Lower limb - bones and joints Flashcards
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket synovial
What is the only intracapsular ligament of the hip joint?
ligament of head of femur
What is enclosed in the ligament of head of femur?
Obturator artery (artery to head of femur)
What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?
Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Iliofemoral
What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?
Prevents hyperextension
Y shaped
Anterior and superior
What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?
Prevents excessive abduction and extension
Triangle shaped
Anterior and inferior
What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament?
Prevents excessive extension
Spiral orientation
Which ligament is posterior?
Ischiofemoral
Which hip ligament is the weakest?
Ischiofemoral
Which arteries largely supply the hip joint?
Medial circumflex femoral artery
The circumflex femoral arteries are branches from which artery?
Profunda femoris
What factors help to stabilise the hip joint?
- Acetabulum - deep
- Acetabular labrum
- Strong extra capsular ligaments
- Reciprocal nature of muscles and ligaments
- posterior ligaments are weaker but medial rotators are strong
The ligaments have a spiral orientation. This means they are tighter when the joint is __________.
Extended
Extension at the hip is limited by which ligament?
iliofemoral
Which type of hip dislocation is most common, why?
Posterior as it tears through the posterior part of the joint capsule is the weakest
How would a posterior dislocated hip present?
Shortened, medially rotated
Which nerve is at risk with posterior dislocation?
Sciatic nerve
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial
What are the 2 articulations of the knee joint?
Tibiofemoral
Patellofemoral
What are the menisci made of?
Fibrocartilage
What are the 2 functions of the menisci?
Deepen the articular surface -stability
Shock absorbers
Which meniscus is attached to the tibial collateral ligament?
Medial meniscus
Damage to the tibial collateral ligament results in damage of which meniscus?
Medial
Which meniscus is smaller and more mobile?
Lateral
What are the 4 bursae in the knee joint?
Suprapatella
Prepatella
Infrapatella
Semimembranosus
What is a bursa?
Synovial fluid filled sac
What are the 3 major types of ligaments at the knee joint?
- Patellar ligament
- Collateral ligaments
- Cruciate ligaments
What does the patellar ligament attach to?
Tibial tuberosity
What are the 2 collateral knee ligaments?
Tibial collateral (medial) Fibular collateral (lateral)
What is the function of the collateral knee ligaments?
Present medial or lateral movement
What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
limites posterior rolling of the femur on the tibia
What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?
limits anterior rolling of the femur on the tibia
What is the unhappy triad?
Injury to tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus and ACL.
What is housemaid’s knee?
Inflammation of prepatella bursa
What is clergyman’s knee?
Inflammation of the infrapatella bursa
How is the ACL usually torn?
Hyperextensionn of the knee joint
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial hinge joint
Which 3 bones form the ankle joint?
Fibia, fibula and talus
What is the name of the socket formed by the fibula and tibia?
Mortise - bucket shaped
When standing, what are the main weight-bearing bones in the limb?
Femur, tibia and calcaneus
How will a patient with intertrochanteric fracture of the femur present, why?
Shortening and lateral rotation because of iliopsoas muscle
Which tendon is commonly damaged when the 5th metatarsal bone is fractured?
Peroneus brevis, attaches to 5th metatarsal.
The dorsalis pedis is a continuation of which artery?
Anterior tibial artery
What are the 4 signs of osteoarthritis on an X ray?
Decreased joint space
Osteophytes
Bone cysts
Subchondral sclerosis
Which type of hip fracture is at risk of avascular necrosis?
Intracapsular fractures, as the blood supply penetrates the bone within the capsule.
How would you treat an intracapsular femur fracture, e.g sub capital?
Hemiarthroplasty ( replace femoral head) or total hip replacement
How would you treat an extracapsular femur fracture, e.g intertrochanteric?
Dynamic hip screw as blood supply should be retained
Which ligaments convert the greater and lesser sciatic notches into foramina?
Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
