Lower Limb 1.3 Flashcards
Can a muscle span more than one joint?
yes
What can a muscle acts as if it spans a joint?
as a mover or stabiliser of that joint
In the thigh what is the name of the tough layer of deep fascia that covers the muscle groups?
facia lata
What is the lateral band of the fascia thickened for form?
illiotibial tract
What does the iliotibial tract act as?
tendon for some gluteal muscles
What type of muscles are in the gluteal muscles?
- Hip extensors
- Abductors
- Lateral rotators (buttcok)
What are the type trunk compartments?
- Gluteal muscles
2. Hip flexors (pelvis/abdomen)
What are the three thigh compartments?
- Anterior thigh muscles
- Medial thigh muscles
- Posterior thigh muscles
What are the three leg compartments?
- Anterior leg muscles
- lateral leg muscles
- Posterior leg muscles
What is foot compartment?
Intrinsic foot muscles (variety of functions)
What type of muscles are in the anterior thigh muscles?
knee extensors
What type of muscles are in the medial thigh muscles?
thigh adductors
What type of muscles are in the posterior thigh muscles?
knee flexors
What type of muscles are in the anterior leg muscles?
foot extensors (dorsiflexors)
What type of muscles are in the lateral leg muscles?
foor evertors
What type of muscles are in the posterior legmuscles?
foot flexors (plantarfelxors )
What are the gluteal muscles?
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus minimus
- gluteus medius
- (Tensor fasciae latae)
What are the short external (lateral) rotators of the hip?
- Piriformis
- Obturator internus
- Gemelli (superior and inferior)
- Quadratus femoris
What is the proximal attachment of the gluteus maximus?
- posterior iliac crest and sacrum
- attaches across hip joint in two places:
- about 1/4 mainly inferior fibres attach to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur where -remains 3/4 insert into the illiotibial tract that laterally thickened band of flat fasiclata
What is the action of the gluteus maximus?
major extensor of the hip
What are the proximal and distal attachments of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?
- proximally toanterior superior iliac spine
2. distally to the ilotibial tract
What does the tensor fasciae latae muscle act as?
hip flexor
What is the attachment of the gluteus medius?
(broad attachment on ilium) spans the hip joint to attach to the greater trochanter of the femur
What does the gluteus medius do with the gluteus minimus?
abducts the hip or if the limb is planted it raises or stabilises the tilt of the pelvis
What are the proximal muscles of the anterior thigh? What do they merge to form?
- attaching in the abdomen and pelvis:
- psoas major
- lilacs muscles - merge to form illiopsoas
What does the illiopsoas do?
Major flexor of the hip
What are the attachments of the psoas major?
proximally attaches to the lumbar vertebrae
What are the attachments of the illiacus?
broad attachment to the internal surface of the blade of the ilium
Where do the illiacus and psoas major merge and attach?
distally as they pass under the inguinal ligament and into the thigh to attach to the lesser trochanter of the femur
What is the journey of the pectinous muscle?
spans between the superior ramus of the pubic bone and the posterior of the shaft of the femur
What does the pectinous muscle do?
acts to flex and adduct the thigh
What is the most superficial muscle of the anterior thigh?
Satorius muscle
What is the journey of the satorius muscle?
- long strap like muscle
1. attaches proximally to the anterior superior iliac spine
2. passing obliquely crossing the knee
3. attaching distally to the medial of the tibia
What is the action of the satorius muscle?
- not a powerful muscle
- helps in flexion at the thigh and the knee
- also abduction and lateral rotation of the hip
What are the 4 heads of the quadriceps muscle?
- Rectus femoris (most superficial)
- Vastus medalis
- Vastus latererlus
- Vastus intermedius *depest)
What does the quadriceps distally act through?
patella and patella ligament
What is the action of the quadriceps muscle?
Main extensor of leg at knee joint
What are the proximal attachments of the three vasti?
femoral shaft
Where does the rectus femoris attach?
to anterior inferior iliac spine so crosses hip joint
What does the rectus fmeoris contribute to?
flexion of the hip
Where do the 4 heads converge distally?
on the patella bone either via the quadriceps tendon or by direct insertion
How does the quadriceps work?
exerting pull on the tibia at the tibial tuberosity
What are the medial (adductors) muscles in thigh?
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor Magnus
- Gracilis
- Obturator externes
What are the proximal attachment of the medial muscles of the thigh?
pubis and ischium
What are the distal attachments of the medial muscles of the thigh?
- Posterior femoral shaft
- Exc, gracilis (medial tibia)
What are the hip adductors needed for?
maintaining normal stance and gait but can also contribute to both flexion and extension at the hip depending on the position of the thigh
How does groin strain happen?
along with some of the proximal muscles of the anterior thigh, the adductor muscles when over stretched
What are the 3 hamstring muscles?
- Semimembranosis
- Semitendinosis
- Biceps femoris
What is the shape of the hamstring muscles?
elongated spindle shaped muscles but short head biceps is shorter
Where do the two semi muscle cross and attach to?
oss the knee at its medial aspect and attach to the proximal tibia
Where do the long and short heads of the biceps femoris merge?
merge in the distal thigh to form a single tendon that crosses the knee joint to attach to the head of the fibula
What is the action of the muscles in the posterior compartment in thigh?
- Flexors of knee
- these muscles also span hip joint
- important extensors of the thigh
What is the proximal attachment of the hamstring muscles?
- ischial tuberosity
- expect for short head of bicep femoris: posterior of the femoral shaft
What is different about the hamstring part of the adductor Magnus?
same function and innervation as the main hamstring muscles
What hamstring injuries are common?
tears near the proximal attachment at the ischial tuberosity
What are the 3 compartments of the leg?
1, Anterior (extensor) (shin)
- Lateral (perineal or fibular)
- Posterior (flexor) (posterior and medial calf)
What does the lateral compartment have?
smallest compartment and muscles involved in everting the foot
How are the compartments separated?
- Anterior and posterior compartments are separated by the bones and their interosseous membrane
- other connective tissue separates the lateral compartment from the other compartments
What are the four dorsiflexors (extensors) of the foot?
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor digitorium longus
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Peroneus tertius
What is the journey and action of the tibialis anterior?
- most superficial of the group
- inserts distally at the medial aspect of the foot
- dorsiflexes and inverts the foot
What is the journey and action the extensor digitorium longus?
- extends four lateral toes
2. contributes to dorsiflexion of the foot
What is the journey and action the extensor hallucis longus?
- extends the hallux
2. contributes to foot dorsiflexion
What is the journey and action the peroneus tertius?
- small muscle attaching to the 5th metatarsal bone and weakly
- assists dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot
What does issues with the dorsifelxors of the foot cause?
escp. tibiallis anterior can be a cause of shin splits
