4. Bones & Joints Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Support Protection Movement Mineral and growth factor storage Heamatopoiesis
What are the 3 regions in long bones?
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Give an example of a short bone.
Carpal and tarsal bones
What is the structure of short bones?
Mainly spongy bone
Thin layer of periosteum-covered compact bone on outside
No epiphysis or diaphysis
Outline the blood supply of bones.
Nutrient artery - enters diaphysis via nutrient foramen
Periosteal arteries - supply periosteum and outer third of cortex
Metaphyseal arteries - enter metaphysics at site of attachment of capsule
What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
According to tissue between the bones:
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Give an example of a fibrous joint.
Sutures of the skull
Inferior talofibular joint
Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint.
1st sternocostal joint
xiphisternal joint
What is a primary cartilaginous joint characterised by?
United by hyaline cartilage
What are secondary cartilaginous joints characterised by?
Articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage with a pad of fibrocartilage between them
Give examples of secondary cartilaginous joints.
Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc, manubiosternal joint
What is a synovial joint?
Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
What are the characteristics of a synovial joint?
- Articular cartilage overlying bones
- Fibrous capsule enclosing joint - stabilises
- Synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid
What is the composition of synovial fluid?
Hyaluronic acid, lubricant, proteinase, collagenase
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Reduces friction, shock absorption, nutrient and waste transportation
Describe the blood supply of synovial joints.
Articular cartilage is avascular
Fibrous capsule and ligaments have poor blood supply
Synovial membrane has rich blood supply
What are the types of synovial joint?
Ball and socket Plane Saddle Hinge Pivot Condyloid
Where are planar joints found?
Intercarpal joint, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular - no axis of movement
Give an example of a hinge joint.
Knee, ankle, humeroulnar joint of elbow
Give an example of a pivot joint.
Proximal radioulnar joint
Atlantoaxial joint
Give an example of a condyloid joint.
Metacarpophalangeal joints
radiocarpal joints
Give an example of a saddle joint.
1st carpometacarpal joint
What factors affect stability and range of motion at synovial joints?
- Structure/shape of articulating bones
- Strength and tension of joint ligaments
- Arrangement and tone of muscles
- Hormones
- Use/disuse
What is the pathophysiology of RA?
Autoantibodies attack the synovium, causing inflammation.
What is the effect of ageing on joints?
- Decreased production of synovial fluid
- Thinning of articular cartilage
- Shortening of ligaments and decreased flexibility
- Degenerative changes
