Lower Limb 1.2 Flashcards
What type of joint is the hip joint?
ball-and-socket synovial joint
What type of joint is the knee joint?
synovial hinge joint
What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?
plane synovial joint
What type of joint is the sacro-iliac joint?
synovial joint (but limited mobility)
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
fibrocartilaginous joint
What type of joint is the patello-femoral joint?
gliding synovial joint
What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?
fibrous joint
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
synovial joint
What are the joints mostly within and between the groups of foot bones?
mainly synovial
Where is the hip joint?
head of femur and acetabulum
Why is the hip joint clinical important?
- Highly mobile ball and socket joint
- Commonly injured
What are the movements at the hip?
- Flexion
- Extension
- Adduction
- Abduction
- Lateral rotation
- Medial rotation
What is in the acetabulum?
- Not simple cup like socket
- Acetabular fossa
- Acetabular notch
What are the ligaments of the hip joint capsule? When are they visible?
- Ilio-femoral ligament (anterior view)
- Pubofemoral ligament (anterior view)
- Ischio-femoral ligament (posterior view)
What is the hip joint between?
articulate between head of femur and acetabulum of pelvis: connection of free lower limb and trunk
What is the patella femoral joint between?
between patella and anterior intercondylar groove of the femur
What is the knee joint between?
between condyles of distal femur and condyles of proximal tibia
What is the ankle joint between?
between distal ends of leg bones and the talus (most proximal of the tarsal bone)
What is the acetabulum notch spanned by?
transverse acetabular ligament (completing socket)
What does the acetabular fossa contain? Why is this good?
fibro fatty tissue - presence of fossa means that the articular surface of the acetbaulum has a horse shoe shape - optimum shape to minimise contact stress in acetabulum
What is the acetabulum socket deepened by?
acetabular labrum (rim of cartilage) - similar rim on glenoid fossa of shoulder joint
What is acetabulum and head of femur connected by? What is the journey of this ligament?
- ligament of head of femur (ligametum teres)
2. Ligament spans between the transverse acetabular ligament and the fovea of the femoral head
What happens to the ligament when the head of the femur is in the acetabulum?
the ligament is pushed into the fossa
What is the attachment between for the iliofemoral ligament?
- proximal attachment to the iliac bone
- broad distal attachment
What is the attachment between for the pubofemoral ligament?
attaches to pubis and femur
What is the attachment between for the ischio-femoral ligament?
proximally to the ischium and passes anterolaterally to the femur
What are the movements of the knee joint?
- Flexion
- Extension
- Som3 gliding, rolling and limited rotation occur at the knee
What is the articulation between with the knee joint?
- Thigh and Leg
- Lateral and medial condyles of distal end of femur articulate with the lateral and medial condyles of the tibial plateau
Do the patella and fibula contribute to the knee joint?
No
When is the small degree of lateral and medial rotation important in the knee joint?
locking and unlocking the joint during full extension but this movement is limited by ligaments
Is their congruence between the distal femur and proximal tibia?
No
What is between the condyles?
intercondylar fossa
What are the two pairs of major knee ligaments that stabilise the knee?
- Anterior and posterior curate ligaments
2. Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
What does the curicuate ligaments attach?
Cross over each other to attach to the opposite aspect of intercondylar fossa of the femurl
What does the curicuate ligaments limit?
imit the anterior posterior movement of the femur relative to the tibia
What does the medial and lateral collateral ligaments connect?
- found at the lateral and medial aspects of the joint connecting the femur with the leg bones
- Medial collateral ligament connects the medial femur and tibia and lateral collateral connects lateral femur and with the head of the fibula
What does the medial and lateral collateral ligaments limit?
- prevent adduction and abduction at the knee
- in doing so they largely limit the knee joint to hinge activity
What are the menisci?
- c shaped cartilage structures 2. increase the congruence of the joint articulations and adapt to the change in shape of femoral articulation
- as the femoral condyles roll and slide over the tibial plate in flexion and extension
What is the medial meniscus attached to?
medial collateral ligament - increase likelihood of injury to medial meniscus
What are bursae?
cushioning bearing that allow tendons to slide over bony surfaces
What are the two types of bursae, give examples?
- isolated sacs e.g. prepatella bursa
2. out patches of the synovial capsule of the joint e.g supra patellar burs
What is knee bursitis caused by?
epeated trauma from kneeling and weight bearing on hard surfaces
What bones does the ankle joint involve?
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Talus
What is the movement at the ankle joint?
- Flexion
2. Extension
Where does inversion and eversion of the foot happen?
at subtalar and transverses tarsal joint - NOT ankle joint
What are sprained ankles?
orced eversion or inversion as a result of turning or twisting foot at ankle, collateral ligaments can be damaged
Which ligaments are usually damaged in sprained ankles?
- tough medial deltoid ligament not commonly damaged even by significant forced eversion
- Sprained ankles usually due to forced over inversion and result in stretched and torn lateral ligaments particularly anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaenofibualr ligament
