Lower Limb 1 Flashcards
What are the two regions of the lower limb?
- Gluteal region
2. Free lower limb
What is in the gluteal region?
buttock/hip
What is in the free lower limb?
thigh, leg, foot
What type of movement is at flexion of the elbow joint?
anterior movement
What type of movement is at flexion of the knee joint?
posterior movement
What happens during development? What does this mean for flexors and extensors?
- Permanent pronation (internal rotation) at the upper-thigh levels
- Flexors are posterior and extensors are anterior
How is the thumb and large toe different?
- Thumb is lateral
- Large toe is medial
What are the anterior dermatomes like in adults as a result of the oration during development?
- Anterior dermatomes have twisted, oblique fields as opposed to the straighter fields in the upper limb
- Muscles in thigh leg and foot have opposite positions to their equivalence in the upper limb, in lower limb extensors are anterior and flexors are posterior
Where is the pelvic girdle?
buttock/hip region
What is the femur?
thigh bone
What is the patella?
sesamoid bone of the knee
What are the leg bones?
tibia and fibula
What are the bones of the foot?
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
What does the patella articulate with?
femur’s anterior distal end
What do the hips bones form?
Hip bones are pair of bones with sacrum form pelvic girdle
What is the hip bone also known as?
- Innominate bone
- Os coxae
- Coxal bone
- Pelvic bone
What are the three bones that fuse to form the hip hone?
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
At 13 what are the three parts of the hip bone which are not yet fused spirited by?
triradiate carilage (other cartilages are present at this age as centres of ossification have not yet fused)
When to the three parts of the hip bone fuse?
15 and not complete until early twenties
What does the fusion of the three hip bones contribute to the formation of?
acetabulum
What are important attachments for the inguinal ligament?
pubic tubercle and anterior superior iliac spine
What is the obturator foramen usually covered by?
obturator membrane (fibrous connective tissue membrane)
What are the parts of the foot in the anatomical position?
- Upper surface of foot: dorsal
2. Sole of foot: planta
What is dorsiflexion?
True extension (toes point superiorly)
What is plantarfelxion?
True flexion (toes point inferior)
What is inversion?
sole turned medially
What is eversion?
sole turned laterally
What is her anatomical name for the large toe?
hallux
What are the tarsals?
- Calcaenus
- Talus
- Cuboid
- Navicular
- 3 cuneiforms
How many metatarsals are there?
5
How many phalanges are there?
Pahlanges of the 5 digits
What bones are in the inferior view of plantar aspect?
sesamoid bones
What are the arches of the foot?
- Medial longitudinal arch
- Lateral longitudinal arch
- Transverse arch
How are joints classified?
- their structural properties
2. their level of mobility
What are fibrous joints?
bones connected by fibrous connective tissue
What is an example of fibrous joints?
- sutures of skull
- syndesmosis in the forearm
What are cartilaginous joints?
bones connected with cartilage
What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
pubic symphysis
What are primary cartilaginous joints?
- synchondrosis
2. connected by hyaline cartilage
What are secondary cartilaginous joints?
- symphysis
2. connected by fibrocartilage – mainly in the midline of the body
What are synovial joints?
- the articulation is surrounded by an enclosing synovial capsule
- bones not directly connected at the joint surfaces but strengthened by surrounding structures
What are examples of synovial joints?
interphalangeal joints
What are articular surface usually covered in?
hyaline cartilage
When can you see epiphyseal plate?
bones of babies, children and young adults
What are epiphyseal plates?
temporary cartilaginous joints that allow bone growth
When do epiphyseal plates ossify?
- Epiphyseal plates (dark in X-ray) remain cartilaginous until bone growth ceases, when they ossify
- For example, in child’s wrist (upper image) epiphyses ossify in 2nd year
What are uniaxial synovial joint?
movement in one direction
What is an example of a uniaxial synovial joint?
hinge joint
What are biaxial synovial joints?
movement in two different planes
What is an example of a biaxial synovial joint?
saddle joint
What are multiaxial synovial joints?
movement on several axes
What is an examples of a multiaxial synovial joint?
ball and socket joint
What is synarthosis?
little or no mobility (mostly fibrous joints like skull sutures)
What is amphiarthosis?
limited mobility (often fibrocartilaginous such as pubic symphysis)
What is diarthosis?
freely mobile (many joints, mostly synovial)
What structures provide stability?
- ligament
2. tension
What are ligaments?
collagenous connective tissue linking bones
What are tendons?
collagenous connective tissue between bones and muscles
What are other important fascial structures?
- Retinacula (singular retinaculum)
- Aponeuroses (singular aponeurosis)
- Bursae (singular bursa)
What is a retinaculum?
- thickened band of deep fascia found close to a joint
2. holds tendons down during muscle contraction to prevent bow-stringing, which might compromise function
What is an aponeurosis?
flat, sheet-like structure formed from a tendon or ligament
What is a bursa?
closed sac of a serous membrane, whose interior is similar to that of synovial joints
What is the function of aponeurosis?
- provide a broad attachment for a muscle which will distribute mechanical load over a larger area than a more typical tendon would
- provide protection for underlying structures, e.g. in the palm of the hand and the sole of the foot.
What is the function of bursa?
- delicate membranes of bursae secrete a lubricating fluid to their interior
- Bursae are found at body sites that are subject to friction, where they act as a “bearing” that allows free movement
- Inflammation of a bursa (bursitis) can be extremely painful
What is an example of a bursa?
A subcutaneous bursa at the posterior of the elbow normally prevents friction between the skin and the olecranon of the ulnar bon
What do the pair of hip bones articulate with anteriorly and posteriorly?
- posteriorly with spinal sacrum at the scaro-iliac joint
2. anteriorly at the pubic symphysis
Anteriorly what does the pubic bone form?
-symphysis via fibrous joint with the contralateral pubic bone
What does the posterior ischium fuse with the pubic bone at two places to form?
obturator foramen
What does the left and right hip bone articulate anteriorly to form?
pubic symphysis (joint between left and right pubic bodies)
What does the ischium and pubic bodies have?
rami
What does the proximal end of the femur articulate with?
acetabulum of pelvis
What does the distal end of the femur articulate with?
tibial plateau
What does the posterior surface of the shaft have?
linea aspera - important for attachment of a number of muscles
Which of the the tibia and fibia are weight bearing?
Tibia larger and weight bearing
What are the shafts of the. tibia and fibia connected by?
fibrous interosseous membrane
What are the three parts of the tibial plateau?
- lateral condyle
- medial condyle
- intercondylar eminence with its pair of tubercles
What. does plantar flexion result in when foot is planted on ground?
heel being raised like tippy toes
Which is the most posterior of foot bone?
calcaneus (heel bone)
Why can we bipedal stand?
Femoral head and neck at angle to long axis of shaft and distal end of knee on horizontal plane - so thighs are infra-medially oblique so knees close together and under pelvis
What is the neck of the proximal femur like?
narrow is narrow so point of structural weakness but more mobility of joint
What is on top of the calcaneus?
talus which articulates with distal leg bones to form the ankle joint
What does each metatarsal have?
- proximal base
- shaft
- distal head
How many phalanges does each digit have?
3 phalanges except for large two (has 2)
What are the sesamoid bones?
- Pair of sesamoid bones in region of first metatarsal phalangeal joint and tendons of small muscle flexor hallucis brevis
- these bones are important as they can bear most of bodies weight when heel is raised and protect an important tendon that runs between them to enter the large toe
What are the three arches when the bones of the foot are in their normal articulated positions?
- lateral
- medial longitudinal arches are in the proximal distal axis of the foot while the
- transverse arch is in the medial lateral axis of the foot
Why are the arches needed?
distribute the body weight and stiffen the foot but allows some flexibility and energy efficiency in walking and running
