Abdomen 2

Question 1

Where do the exocrine secretion of the pancreas empty into?

Answer 1

duodenum by the pancreatic duct (s)

Question 2

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 2

• Important filter of blood cells

- significant component of immune system

Question 3

Is the spleen covered in peritoneum?

Answer 3

Covered by peritoneum except at it hilum where splenic blood vessels enter

Question 4

How did the spleen develop?

Answer 4

1. between the two layers of the dorsal mesogastrium
   2 As it grew it bulged out within the outer layer which forms its peritoneal covering - two double folds of peritoneum meet at the hilum
2. one in front the gastro splenic ligament and one behind the linalrenal ligament - between the 2 folds is the left hand limit of the lesser sac

Question 5

Where is the splenic flexure in relation to the spleen?

Answer 5

In front and just below

Question 6

Are the veins in front of the arteries in the renal vessels?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Where is the left renal vein?

Answer 7

crosses in front of aorta, just below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery

Question 8

Where is the right renal vein?

Answer 8

shorter and passes steeply backwards to reach the right kidney

Question 9

Where do the renal arteries arise?

Answer 9

just below the superior mesenteric arter

Question 10

Where do the branches of renal artery and vein enter the kidney?

Answer 10

At the hilum

Question 11

What creates the renal sinus?

Answer 11

At the hilum the surface of the kidneys is rolled inwards

Question 12

What is the renal pelvis formed by?

Answer 12

convergence of a number of broad drainage channels

Question 13

How may major calyces drain into the pelvis?

Answer 13

3 or 4 and each major calyx branches into several minor ones

Question 14

How does each minor calyx end?

Answer 14

at a trumpet widening

Question 15

What is at the end of each calyx?

Answer 15

solid tissue of kidney projects inwards in a mounded ridge called papilla

Question 16

What does the renal penicula consist of?

Answer 16

outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 17

What is the medulla continuous with?

Answer 17

papillae

Question 18

What does the cortex of the suprarenal gland secrete?

Answer 18

Corticosteroids

Question 19

What does the medulla secrete?

Answer 19

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 20

Where does the ureter emerge from?

Answer 20

hilum of kidney and runs almost straight downwards toward the pelvic brim

Question 21

What is behind the ureter and what crosses across it?

Answer 21

• psoas major muscle

- the testicular vessels cross in front of the ureter and ovarian vessels do in the female

Question 22

What are the three midline branches of the aorta?

Answer 22

1. Celiac artery
2. Superior mesenteric artery
3. Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 23

What does the celiac artery/trunk supply?

Answer 23

1. Stomach
2. Proximal duodenum
3. Spleen
4. Liver
5. Most of pancreas

Question 24

Where does the celiac trunk arise?

Answer 24

just at the top of the aortic opening between the cura of the diaphragm

Question 25

What are the three main branches of the celiac trunk?

Answer 25

1. Left gastric artery which goes straight up 2. Large common hepatic artery 3. Large splenic artery

Question 26

What is the course of the splenic artery?

Answer 26

1. towards the spleen along the upper border of the pancreas 2. The splenic artery ends by dividing into several large branches as it reaches the hilum of the spleen

Question 27

What does the common hepatic artery divide into?

Answer 27

The common hepatic artery passes to the right and divides into hepatic artery and gastroduodenal artery

Question 28

What is the journey of the hepatic artery?

Answer 28

runs upwards and to the right to supply the liver

Question 29

What does the hepatic artery run close to?

Answer 29

- Common bile duct | - Portal vein

Question 30

What does the right gastric artery arise from?

Answer 30

Hepatic artery

Question 31

What does the right gastric epiloic artery arise form?

Answer 31

Gastroduodenal artery

Question 32

What happen after the gastroduodenal artery gives off the right gastro epiploic artery?

Answer 32

continues as the pancreatco-duodenal artery which runs downwards behind the duodenum supplying it and the head of the pancreas

Question 33

Where does the stomach get most of its blood supply?

Answer 33

1. Outer arcade | 2. Inner arcade

Question 34

What is the outer arcade? What is it supplied by?

Answer 34

- runs in the greater omentum or gastro hepatic ligament close to the greater curve - supplied by the right gastro diploic and the left gastro diploic which is a branch of the splenic - often the right and left vessels join to form a continuous loop

Question 35

What is the inner arcade? What is it supplied by?

Answer 35

- runs in the lesser omentum near the lesser curve | - supplied on both ends by the right gastric and left gastric arteries

Question 36

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 36

1. Distal duodenum 2. The jeinouleum 3. The ascending colon 4. Part of transverse colon

Question 37

Where does the superior mesenteric artery arise?

Answer 37

from aorta just below the celiac trunk

Question 38

What is near the superior mesenteric artery?

Answer 38

- splenic vein in front of it | - left renal vein behind it

Question 39

What do the branches of superior mesenteric artery go?

Answer 39

Pancreas nad duodenum

Question 40

Where does the superior mesenteric artery emerge from?

Answer 40

- Beneath neck of pancreas along with superior mesenteric vein - Passes in front of uncinate process of pancreas and in front of third part of duodenum

Question 41

What are some of the branches the superior mesenteric artery gives off as it passes down?

Answer 41

1. Some enter the mesentery 2. Two run down and to the right in the retoperitenum 3. One passes upwards and enters transverse mesocolon.

Question 42

Where does the ileocolic artery go?

Answer 42

towards the cecum

Question 43

Where do the right and middle colic artery go?

Answer 43

ascending colon and transverse colon respectively

Question 44

What happens to the superior mesenteric branches as they approach the intestine?

Answer 44

rejoin to form a set of vascular arcades that run close to the intestine along its length

Question 45

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 45

The distal colon | Rectum

Question 46

What is the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery?

Answer 46

Origin from aorta is below the pancreas and duodenum at the level of L3

Question 47

What does left colic artery supply? (branch of inferior mesenteric artery)

Answer 47

supplies descending colon and distal part of transverse colon and helps form an arcade in the transverse mesocolon

Question 48

What does sigmoid branches supply? (branch of inferior mesenteric artery)

Answer 48

sigmoid colon

Question 49

What does superior rectal artery supply? (branch of inferior mesenteric artery)

Answer 49

-branch runs down into the pelvis to supply the upper part of the rectum

Question 50

What are the lower parts of the rectum supplied by?

Answer 50

branches of the internal iliac artery

Question 51

What is the portal vein formed from?

Answer 51

Superior mesenteric vein (s), inferior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

Question 52

Where does the portal vein journey?

Answer 52

- Runs up and to the right to the liver | - Portal veins runs behind first part of duodenum

Question 53

What does the portal vein run up towards liver within?

Answer 53

hepatoduoneal ligament which is the lower part of the lesser omentum

Question 54

What is close to the portal vein?

Answer 54

- hepatic artery | - common bile duct