temporal lobes

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16
Q

Clinical features of Pick’s disease

A
  • changes in personality + behaviour
  • apathy + withdrawal
  • obsessive or repetitive behaviour
  • loss of empathy
  • changes in appetite + food eaten e.g. more sugary foods
  • difficulties w decision making, problem solving + concentration
  • ritualised behaviours - hoarding, repeated phrases/gestures
17
Q

Clinical features of Primary progressive aphasia

A
  • Language difficulties
  • Grammar problems
  • Reduced comprehension
  • loss of understanding of familiar words
  • difficulty recognising ppl or objects
18
Q

Clinical features of Semantic dementia

A
  • lack of understanding of familiar words

- loss of knowledge OR the meaning of words

19
Q

Clinical features of progressive non-fluent aphasia

A
  • slower hesitant speech
  • stutter
  • errors in grammar
  • impaired understanding of complex sentences
  • may mispronounce words
20
Q

4 main types of frontotemporal dementia

A
  • Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia - Pick’s disease

Primary progressive aphasia

Semantic dementia

Progressive non-fluent aphasia

21
Q

5 main types of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease

Vascular dementia

Frontotemporal dementia

Lewy body dementia

Parkinson’s dementia

22
Q

Type of Dementia more commonly diagnosed in ppl under 65yrs old

A

Frontotemporal dementia

23
Q

Pathophysiology of Lewy body dementia

A

build up of alpha-synuclein protein clumps == disrupts cell communication

24
Q

Clinical features of Lewy body dementia

A
  • fluctuating cognition i.e patient may seem fine one day or worse the next
  • memory problems
  • mood changes
  • persistent, well-formed hallucinations
  • Parkinsonian features - slowed movement, stiffness + tremors
25
Q

Supportive clinical features of Lewy body dementia

A
  • unsteadiness + increased falls
  • delusions
  • neuroleptic sensitivity
  • may have early problems w visuospatial awareness
  • decline in problem solving skills + DM
26
Q

Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s dementia

A

cognitive deterioration characterised by Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra

27
Q

Dementia that develops 10-15 yrs after motor symptoms of PD have presented

A

Parkinson’s dementia

28
Q

Signs + symptoms of Parkinson’s dementia

A
  • Changes in memory, concentration and judgment
  • Trouble interpreting visual information
  • Muffled speech
  • Visual hallucinations
  • Delusions, especially paranoid ideas
  • Depression, irritability and anxiety
  • Sleep disturbances, including excessive daytime drowsiness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disorder
  • motor decline more rapid
29
Q

Type of dementia commonly diagnosed in ppl under the age of 65

A

FRONTOTEMPORAL

30
Q

Slower, stuttery and more hesitant speech would indicate which type of frontotemporal dementia?

A

Progressive non-fluent aphasia

Pathologies (16 decks)

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