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MSK > 9. Vertebrae > Flashcards

9. Vertebrae Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of a typical cervical vertebrae?

A

Bifid spinous process
Transverse foramen in transverse process
Large triangular foramen
Small, broad vertebral body

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2
Q

What is carried in the transverse foramen?

A

vertebral artery and vein (C6 upwards)

C7 carries accessory vertebral vein

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3
Q

What are that articulations of the atlas?

A

Skull - atlo-occipital joint

Axis - atlanto-axial joint

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4
Q

What movement is the atlanto-axial joint responsible for?

A

50 % total rotation

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5
Q

What movement is the alto-occipital joint responsible for?

A

50% flexion and extension (nodding)

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6
Q

What are the features of the atlas?

A

No vertebral body
No spinous process
Vertebral arches thick and strong

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7
Q

What are the features of the axis?

A

Odontoid process/ dens
Rugged lateral mass
Large spinous process

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8
Q

What ligament is on the axis?

A

Transverse ligament

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9
Q

What is the function of the dens and transverse process?

A

Prevent horizontal displacement of atlas

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10
Q

What vertebrae is referred to as the vertebra prominens?

A

C7

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11
Q

What are the features of C7?

A

Largest spinous process
Spinous process NOT bifid
Transverse foramen is small - only carries accessory veins

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12
Q

Ligamentum nuchae is a thickening of which ligament?

A

Supraspinous ligament

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13
Q

What is the function if the ligamentum nuchae?

A

Maintains secondary curvature of cervical spine
Helps cervical spine support the head
Major site of attachment of neck and trunk muscles (trapezius, rhomboids)

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14
Q

What are the features of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Demi-facets on sides of vertebral body
Costal facets on transverse processes
Vertebral foramen circular and small
Heart shaped vertebral body

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15
Q

Which vertebrae have demi-facets? What is their function?

A

T2-T8 articulate with the head of ribs

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16
Q

Which vertebrae have whole facets?

A

T9 and T10

17
Q

What do the costal facets of thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

A

Tubercle of rib

18
Q

What is the function of the anterior region of the spinal cord?

A

Sensory and motor

- light touch, pin prick and pain

19
Q

What is the function of the posterior region of the spinal cord?

A

Vibration and proprioception

20
Q

What region of the spinal cord is responsible for leg and arm innervation?

A

Legs - lateral

Arms - central

21
Q

Where do the nerve roots exit from the spinal cord?

A

Until C7 - Above vertebral body

From C7/T1 - below vertebral body

22
Q

What is cervical spondylosis?

A

Degenerative, age-related osteoarthritis in intervertebral facet joints in cervical spine.

23
Q

What are the complications of cervical spondylosis?

A

Can develop either/both radiculopathy and myelopathy

24
Q

What leads to radiculopathy, how does it present?

A

Pressure on the nerve roots

  • dermatomal sensory symptoms - parasthesia and pain
  • myotomal motor weakness
25
Q

What causes myelopathy, how does it present?

A

Pressure on the spinal cord

  • global weakness
  • gait dysfunction
  • loss of balance
  • loss of bladder and bowel control
26
Q

What are the 2 types of axis fracture?

A

Hangman’s fracture

Peg fracture

27
Q

What is the commonest cause of Hangman’s fracture?

A

Hyper-extension

28
Q

Where is the axis fractured in a hangman’s fracture?

A

Pars articularis

29
Q

What happens to the position of the vertebrae in a hangman’s fracture?

A

Forward displacement of C1 and the body of C2 on C3.

Spinous process’ remain in line.

30
Q

What is the commonest cause of a peg fracture?

A

Blow to the back of the head or hyperextension injury

31
Q

What X-ray is used to assess a peg fracture?

A

Open mouth AP X-ray

32
Q

What is a fracture of the atlas called?

A

Jefferson fracture

33
Q

Where is the atlas broken in a jefferson fracture?

A

Fracture of the anterior and posterior arches of atlas

34
Q

What is the commonest mechanism of Jefferson fracture?

A

Axial loading - e.g diving into shallow water

35
Q

Is a whiplash injury considered high or low energy?

A

Low energy

36
Q

What is the mechanism leading to whiplash injury?

A

Hyperextension followed by hyperflexion

37
Q

What nerve root will be affected by a C7/T1 prolapsed disc?

A

C8

38
Q

What is the commonest cause of thoracic cord compression?

A

Fractures

Tumours

MSK (16 decks)

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