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Anatomy : Respiratory > Lower Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

Trachea
Principal bronchi + branches
Lungs
Pleurae

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2
Q

Where is the lower respiratory tract located?

A

Almost entirely in the thorax.

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3
Q

What respiratory tract is located almost entirely in the thorax?

A

Lower respiratory tract.

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4
Q

Where does the LRT receive its motor innervation?

A

Sympathetic fibres originating in the upper thoracic spinal levels, via pulmonary plexuses located at the termination of the main bronchi, and parasympathetic fibres from the vagus nerve.

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5
Q

How do sympathetic fibres originating in the upper spinal levels supply the LRT?

A

Via pulmonary plexuses located at the termination of the main bronchi.

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6
Q

Where are pulmonary plexuses located?

A

Termination of the main bronchi.

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7
Q

How do parasympathetic fibres supply the LRT?

A

Vagus nerve.

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8
Q

Where does the LRT receive its sensory innervation?

A

Sensory fibres reach the spinal cord via both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

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9
Q

How does the LRT receive arterial supply?

A

Bronchial arteries arising from the thoracic aorta and intercostal arteries.

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10
Q

Where do the bronchial arteries arise from?

A

Thoracic aorta

Intercostal arteries

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11
Q

Where do the bronchial veins drain to?

A

Azygous venous system.

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12
Q

Are the bronchial arteries and veins easy to see in wet specimens?

A

No.

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13
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The inferior continuation of the larynx at C6 (just inferior to the cricoid cartilage), through the thoracic inlet to vertebra T4 (the sternal angle) where it bifurcates into the left and right main bronchi.l

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14
Q

Where does the trachea exist from?

A

C6 through the thoracic inlet to vertebra T4 where it birfurcates.

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15
Q

What happens to the trachea at T4 (the sternal angle)?

A

Bifurcation into the left and right main bronchi.

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16
Q

Where is the tracheal bifurcation into the left and right main bronchi?

A

T4 (sternal angle).

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17
Q

Approximately how many rings comprise the trachea?

A

20.

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18
Q

What is the muscle completing the tracheal rings posteriorly?

A

Trachealis muscle.

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19
Q

What role does trachealis muscle have in the trachea?

A

Completes the tracheal rings posteriorly.

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20
Q

What is the keel-shaped cartilage ring at the bifurcation of the trachea?

A

Carina.

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21
Q

What is the carina?

A

Keel-shaped cartilage ring at the bifurcation of the trachea.

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22
Q

What is the tubular organ lying immediately posterior to the trachea?

A

Oesophagus.

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23
Q

What lies immediately lateral to the trachea in the neck?

A

Common carotid arteries.

24
Q

Where do the common carotid arteries lie in relation to the trachea?

A

Lie immediately lateral to the trachea in the neck.

25
Q

What nerve lies immediately lateral to the trachea on both sides?

A

Vagus nerve.

26
Q

Where does the vagus nerve lie in relation to the trachea?

A

Lying immediately lateral on both sides.

27
Q

What are the grooves lying between the left and right of the trachea and oesophagus called?

A

Tracheo-oesophageal grooves.

28
Q

Where do the trachea-oesophageal grooves lie?

A

Between the left and right of the trachea and the oesophagus.

29
Q

What is the function of the trachea-oesophageal grooves?

A

Lodges the recurrent laryngeal nerves (branches of the vagus nerve) that supply motor and sensory innervation to the larynx.

30
Q

What are the recurrent laryngeal nerves branches of?

A

Branches of the vagus nerve.

31
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve do?

A

It is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies the larynx with motor and sensory innervation.

32
Q

Where is the reccurent laryngeal located?

A

Lodged in the trachea-oesophageal grooves.

33
Q

Where are the principal bronchi located?

A

Bifurcates at T4 from T5-T7.

34
Q

What main bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical?

A

Right main bronchus.

35
Q

What bronchus is an accidentally aspirated object more likely to pass through?

A

Right main bronchus, because it is shorter, wider and more vertical.

36
Q

What are the two main arteries arching above the left and right main bronchus?

A

Aorta

Left pulmonary artery

37
Q

Does the left main bronchus enter the lung before giving off its branches?

A

Yes.

38
Q

Does the right main bronchus enter the lung before giving off its branches?

A

No- it gives off a superior branch just before entering the right lung.

39
Q

What does the right main bronchus do before entering the lung?

A

Gives off a superior branch- known as the eparterial or superior lobar bronchus (the inferiorly placed main bronchus then being called the hyparterial bronchus.

40
Q

What is the superior branch given off by the right main bronchus called?

A

Eparterial or superior lobar bronchus.

41
Q

What will the inferiorly placed right main bronchus be called following the giving off of an eparterial branch?

A

Hyparterial bronchus.

42
Q

What is the hyparterial bronchus?

A

The inferiorly placed right main bronchus.

43
Q

What is the eparterial or superior lobar bronchus?

A

Superior branch of the right main bronchus.

44
Q

What do the bronchi become in the lungs?

A

Ramify to become secondary, tertiary, terminal and respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.

45
Q

What gradually happens to bronchioles as they ramify in the lungs?

A

Gradually lose their cartilage and increase their smooth muscle/elastic fibre content.

46
Q

What do bronchioles gradually lose as they

A

Gradually lose their cartilage.

47
Q

What do bronchioles increase as they ramify in the lungs?

A

Increase their smooth muscle and elastic fibre content.

48
Q

What are the tracheobronchial lymph nodes?

A

Clinically important lymph nodes lying alongside the cleft between the two main bronchi.

49
Q

What clinically important lymph nodes lie alongside the cleft between the two main bronchi?

A

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes.

50
Q

Where do the tracheobronchial lymph nodes receive lymph drainage from?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

51
Q

Where does lymph drain further to after the tracheobronchial lymph nodes?

A

Drains to the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct.

52
Q

Where does the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct receive lymph from through the tracheobronchial lymph nodes?

A

Trachea, bronchi and lungs.

53
Q

Why are the tracheobronchial nodes clinically relevant?

A

Role in the secondary spread of lung cancer and breast cancer.

54
Q

What other lymph nodes lie at the hilum of the lungs?

A

Bronchiomediastinal lymph nodes.

55
Q

What are the bronchiomediastinal nodes?

A

Lymph nodes lying at the hilum of the lungs.

Anatomy : Respiratory (14 decks)

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