Lower Abdomen Flashcards
1
Q
The jejunum is the proximal ____ of the small intestines while the ileum is the distal ____ of the small intestine
A
2/5
3/5
2
Q
The entrance of the stomach from the esophagus is called what?
A
Cardiac Orifice
3
Q
What is the term used for anything superior to the cardiac notch in regards to the stomach?
A
Fundus
4
Q
What is the term for the exit of the stomach to the duodenum?
A
Pyloric Sphincter
5
Q
At the base of the lesser curvature is what structure?
A
Angular incisure
6
Q
What controls the exiting of the contents of the contents from the stomach?
A
Pyloric Sphincter
7
Q
What is the stomach creating?
A
Chyme
8
Q
What is the function of the stomach?
A
Primarily enzymatic digestion
9
Q
T/F: The stomach is lined with plicae circularis to increase surface area
A
False: It is lined with rugae
10
Q
What is the function of Rugae?
A
Expand the stomach
Help with mixing/ blending of food bolus
11
Q
T/F: The Duodenum is fixed & relatively immobile
A
True, because of the ligaments attaching it to the post. abdominal wall, and its retroperitoneal position
12
Q
T/F: The Jejunum & Ileum are tethered and relatively immobile
A
False: They are tethered, but very mobile
13
Q
The Jejunum and Ileum are tethered by ______
A
mesentery
14
Q
Permanent folds found within the small intestine are called what?
A
Plicae Circularis
15
Q
The Plicae Circularis become more diffuse ______
A
distally
16
Q
The duodenum starts where?
A
pyloric sphincter
17
Q
The superior duodenum is located at what vertebral level?
A
L1
18
Q
What structure is anterior to the duodenum?
A
Transverse Colon
19
Q
What part of the duodenum is located between the L2-L3 levels?
A
Descending
20
Q
What part of the duodenum crosses at the L3 level?
A
Inferior
21
Q
The minor duodenal papilla and major duodenal papilla are located in what vertebral level?
A
L2-L3
22
Q
The inferior part of the duodenum curves around the head of the _____
A
pancreas
23
Q
The inferior part of the duodenum is posterior to what structures?
A
Superior Mesenteric vessels
24
Q
The Ascending part of the duodenum ascend to where?
A
The duodenal-jejunal junction
25
What portion of the small intestine has the largest diameter?
First
26
The jejunum has long _____ ____ and short ____ ____
vasa recta
| Arterial arcades
27
In the ileum there are ____ vasa recta and _____ arterial arcades
short
| long
28
A remnant of the embryonic yolk sac results in what structure?
Meckel's (ileal) diverticulum
29
If Meckel's diverticulum becomes inflamed it will mimic an _______
appendicitis
30
The large intestine has 5 ______ & 2 _______
segments
| flexures
31
What are the 5 segments of the large intestines?
```
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
SIgmoid colon
```
32
Where does the large intestine terminate?
rectum
33
What two flexures are located in the large intestine? What side is each on?
Right colic flexure (hepatic)
| Left colic flexure (splenic)
34
The left colic flexure is considered the point of exchange of parasympathetics from your _____ n to your _____ _____ nn
vagus
| splenic sacral
35
The left colic flexure is also approximately the transition between your ___-gut and ____-gut
mid
| hind
36
Veriform appendix opens into the cecum inferior to the ____ ____
ileocecal orifice
37
The Veriform appendix is held in place by what structure?
Triangular mesentery or Mesoappendix
38
What is the common position of the Veriform appendix?
retrocecal
39
T/F: The appendix is considered a vestigial structure.
True
40
During an appendicitis, vague pain begins in the _____ region, from afferent pain referred to ___ level
periumbilical
| T10
41
Severe pain in the lower right quadrant during an appendicitis is caused by what?
irritation of peritoneum of posterior abdominal wall
42
Where would the most severe appendicitis pain occur?
over the spinoumbilical point between the ASIS & umbilicus
43
What structures are considered specializations of the large bowel?
Tenia Coli
Haustra Coli
Epiploic appendages
44
3 smooth m. bands paralleling length of colon are called what?
Teniae coli
45
Outpouchings, produced by teniae coli are called what?
Haustra coli
46
Fat tags found along the colon are called what?
Epiploic appendages
47
The celiac trunk and inferior phrenic a. sit at what vertebral level?
At the level of T12
48
The 2nd major branch of the abdominal aorta is what artery?
Superior Mesenteric A
49
This artery supplies up to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon via the ileocolic, R. colic & middle colic, Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
Superior Mesenteric a
50
The Superior Mesenteric A. is found at what vertebral level?
L1
51
The 3rd major branch of the abdominal aorta is what?
Inferior mesenteric a
52
What artery supplies colon from distal 1/3 of transverse colon, via the L. colic, sigmoid (4) & superior rectal a
Inferior mesenteric a
53
The inferior mesenteric artery is found at what vertebral level?
L3 or L3-L4
54
Anastomoses exist between ____ branches for collateral circulation
colic
55
Consistent vascular arc around the colon is formed by the anastomoses of colic branches via the ___ _____ __ _______
marginal artery of Drummond
56
What two arteries anastomose and supply the head of the pancreas & duodenum?
Superior pancreaticoduodenal aa
| Inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa
57
The Superior pancreaticoduodenal aa are branches off of what artery?
Gastroduodenal a
58
The inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa is a branch off of what artery?
SMA
59
Outside of the head of the pancreas, the _____ a. supplies the rest of the pancreas with additional branches
Splenic
60
The anastomosis of the superior pancreaticoduodenal aa and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa occurs at the ____ of the pancreas
head
61
The Renal aa are lateral branches of what arterial structure?
abdominal aorta
62
The Renal aa. enter the ____ of the kidney to supply it, and send off branches to the _____ _____ and ______
hilum
adrenal glands
ureters
63
The adrenal glands are supplied by what 3 arteries?
Inferior phrenic a
Adrenal branches of the Renal aa.
Aorta
64
The what arteries supply the inferior portion of the diaphragm and adrenal glands?
Inferior phrenic aa
65
The inferior phrenic aa come off what arterial structure?
Descending aorta
66
The _______ aa are lateral branches of the abdominal aorta (inferior to the renal aa.)
Gonadal (can be ovarian or testicular depending on sex)
67
The ______ aa. cross over the ureters & iliac vessels, they descend to the pelvis to supply ovaries
Ovarian aa
68
The _____ aa. crosses over the ureters & enter the inguinal canal, they descend into the scrotum to supply the testes
Testicular aa.
69
The gonadal a. are located in the ______ between the SMA and IMA
midline
70
T/F: The gonadal arteries are always located right next to each other when coming off the abdominal aorta
False
71
What structure is transported thru the aortic hiatus?
Abdominal aorta
72
At what vertebral level are the Suprarenal aa and the Renal aa generally found?
L1
73
At what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta located?
L4
74
At what vertebral level does the Inferior Vena Cava begin? Where does it end?
Begins at L5
| Ends at Right Atrium
75
At what vertebral level does the Inferior Vena Cava begin? Where does it end?
Begins at L5
| Ends at Right Atrium
76
The IVC begins at the union of our ____ ____ vv, which is at vertebral level ____
common iliac
| L5
77
The descending aorta ends at what vertebral level?
L4
78
Blood from the abdominal viscera is returned via the ____ _____ system
Portal venous
79
Blood from the viscera is returned via the ____ _____ system
Portal venous
80
Why are abdominal viscera returned via the portal venous system?
Because this blood needs to be filtered in the liver
81
T/F: The portal venous system is nutrient poor.
False. The Portal venous system is nutrient rich, the Caval venous system is nutrient poor
82
T/F: The portal venous system is nutrient poor.
False. The Portal venous system is nutrient rich, the Caval venous system is nutrient poor
83
The _____ _____ is formed by the union of splenic and superior mesenteric vv. at what vertebral level?
Portal Vein
| L2
84
The Portal Vein gives venous return from what 4 structures?
Spleen
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Abdominal GI tract
85
The Portal Vein gives venous return from what 4 structures?
Spleen
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Abdominal GI tract
86
The portal vein drains nutrient ____, poorly oxygenated blood to the _____, then via ___ ____ ____ to the right atrium of the heart
rich
liver
inferior vena cava (IVC)
87
T/F: The inferior mesenteric vein drains into the splenic vein
True
88
The portal vein is found in what structure?
Portal Triad
89
The portal systems' _____ vv anastamose with the caval systems' esophageal vv
gastric
90
The portal systems' gastric vv anastamose with the caval systems' _____ vv
esophageal
91
The portal systems' ______ vv anastamose with the caval systems' epigastric vv
paraumbilical
92
The portal systems' paraumbilical vv anastamose with the caval systems' ______ vv
epigastric
93
The portal systems' _____ ____ vv anasatamose with the caval systems' middle/inferior rectal vv
superior rectal
94
The portal systems' superior rectal vv anastamose with the caval systems' ______ / _____ ____ vv
middle/ inferior rectal
95
The portal systems' _____ vv anastamose with the caval systems' retroperitoneal vv
colic
96
The portal systems' colic vv anastamose with the caval systems' _________ vv
retroperitoneal
97
T/F: The portal venous system has valves
False: The portal venous system has no valves so back flow can occur
98
T/F: We can have dilated caval veins at any point in the anastomoses
True
99
Dilated esophageal vv produce esophageal ______
varices
100
Dilated epigastric vv. produce ______ ____
caput medusae
101
Dilated infr. & mid. rectal vv. produce ______
hemorrhoids
102
T/F: Hemorrhoids are result of dilated veins
true
103
The ___ _____ is the nerve structure associated with the Celiac trunk, and ganglia associated with the SMA and Renal aa
Celiac plexus
104
The Celiac plexus has what three ganglia associated with it?
Celiac ganglion
Aorticorenal ganglion
Superior mesenteric ganglion
105
All ganglia along the aorta are called _______ ganglia
para-aortic ganglia
106
In terms of nerves, everything between SMA and the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta is part of the ______ plexus
Aortic
107
Within the Aortic plexus you will find what ganglia?
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
108
Inferior to the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta is the ____ _____ plexus
superior hypogastric
109
Innervation to viscera is via ______ n. plexuses
autonomic
110
Sympathetic fibers for the nerve supply of the Abdomen originate from what vertebral levels?
T5- L2(3)
111
Most of the abdomen is supplied by what cranial nerve?
CN X
112
The midgut-hindgut junction is where we see an exchange between CN X innervation proximal and _____ innervation distal
Saccral
113
The sympathetic fibers from T5- T12 are associated with what -gut structure(s)?
Foregut & midgut
114
The sympathetic fibers from T12-L2 are associated with what -gut structure(s)?
Hindgut
115
Preganglionic splanchnic nn synapse in ______ ganglia
collateral
| note: these are aorticorenal, superior mesenteric, celiac, etc
116
Postganglionic fibers leave ganglia to reach ____ _____
effector organs
117
Postgaglionic fibers of the abdomen travel on all ____ ____ branches
main arterial
118
The sympathetic cell bodies reside in the ____ horn, of what vertebral level?
ventral
| T1-L2
119
Our greater splanchnic nerve is formed by what vertebral nn?
T5-T9
120
Our lesser splanchnic n is formed by what vertebral nn?
T10-T11
121
Our least splanchnic n is formed by what vertebral nn?
T12
122
The axons that form our greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nns are considered ________ _____ axons
preganglionic sympathetic
123
Axons in the lumbar splanchnics are considered what type of axons?
Preganglionic sympathetic
124
The lumbar splanchnics axons contribute to the _____ plexus
aortic
125
T/F: There are postganglionic axons between abdominal plexuses, which allows for "cross-talk"
True
126
Pregagnlionic nerves from CN X travel on ____ ____ branches
upper arterial
| Celiac Trunk, SMA, Renal aa, and all their branches
127
Preganglionic nerves from S2-S4 travel on ___ ____ branches
lower arterial
| IMA and branches
128
What are the 4 Major Autonomic Ganglia & Plexuses?
Celiac Ganglion
Superior Mesenteric ganglion
Aorticorenal Ganglion
Inferior Mesenteric ganglion
129
Which Ganglia and their corresponding plexuses receive parasympathetic thoracic splanchnic nn & CN X branches?
```
Celiac Ganglion
(plexus travels w/ celiac branches)
Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
(plexus travels w/ SMA branches)
Aorticorenal ganglion
(plexus travels w/ Renal branches)
```
130
What Ganglia and their corresponding plexuses receive parasympathetic lumbar splanchnic nn & S2-S4 branches?
Inferior Mesenteric ganglion
| Plexus travels w/ IMA branches
