Limb muscles 1.4

Question 1

What are the two evertors of the foot at the intertarsal joints?

Answer 1

1. Peroneus longus

2. Peroneus brevis

Question 2

What is the proximal attachment of the evertors?

Answer 2

fibula

Question 3

Where do the tendons of the evertors pass?

Answer 3

posteriorly to the lateral maellolus

Question 4

Where does the brevis tendon attach?

Answer 4

distally to the tubercle of the base of the 5th metatarsal bone

Question 5

When does the longus tendon change course?

Answer 5

region of the joint between the cuboid bone and 5th metatarsal the longus tendon changes course to cross across the foot from lateral to medial to attach at the first tarsal-metatarsal joint

Question 6

What are the three plantarflexors?

Answer 6

1. Gastrocnemius
2. Soleus
3. Pantaris

Question 7

How many heads does the gastrocnemius have? Where do they attach?

Answer 7

• 2 (lateral and medial)

- attach proximally to the posterior aspect of the condyles of the femur

Question 8

How many heads does soleus have? What is the attachment?

Answer 8

• 1

- proximal attachments are the proximal posterior fibula and the posterior proximal shaft of the tibia

Question 9

What do the heads of the gastrocnemius and soleus merge to form?

Answer 9

• calcaneal tendon (also known as achilles tendon)

- this three muscle bellies referred to as triceps surae

Question 10

What do plantarfelxors do?

Answer 10

raise the heel when the foot is already planted

Question 11

What is plantaris like? Where does the tendon. atta h

Answer 11

1. tiny muscle
2. long tendon:
   - attaches distally into calcaneus (where achilles tendon also attaches)
3. proximally to the lateral posterior condyle of the femur
4. provides minimal force for plantarflexion but is useful as long tendon can be harvested for reconstruction and repair

Question 12

What are 3/4 muscles of the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 12

posterior versions of their equivalence in the anterior compartment

Question 13

What are the proximal attachments of these posterior versions?

Answer 13

1. attach to the posterior of the shafts of the tibia, the fibia and to the interosseous membrane
2. their tendons pass posteriorly to the medial malleolus to enter the sole of the foot.

Question 14

Where does the flexor digitorium longus act?

Answer 14

on the lateral 4 digits so its tendon divides to attach to the bases of the distal phalanges of each of those digits

Question 15

Where does the flexor digitorium hallucis act?

Answer 15

1. acts only on the large toe
2. after entering the foot its tendon passes along the medial aspect of the sole of the foot to attach to the distal phalan of the large toe
3. even though it acts only on one digit it’s normally larger than flexor digitorum longus which acts on 4 digits

Question 16

Where does the tibialis posterior attach and what does this allow?

Answer 16

1. attaches to the medial plantar tarsal region

2. allows it to invert the foot and to weakly assist with plantar flexion

Question 17

Where does the popliteus attach, proximally. and distally?

Answer 17

1. Small triangular muscle with a narrow proximal attachment at the lateral condyle of the femur
2. broader distal attachment to the posterior surface of the sufera tibia

Question 18

What is the action of the popliteus?

Answer 18

1. When the knee joint is fully extended, there is a small degree of medial rotation when the knee ligaments lock the joint so that the thigh and leg form a solid column
2. laterally rotate the femur relative to the tibial plateau to unlock the knee joint

Question 19

What do the intrinsic muscles of the foot act as?

Answer 19

1. act as shock absorbers
2. adjusting the foot to uneven surfaces
3. but the feet can be trained for carrying out precise movements such as writing and drawing

Question 20

What does the sole consist of?

Answer 20

1. 4 layers
2. Intrinsic muslces
3. Tibial nerve

Question 21

What is the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 21

1. Extensor digitorum brevis

2. Extensor hallucis brevis