Lower Limb 1.2

Question 1

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Answer 1

ball-and-socket synovial joint

Question 2

What type of joint is the knee joint?

Answer 2

synovial hinge joint

Question 3

What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 3

plane synovial joint

Question 4

What type of joint is the sacro-iliac joint?

Answer 4

synovial joint (but limited mobility)

Question 5

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

Answer 5

fibrocartilaginous joint

Question 6

What type of joint is the patello-femoral joint?

Answer 6

gliding synovial joint

Question 7

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 7

fibrous joint

Question 8

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

Answer 8

synovial joint

Question 9

What are the joints mostly within and between the groups of foot bones?

Answer 9

mainly synovial

Question 10

Where is the hip joint?

Answer 10

head of femur and acetabulum

Question 11

Why is the hip joint clinical important?

Answer 11

• Highly mobile ball and socket joint

- Commonly injured

Question 12

What are the movements at the hip?

Answer 12

1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Adduction
4. Abduction
5. Lateral rotation
6. Medial rotation

Question 13

What is in the acetabulum?

Answer 13

• Not simple cup like socket
• Acetabular fossa
• Acetabular notch

Question 14

What are the ligaments of the hip joint capsule? When are they visible?

Answer 14

1. Ilio-femoral ligament (anterior view)
2. Pubofemoral ligament (anterior view)
3. Ischio-femoral ligament (posterior view)

Question 15

What is the hip joint between?

Answer 15

articulate between head of femur and acetabulum of pelvis: connection of free lower limb and trunk

Question 16

What is the patella femoral joint between?

Answer 16

between patella and anterior intercondylar groove of the femur

Question 17

What is the knee joint between?

Answer 17

between condyles of distal femur and condyles of proximal tibia

Question 18

What is the ankle joint between?

Answer 18

between distal ends of leg bones and the talus (most proximal of the tarsal bone)

Question 19

What is the acetabulum notch spanned by?

Answer 19

transverse acetabular ligament (completing socket)

Question 20

What does the acetabular fossa contain? Why is this good?

Answer 20

fibro fatty tissue - presence of fossa means that the articular surface of the acetbaulum has a horse shoe shape - optimum shape to minimise contact stress in acetabulum

Question 21

What is the acetabulum socket deepened by?

Answer 21

acetabular labrum (rim of cartilage) - similar rim on glenoid fossa of shoulder joint

Question 22

What is acetabulum and head of femur connected by? What is the journey of this ligament?

Answer 22

1. ligament of head of femur (ligametum teres)

2. Ligament spans between the transverse acetabular ligament and the fovea of the femoral head

Question 23

What happens to the ligament when the head of the femur is in the acetabulum?

Answer 23

the ligament is pushed into the fossa

Question 24

What is the attachment between for the iliofemoral ligament?

Answer 24

• proximal attachment to the iliac bone

- broad distal attachment

Question 25

What is the attachment between for the pubofemoral ligament?

Answer 25

attaches to pubis and femur

Question 26

What is the attachment between for the ischio-femoral ligament?

Answer 26

proximally to the ischium and passes anterolaterally to the femur

Question 27

What are the movements of the knee joint?

Answer 27

1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Som3 gliding, rolling and limited rotation occur at the knee

Question 28

What is the articulation between with the knee joint?

Answer 28

- Thigh and Leg - Lateral and medial condyles of distal end of femur articulate with the lateral and medial condyles of the tibial plateau

Question 29

Do the patella and fibula contribute to the knee joint?

Answer 29

No

Question 30

When is the small degree of lateral and medial rotation important in the knee joint?

Answer 30

locking and unlocking the joint during full extension but this movement is limited by ligaments

Question 31

Is their congruence between the distal femur and proximal tibia?

Answer 31

No

Question 32

What is between the condyles?

Answer 32

intercondylar fossa

Question 33

What are the two pairs of major knee ligaments that stabilise the knee?

Answer 33

1. Anterior and posterior curate ligaments | 2. Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

Question 34

What does the curicuate ligaments attach?

Answer 34

Cross over each other to attach to the opposite aspect of intercondylar fossa of the femurl

Question 35

What does the curicuate ligaments limit?

Answer 35

imit the anterior posterior movement of the femur relative to the tibia

Question 36

What does the medial and lateral collateral ligaments connect?

Answer 36

- found at the lateral and medial aspects of the joint connecting the femur with the leg bones - Medial collateral ligament connects the medial femur and tibia and lateral collateral connects lateral femur and with the head of the fibula

Question 37

What does the medial and lateral collateral ligaments limit?

Answer 37

- prevent adduction and abduction at the knee | - in doing so they largely limit the knee joint to hinge activity

Question 38

What are the menisci?

Answer 38

1. c shaped cartilage structures 2. increase the congruence of the joint articulations and adapt to the change in shape of femoral articulation 3. as the femoral condyles roll and slide over the tibial plate in flexion and extension

Question 39

What is the medial meniscus attached to?

Answer 39

medial collateral ligament - increase likelihood of injury to medial meniscus

Question 40

What are bursae?

Answer 40

cushioning bearing that allow tendons to slide over bony surfaces

Question 41

What are the two types of bursae, give examples?

Answer 41

1. isolated sacs e.g. prepatella bursa | 2. out patches of the synovial capsule of the joint e.g supra patellar burs

Question 42

What is knee bursitis caused by?

Answer 42

epeated trauma from kneeling and weight bearing on hard surfaces

Question 43

What bones does the ankle joint involve?

Answer 43

1. Tibia 2. Fibula 3. Talus

Question 44

What is the movement at the ankle joint?

Answer 44

1. Flexion | 2. Extension

Question 45

Where does inversion and eversion of the foot happen?

Answer 45

at subtalar and transverses tarsal joint - NOT ankle joint

Question 46

What are sprained ankles?

Answer 46

orced eversion or inversion as a result of turning or twisting foot at ankle, collateral ligaments can be damaged

Question 47

Which ligaments are usually damaged in sprained ankles?

Answer 47

1. tough medial deltoid ligament not commonly damaged even by significant forced eversion 2. Sprained ankles usually due to forced over inversion and result in stretched and torn lateral ligaments particularly anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaenofibualr ligament