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SP15 Anatomy Exam 2 > Lower Abdomen > Flashcards

Lower Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

The jejunum is the proximal ____ of the small intestines while the ileum is the distal ____ of the small intestine

A

2/5

3/5

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2
Q

The entrance of the stomach from the esophagus is called what?

A

Cardiac Orifice

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3
Q

What is the term used for anything superior to the cardiac notch in regards to the stomach?

A

Fundus

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4
Q

What is the term for the exit of the stomach to the duodenum?

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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5
Q

At the base of the lesser curvature is what structure?

A

Angular incisure

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6
Q

What controls the exiting of the contents of the contents from the stomach?

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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7
Q

What is the stomach creating?

A

Chyme

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8
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Primarily enzymatic digestion

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9
Q

T/F: The stomach is lined with plicae circularis to increase surface area

A

False: It is lined with rugae

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10
Q

What is the function of Rugae?

A

Expand the stomach

Help with mixing/ blending of food bolus

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11
Q

T/F: The Duodenum is fixed & relatively immobile

A

True, because of the ligaments attaching it to the post. abdominal wall, and its retroperitoneal position

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12
Q

T/F: The Jejunum & Ileum are tethered and relatively immobile

A

False: They are tethered, but very mobile

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13
Q

The Jejunum and Ileum are tethered by ______

A

mesentery

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14
Q

Permanent folds found within the small intestine are called what?

A

Plicae Circularis

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15
Q

The Plicae Circularis become more diffuse ______

A

distally

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16
Q

The duodenum starts where?

A

pyloric sphincter

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17
Q

The superior duodenum is located at what vertebral level?

A

L1

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18
Q

What structure is anterior to the duodenum?

A

Transverse Colon

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19
Q

What part of the duodenum is located between the L2-L3 levels?

A

Descending

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20
Q

What part of the duodenum crosses at the L3 level?

A

Inferior

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21
Q

The minor duodenal papilla and major duodenal papilla are located in what vertebral level?

A

L2-L3

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22
Q

The inferior part of the duodenum curves around the head of the _____

A

pancreas

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23
Q

The inferior part of the duodenum is posterior to what structures?

A

Superior Mesenteric vessels

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24
Q

The Ascending part of the duodenum ascend to where?

A

The duodenal-jejunal junction

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25
Q

What portion of the small intestine has the largest diameter?

A

First

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26
Q

The jejunum has long _____ ____ and short ____ ____

A

vasa recta

Arterial arcades

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27
Q

In the ileum there are ____ vasa recta and _____ arterial arcades

A

short

long

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28
Q

A remnant of the embryonic yolk sac results in what structure?

A

Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum

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29
Q

If Meckel’s diverticulum becomes inflamed it will mimic an _______

A

appendicitis

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30
Q

The large intestine has 5 ______ & 2 _______

A

segments

flexures

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31
Q

What are the 5 segments of the large intestines?

A 
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
SIgmoid colon
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32
Q

Where does the large intestine terminate?

A

rectum

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33
Q

What two flexures are located in the large intestine? What side is each on?

A

Right colic flexure (hepatic)

Left colic flexure (splenic)

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34
Q

The left colic flexure is considered the point of exchange of parasympathetics from your _____ n to your _____ _____ nn

A

vagus

splenic sacral

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35
Q

The left colic flexure is also approximately the transition between your ___-gut and ____-gut

A

mid

hind

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36
Q

Veriform appendix opens into the cecum inferior to the ____ ____

A

ileocecal orifice

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37
Q

The Veriform appendix is held in place by what structure?

A

Triangular mesentery or Mesoappendix

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38
Q

What is the common position of the Veriform appendix?

A

retrocecal

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39
Q

T/F: The appendix is considered a vestigial structure.

A

True

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40
Q

During an appendicitis, vague pain begins in the _____ region, from afferent pain referred to ___ level

A

periumbilical

T10

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41
Q

Severe pain in the lower right quadrant during an appendicitis is caused by what?

A

irritation of peritoneum of posterior abdominal wall

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42
Q

Where would the most severe appendicitis pain occur?

A

over the spinoumbilical point between the ASIS & umbilicus

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43
Q

What structures are considered specializations of the large bowel?

A

Tenia Coli
Haustra Coli
Epiploic appendages

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44
Q

3 smooth m. bands paralleling length of colon are called what?

A

Teniae coli

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45
Q

Outpouchings, produced by teniae coli are called what?

A

Haustra coli

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46
Q

Fat tags found along the colon are called what?

A

Epiploic appendages

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47
Q

The celiac trunk and inferior phrenic a. sit at what vertebral level?

A

At the level of T12

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48
Q

The 2nd major branch of the abdominal aorta is what artery?

A

Superior Mesenteric A

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49
Q

This artery supplies up to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon via the ileocolic, R. colic & middle colic, Inferior pancreaticoduodenal

A

Superior Mesenteric a

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50
Q

The Superior Mesenteric A. is found at what vertebral level?

A

L1

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51
Q

The 3rd major branch of the abdominal aorta is what?

A

Inferior mesenteric a

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52
Q

What artery supplies colon from distal 1/3 of transverse colon, via the L. colic, sigmoid (4) & superior rectal a

A

Inferior mesenteric a

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53
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery is found at what vertebral level?

A

L3 or L3-L4

54
Q

Anastomoses exist between ____ branches for collateral circulation

A

colic

55
Q

Consistent vascular arc around the colon is formed by the anastomoses of colic branches via the ___ _____ __ _______

A

marginal artery of Drummond

56
Q

What two arteries anastomose and supply the head of the pancreas & duodenum?

A

Superior pancreaticoduodenal aa

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa

57
Q

The Superior pancreaticoduodenal aa are branches off of what artery?

A

Gastroduodenal a

58
Q

The inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa is a branch off of what artery?

A

SMA

59
Q

Outside of the head of the pancreas, the _____ a. supplies the rest of the pancreas with additional branches

A

Splenic

60
Q

The anastomosis of the superior pancreaticoduodenal aa and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa occurs at the ____ of the pancreas

A

head

61
Q

The Renal aa are lateral branches of what arterial structure?

A

abdominal aorta

62
Q

The Renal aa. enter the ____ of the kidney to supply it, and send off branches to the _____ _____ and ______

A

hilum
adrenal glands
ureters

63
Q

The adrenal glands are supplied by what 3 arteries?

A

Inferior phrenic a
Adrenal branches of the Renal aa.
Aorta

64
Q

The what arteries supply the inferior portion of the diaphragm and adrenal glands?

A

Inferior phrenic aa

65
Q

The inferior phrenic aa come off what arterial structure?

A

Descending aorta

66
Q

The _______ aa are lateral branches of the abdominal aorta (inferior to the renal aa.)

A

Gonadal (can be ovarian or testicular depending on sex)

67
Q

The ______ aa. cross over the ureters & iliac vessels, they descend to the pelvis to supply ovaries

A

Ovarian aa

68
Q

The _____ aa. crosses over the ureters & enter the inguinal canal, they descend into the scrotum to supply the testes

A

Testicular aa.

69
Q

The gonadal a. are located in the ______ between the SMA and IMA

A

midline

70
Q

T/F: The gonadal arteries are always located right next to each other when coming off the abdominal aorta

A

False

71
Q

What structure is transported thru the aortic hiatus?

A

Abdominal aorta

72
Q

At what vertebral level are the Suprarenal aa and the Renal aa generally found?

A

L1

73
Q

At what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta located?

A

L4

74
Q

At what vertebral level does the Inferior Vena Cava begin? Where does it end?

A

Begins at L5

Ends at Right Atrium

75
Q

At what vertebral level does the Inferior Vena Cava begin? Where does it end?

A

Begins at L5

Ends at Right Atrium

76
Q

The IVC begins at the union of our ____ ____ vv, which is at vertebral level ____

A

common iliac

L5

77
Q

The descending aorta ends at what vertebral level?

A

L4

78
Q

Blood from the abdominal viscera is returned via the ____ _____ system

A

Portal venous

79
Q

Blood from the viscera is returned via the ____ _____ system

A

Portal venous

80
Q

Why are abdominal viscera returned via the portal venous system?

A

Because this blood needs to be filtered in the liver

81
Q

T/F: The portal venous system is nutrient poor.

A

False. The Portal venous system is nutrient rich, the Caval venous system is nutrient poor

82
Q

T/F: The portal venous system is nutrient poor.

A

False. The Portal venous system is nutrient rich, the Caval venous system is nutrient poor

83
Q

The _____ _____ is formed by the union of splenic and superior mesenteric vv. at what vertebral level?

A

Portal Vein

L2

84
Q

The Portal Vein gives venous return from what 4 structures?

A

Spleen
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Abdominal GI tract

85
Q

The Portal Vein gives venous return from what 4 structures?

A

Spleen
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Abdominal GI tract

86
Q

The portal vein drains nutrient ____, poorly oxygenated blood to the _____, then via ___ ____ ____ to the right atrium of the heart

A

rich
liver
inferior vena cava (IVC)

87
Q

T/F: The inferior mesenteric vein drains into the splenic vein

A

True

88
Q

The portal vein is found in what structure?

A

Portal Triad

89
Q

The portal systems’ _____ vv anastamose with the caval systems’ esophageal vv

A

gastric

90
Q

The portal systems’ gastric vv anastamose with the caval systems’ _____ vv

A

esophageal

91
Q

The portal systems’ ______ vv anastamose with the caval systems’ epigastric vv

A

paraumbilical

92
Q

The portal systems’ paraumbilical vv anastamose with the caval systems’ ______ vv

A

epigastric

93
Q

The portal systems’ _____ ____ vv anasatamose with the caval systems’ middle/inferior rectal vv

A

superior rectal

94
Q

The portal systems’ superior rectal vv anastamose with the caval systems’ ______ / _____ ____ vv

A

middle/ inferior rectal

95
Q

The portal systems’ _____ vv anastamose with the caval systems’ retroperitoneal vv

A

colic

96
Q

The portal systems’ colic vv anastamose with the caval systems’ _________ vv

A

retroperitoneal

97
Q

T/F: The portal venous system has valves

A

False: The portal venous system has no valves so back flow can occur

98
Q

T/F: We can have dilated caval veins at any point in the anastomoses

A

True

99
Q

Dilated esophageal vv produce esophageal ______

A

varices

100
Q

Dilated epigastric vv. produce ______ ____

A

caput medusae

101
Q

Dilated infr. & mid. rectal vv. produce ______

A

hemorrhoids

102
Q

T/F: Hemorrhoids are result of dilated veins

A

true

103
Q

The ___ _____ is the nerve structure associated with the Celiac trunk, and ganglia associated with the SMA and Renal aa

A

Celiac plexus

104
Q

The Celiac plexus has what three ganglia associated with it?

A

Celiac ganglion
Aorticorenal ganglion
Superior mesenteric ganglion

105
Q

All ganglia along the aorta are called _______ ganglia

A

para-aortic ganglia

106
Q

In terms of nerves, everything between SMA and the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta is part of the ______ plexus

A

Aortic

107
Q

Within the Aortic plexus you will find what ganglia?

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

108
Q

Inferior to the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta is the ____ _____ plexus

A

superior hypogastric

109
Q

Innervation to viscera is via ______ n. plexuses

A

autonomic

110
Q

Sympathetic fibers for the nerve supply of the Abdomen originate from what vertebral levels?

A

T5- L2(3)

111
Q

Most of the abdomen is supplied by what cranial nerve?

A

CN X

112
Q

The midgut-hindgut junction is where we see an exchange between CN X innervation proximal and _____ innervation distal

A

Saccral

113
Q

The sympathetic fibers from T5- T12 are associated with what -gut structure(s)?

A

Foregut & midgut

114
Q

The sympathetic fibers from T12-L2 are associated with what -gut structure(s)?

A

Hindgut

115
Q

Preganglionic splanchnic nn synapse in ______ ganglia

A

collateral

note: these are aorticorenal, superior mesenteric, celiac, etc

116
Q

Postganglionic fibers leave ganglia to reach ____ _____

A

effector organs

117
Q

Postgaglionic fibers of the abdomen travel on all ____ ____ branches

A

main arterial

118
Q

The sympathetic cell bodies reside in the ____ horn, of what vertebral level?

A

ventral

T1-L2

119
Q

Our greater splanchnic nerve is formed by what vertebral nn?

A

T5-T9

120
Q

Our lesser splanchnic n is formed by what vertebral nn?

A

T10-T11

121
Q

Our least splanchnic n is formed by what vertebral nn?

A

T12

122
Q

The axons that form our greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nns are considered ________ _____ axons

A

preganglionic sympathetic

123
Q

Axons in the lumbar splanchnics are considered what type of axons?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic

124
Q

The lumbar splanchnics axons contribute to the _____ plexus

A

aortic

125
Q

T/F: There are postganglionic axons between abdominal plexuses, which allows for “cross-talk”

A

True

126
Q

Pregagnlionic nerves from CN X travel on ____ ____ branches

A

upper arterial

Celiac Trunk, SMA, Renal aa, and all their branches

127
Q

Preganglionic nerves from S2-S4 travel on ___ ____ branches

A

lower arterial

IMA and branches

128
Q

What are the 4 Major Autonomic Ganglia & Plexuses?

A

Celiac Ganglion
Superior Mesenteric ganglion
Aorticorenal Ganglion
Inferior Mesenteric ganglion

129
Q

Which Ganglia and their corresponding plexuses receive parasympathetic thoracic splanchnic nn & CN X branches?

A 
Celiac Ganglion
(plexus travels w/ celiac branches)
Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
(plexus travels w/ SMA branches)
Aorticorenal ganglion
(plexus travels w/ Renal branches)
130
Q

What Ganglia and their corresponding plexuses receive parasympathetic lumbar splanchnic nn & S2-S4 branches?

A

Inferior Mesenteric ganglion

Plexus travels w/ IMA branches

SP15 Anatomy Exam 2 (8 decks)

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