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Z Year 2 Anatomy > Lower Limb 1.3 > Flashcards

Lower Limb 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Can a muscle span more than one joint?

A

yes

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2
Q

What can a muscle acts as if it spans a joint?

A

as a mover or stabiliser of that joint

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3
Q

In the thigh what is the name of the tough layer of deep fascia that covers the muscle groups?

A

facia lata

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4
Q

What is the lateral band of the fascia thickened for form?

A

illiotibial tract

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5
Q

What does the iliotibial tract act as?

A

tendon for some gluteal muscles

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6
Q

What type of muscles are in the gluteal muscles?

A
  1. Hip extensors
  2. Abductors
  3. Lateral rotators (buttcok)
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7
Q

What are the type trunk compartments?

A
  1. Gluteal muscles

2. Hip flexors (pelvis/abdomen)

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8
Q

What are the three thigh compartments?

A
  1. Anterior thigh muscles
  2. Medial thigh muscles
  3. Posterior thigh muscles
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9
Q

What are the three leg compartments?

A
  1. Anterior leg muscles
  2. lateral leg muscles
  3. Posterior leg muscles
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10
Q

What is foot compartment?

A

Intrinsic foot muscles (variety of functions)

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11
Q

What type of muscles are in the anterior thigh muscles?

A

knee extensors

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12
Q

What type of muscles are in the medial thigh muscles?

A

thigh adductors

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13
Q

What type of muscles are in the posterior thigh muscles?

A

knee flexors

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14
Q

What type of muscles are in the anterior leg muscles?

A

foot extensors (dorsiflexors)

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15
Q

What type of muscles are in the lateral leg muscles?

A

foor evertors

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16
Q

What type of muscles are in the posterior legmuscles?

A

foot flexors (plantarfelxors )

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17
Q

What are the gluteal muscles?

A
  1. gluteus maximus
  2. gluteus minimus
  3. gluteus medius
  4. (Tensor fasciae latae)
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18
Q

What are the short external (lateral) rotators of the hip?

A
  1. Piriformis
  2. Obturator internus
  3. Gemelli (superior and inferior)
  4. Quadratus femoris
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19
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the gluteus maximus?

A
  1. posterior iliac crest and sacrum
  2. attaches across hip joint in two places:
    - about 1/4 mainly inferior fibres attach to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur where -remains 3/4 insert into the illiotibial tract that laterally thickened band of flat fasiclata
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20
Q

What is the action of the gluteus maximus?

A

major extensor of the hip

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21
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?

A
  1. proximally toanterior superior iliac spine

2. distally to the ilotibial tract

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22
Q

What does the tensor fasciae latae muscle act as?

A

hip flexor

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23
Q

What is the attachment of the gluteus medius?

A

(broad attachment on ilium) spans the hip joint to attach to the greater trochanter of the femur

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24
Q

What does the gluteus medius do with the gluteus minimus?

A

abducts the hip or if the limb is planted it raises or stabilises the tilt of the pelvis

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25
Q

What are the proximal muscles of the anterior thigh? What do they merge to form?

A
  1. attaching in the abdomen and pelvis:
    - psoas major
    - lilacs muscles
  2. merge to form illiopsoas
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26
Q

What does the illiopsoas do?

A

Major flexor of the hip

27
Q

What are the attachments of the psoas major?

A

proximally attaches to the lumbar vertebrae

28
Q

What are the attachments of the illiacus?

A

broad attachment to the internal surface of the blade of the ilium

29
Q

Where do the illiacus and psoas major merge and attach?

A

distally as they pass under the inguinal ligament and into the thigh to attach to the lesser trochanter of the femur

30
Q

What is the journey of the pectinous muscle?

A

spans between the superior ramus of the pubic bone and the posterior of the shaft of the femur

31
Q

What does the pectinous muscle do?

A

acts to flex and adduct the thigh

32
Q

What is the most superficial muscle of the anterior thigh?

A

Satorius muscle

33
Q

What is the journey of the satorius muscle?

A
  • long strap like muscle
    1. attaches proximally to the anterior superior iliac spine
    2. passing obliquely crossing the knee
    3. attaching distally to the medial of the tibia
34
Q

What is the action of the satorius muscle?

A
  • not a powerful muscle
  • helps in flexion at the thigh and the knee
  • also abduction and lateral rotation of the hip
35
Q

What are the 4 heads of the quadriceps muscle?

A
  1. Rectus femoris (most superficial)
  2. Vastus medalis
  3. Vastus latererlus
  4. Vastus intermedius *depest)
36
Q

What does the quadriceps distally act through?

A

patella and patella ligament

37
Q

What is the action of the quadriceps muscle?

A

Main extensor of leg at knee joint

38
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the three vasti?

A

femoral shaft

39
Q

Where does the rectus femoris attach?

A

to anterior inferior iliac spine so crosses hip joint

40
Q

What does the rectus fmeoris contribute to?

A

flexion of the hip

41
Q

Where do the 4 heads converge distally?

A

on the patella bone either via the quadriceps tendon or by direct insertion

42
Q

How does the quadriceps work?

A

exerting pull on the tibia at the tibial tuberosity

43
Q

What are the medial (adductors) muscles in thigh?

A
  1. Adductor longus
  2. Adductor brevis
  3. Adductor Magnus
  4. Gracilis
  5. Obturator externes
44
Q

What are the proximal attachment of the medial muscles of the thigh?

A

pubis and ischium

45
Q

What are the distal attachments of the medial muscles of the thigh?

A
  • Posterior femoral shaft

- Exc, gracilis (medial tibia)

46
Q

What are the hip adductors needed for?

A

maintaining normal stance and gait but can also contribute to both flexion and extension at the hip depending on the position of the thigh

47
Q

How does groin strain happen?

A

along with some of the proximal muscles of the anterior thigh, the adductor muscles when over stretched

48
Q

What are the 3 hamstring muscles?

A
  1. Semimembranosis
  2. Semitendinosis
  3. Biceps femoris
49
Q

What is the shape of the hamstring muscles?

A

elongated spindle shaped muscles but short head biceps is shorter

50
Q

Where do the two semi muscle cross and attach to?

A

oss the knee at its medial aspect and attach to the proximal tibia

51
Q

Where do the long and short heads of the biceps femoris merge?

A

merge in the distal thigh to form a single tendon that crosses the knee joint to attach to the head of the fibula

52
Q

What is the action of the muscles in the posterior compartment in thigh?

A
  1. Flexors of knee
  2. these muscles also span hip joint
  3. important extensors of the thigh
53
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the hamstring muscles?

A
  • ischial tuberosity

- expect for short head of bicep femoris: posterior of the femoral shaft

54
Q

What is different about the hamstring part of the adductor Magnus?

A

same function and innervation as the main hamstring muscles

55
Q

What hamstring injuries are common?

A

tears near the proximal attachment at the ischial tuberosity

56
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the leg?

A

1, Anterior (extensor) (shin)

  1. Lateral (perineal or fibular)
  2. Posterior (flexor) (posterior and medial calf)
57
Q

What does the lateral compartment have?

A

smallest compartment and muscles involved in everting the foot

58
Q

How are the compartments separated?

A
  1. Anterior and posterior compartments are separated by the bones and their interosseous membrane
  2. other connective tissue separates the lateral compartment from the other compartments
59
Q

What are the four dorsiflexors (extensors) of the foot?

A
  1. Tibialis anterior
  2. Extensor digitorium longus
  3. Extensor hallucis longus
  4. Peroneus tertius
60
Q

What is the journey and action of the tibialis anterior?

A
  1. most superficial of the group
  2. inserts distally at the medial aspect of the foot
  3. dorsiflexes and inverts the foot
61
Q

What is the journey and action the extensor digitorium longus?

A
  1. extends four lateral toes

2. contributes to dorsiflexion of the foot

62
Q

What is the journey and action the extensor hallucis longus?

A
  1. extends the hallux

2. contributes to foot dorsiflexion

63
Q

What is the journey and action the peroneus tertius?

A
  1. small muscle attaching to the 5th metatarsal bone and weakly
  2. assists dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot
64
Q

What does issues with the dorsifelxors of the foot cause?

A

escp. tibiallis anterior can be a cause of shin splits

Z Year 2 Anatomy (16 decks)

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