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SP15 Anatomy Exam 2 > Development of Digestive System > Flashcards

Development of Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrulation occurs in week _____ and is the process in which we form what 3 germ layers?

A

3

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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2
Q

T/F: All 3 germ layers contribute to formation of the GI tract

A

True

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3
Q

How does endoderm contribute to the GI tract?

A

It gives rise to the epithelial lining & glands of the GI tract

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4
Q

The foregut forms from the head or tail fold?

A

head

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5
Q

The hindgut forms from the head or tail fold?

A

tail

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6
Q

What structure is a temporary connection between the midgut and yolk sac?

A

Vitelline duct

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7
Q

During ______ folding, yolk sac endoderm is incorporated as embryonic midgut

A

lateral

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8
Q

The primitive gut tube extends cranially all the way to the _______ membrane

A

oropharyngeal

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9
Q

The primitive gut tube extends caudally all the way to the ______ membrane

A

cloacal

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10
Q

The oropharyngeal membrane ruptures in what week?

A

week 4

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11
Q

The cloacal membrane is formed by the pinching together of what two -derm layers?

A

ectoderm

endoderm

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12
Q

The cloacal membrane ruptures in what week?

A

week 8

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13
Q

Mesoderm and endoderm both contribute to parts of the ____ of the GI tract

A

walls

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14
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm forms what in relation to the GI tract?

A

smooth m. & CT of GI tract

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15
Q

T/F: All inner epithelial lining of anything coming from the digestive tract is derived from mesoderm.

A

False. It is all derived from endoderm

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16
Q

Peritoneum & Mesenteries are derived from what germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

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17
Q

Parietal peritoneum is derived from what type of mesoderm?

A

somatic

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18
Q

Visceral peritoneum, dorsal mesentery, and ventral mesentery are derived from what mesoderm?

A

splanchnic

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19
Q

Thin serous membrane lining the organs is termed what?

A

visceral peritoneum

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20
Q

A double-layer of peritoneum that suspends an organ from the body wall is termed what?

A

Mesentery

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21
Q

The _____ mesentery exists throughout the whole abdominal cavity, while the ______ mesentery disappears in the lower abdomen

A

dorsal

ventral

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22
Q

T/F: Mesentery can serve as a route of travel (conduit) for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to travel from the body wall to the organs and from organ to organ.

A

True

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23
Q

______ body folding creates Mesenteries by stretching out splanchnic mesoderm

A

Lateral

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24
Q

The ventral mesentery is resorbed inferior to the ________

A

foregut

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25
Q

Mesogastrium is the mesentery of the ______

A

stomach

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26
Q

The ______ mesogastrium is split into two pieces by the liver

A

ventral

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27
Q

The ventral mesogastrium is split by the outgrowth of what structure?

A

liver

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28
Q

In gross anatomy, the ventral mesogastrium between the liver and ant. body wall is described as what?

A

falciform ligament

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29
Q

Any mesentery at the level of the stomach is called what?

A

mesogastrium

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30
Q

In gross anatomy, the ventral mesogastrium between the liver and the stomach is termed ____ ___. This structure has two ligaments associated with it, what are they?

A

Lesser omentum

hepatogastric & hepatoduodenal ligaments

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31
Q

In gross anatomy, the dorsal mesogastrium is termed what?

A

Greater omentum

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32
Q

The dorsal mesogastrium of the duodenum is called what?

A

Mesoduodenum

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33
Q

The dorsal mesogastrium of the small intestines is called what?

A

Mesentery proper

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34
Q

The dorsal mesogastrium of the large intestine (aka the colon) is termed what?

A

Mesocolon

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35
Q

The ectoderm contribution to the GI tract is in the form of what?

A

Neural Crest Cells

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36
Q

From weeks 5 to 7 neural crest cells will migrate away from neural tube and enter the wall of the digestive tract and will form the _____ _____ system

A

enteric nervous

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37
Q

T/F: The enteric nervous system functions autonomously

A

True

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38
Q

The foregut extends from the _____ down the stomach until halfway across the _____

A

esophagus

duodenum

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39
Q

The midgut extends from halfway across the _____ to 2/3 across the _____ ____

A

duodenum

Transverse colon

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40
Q

The hindgut extends from 1/3 of the _____ _____ to the _____

A

Transverse colon

anus

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41
Q

Foregut is supplied by what artery?

A

Celiac trunk

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42
Q

Midgut is supplied by what artery?

A

Superior Mesenteric a

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43
Q

Hindgut is supplied by what artery?

A

Inferior Mesenteric a

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44
Q

All branches of the ‘-gut’ arterial supply are derived from what artery?

A

abdominal aorta

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45
Q

From superior to inferior what are the main branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Celiac Trunk a
Superior Mesenteric a
Inferior Mesenteric a

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46
Q

What is the main artery that supplies the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal arch aa.

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47
Q

What six structures are derived from the Foregut?

A 
Pharynx
Lower Respiratory system
Esophagus
Stomach
Proximal 1/2 of duodenum
Associated organs (liver, gall bladder, biliary system, pancreas)
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48
Q

In the 4th week, we see a outgrowth of endoderm from the esophagus ventrally that is called what?

A

Respiratory diverticulum (Tracheo-bronchial diverticulum or lung bud)

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49
Q

The respiratory diverticulum will form what structures in the adult human?

A

Trachea
Respiratory tree
lungs

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50
Q

What week does the stomach develop?

A

Week 4

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51
Q

The _____ side of the stomach expands faster and forms the ____ _____

A

dorsal

greater curvature

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52
Q

The ____ side of the stomach expands slower and forms the ____ ____

A

ventral

lesser curvature

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53
Q

T/F: While looking from the superior view during embryologic development the stomach undergoes 90 degree counterclockwise rotation

A

False: Stomach undergoes 90 degree clockwise rotation

54
Q

The greater curvature of the stomach is on the _____ side of the body, the lesser curvature of the stomach is on the _____ of the body

A

left

right

55
Q

The right vagus n. supplies ____ stomach

A

dorsal

56
Q

The left vagus n. supplies the ____ stomach

A

ventral

57
Q

The ventral stomach is supplied by the ___ ____ nerve

A

left vagus

58
Q

The dorsal stomach is supplied by the ____ ___ nerve

A

right vagus

59
Q

What day does rotation of the stomach occur?

A

Day 35

60
Q

Why does the stomach shift to the left?

A

Because the dorsal side expands faster and causes the shift

61
Q

What structure forms between 2 leaves of dorsal mesogastrium in week 5?

A

Spleen

62
Q

As the stomach rotates the dorsal mesogastrium is carried to the ____, while the ventral mesogastrium is carried to the ____

A

left

right

63
Q

This structure is an enlargement of the peritoneum to a sizable recess between the stomach and post. abdominal wall

A

omental bursa (lesser sac)

64
Q

What causes the omental bursa?

A

stomach rotation to the left

65
Q

T/F: Greater Omentum can shift and seal off wounds in the abdominal cavity to prevent infections from spreading

A

True

66
Q

This structure forms a C-shaped loop distal to stomach

A

Duodenum

67
Q

The Foregut- Midgut split occurs where?

A

Just distal to opening for pancreatic & common bile ducts (major duodenal papilla)

68
Q

The duodenum twists in a ____ direction, along with the stomach

A

clockwise (to the right)

69
Q

T/F: The proximal duodenum and pancreas become pressed against the posterior wall

A

False: The distal duodenum and pancreas become pressed against the post. wall

70
Q

The duodenum and Pancreas are ______ retroperitoneal

A

secondarily

71
Q

The kidneys are ______ retroperitoneal

A

primarily

72
Q

Structures located retroperitoneal are sandwiched between _____ and ____

A

dorsal body wall

parietal peritoneum

73
Q

What structure emerges ventrally from endoderm of distal foregut during the 4th week of embryological development

A

Hepatic diverticulum

74
Q

The Hepatic Diverticulum gives rise to what?

A

Liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts

75
Q

The Liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts are derived from what embryological structure?

A

Hepatic diverticulum

76
Q

The embryological origin of the diaphragm is termed what?

A

Septum Transversum

77
Q

What develops from the distal foregut as two endodermal buds?

A

Pancreas

78
Q

As the duodenum rotates the ____ bud of the pancreas swings with it in a CW direction

A

ventral

79
Q

The ventral bud of the pancreas becomes the _____ process and the ____ portion of the _____ of the pancreas

A

uncinate
inferior
head

80
Q

The main pancreatic duct is a fusion of the _____ portion of the dorsal bud duct + ventral bud duct

A

distal

81
Q

The distal portion of the dorsal bud duct and ventral bud duct fuse to form what?

A

Main pancreatic duct

82
Q

The Accessory pancreatic duct is derived from what structure?

A

proximal dorsal bud duct

83
Q

What is the resulting term, if the two portions of the ventral bud of the pancreas don’t fuse together prior to rotation, resulting in an obstructive ring around the duodenum

A

Annular Pancreas

84
Q

What two clinical symptoms would Annular Pancreas result in?

A

bile stained vomit and whitish gray feces

85
Q

What 7 structures are derived from the Midgut?

A 
Distal 1/2 of duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Proximal 2/3 transverse colon
86
Q

As intestines of midgut grow they form a ‘U-shaped’ loop that extends _______

A

ventrally

87
Q

Where the cranial (superior) limb of the ‘U-shaped’ midgut loop meets the caudal (inferior) limb of the loop meet is where we have what structure?

A

Vitelline (omphaloenteric) duct

88
Q

The cranial limb gives rise to all of what structure?

A

small intestine (distal duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ileum)

89
Q

The caudal limb gives rise to what structures?

A

Distal ileum
Cecum+appendix
Ascending colon
Proximal 2/3 transverse colon

90
Q

The vitelline duct comes out right at the _____ level

A

ileum

91
Q

When does the physiological umbilical herniation occur?

A

Weeks 6-10

92
Q

Insufficient room in the abdominal cavity leads to temporary herniation of midgut loop into the proximal umbilical cord this is termed what?

A

Physiological umbilical hernia

93
Q

A persisting umbilical hernia is called what?

A

Congenital Omphaloceoele

94
Q

A hernia of small intestine and occasionally other abdominal viscera through anterior body wall is termed what?

A

Gastrochisis

95
Q

T/F: In Gastrochisis the hernia is always lateral to the umbilical cord

A

True

96
Q

T/F: A long exposure to amniotic fluid will not harm viscera

A

False

97
Q

The first midgut rotation occurs in what week?

A

Week 6

98
Q

The week 6 rotation when viewed anteriorly goes in what direction?

A

90 degrees in a counterclockwise direction

99
Q

During the first midgut rotation the axis of rotation is what structure?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

100
Q

After the first midgut rotation all of the small intestines will be located on the persons ____ and all the large intestines will be located on the persons _____

A

right

left

101
Q

Prior to the first midgut rotation the large intestine is located _____ to the small intestine

A

inferior

102
Q

At week ____ the intestines can come back in the abdomen

A

10

103
Q

The second midgut rotation rotates _____ degrees in a _____ direction

A

180

counterclockwise

104
Q

In total the midgut loop undergoes _____ degrees of rotation in 2 parts

A

270

105
Q

As cecum is being dragged down our ascending colon ends up on the _____ and our descending colon ends up on the ____

A

right

left

106
Q

As the cecum is being dragged down the ascending colon and descending colon are being pushed to the posterior wall causing these structures to become ______

A

secondarily retroperitoneal

107
Q

What 5 structures are retroperitoneal?

A 
Distal duodenum
Pancreas
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Kidneys
108
Q

Which structure(s) are secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

Distal duodenum
Pancreas
Ascending colon
Descending colon

109
Q

Which structure(s) are primarily retroperitoneal?

A

Kidneys

110
Q

What 6 structures are intraperitoneal?

A 
Stomach
Proximal duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
111
Q

In cases of non rotation you end up with all of large intestine on the ___ side and all of small intestine are on the ____ side

A

left

right

112
Q

In cases of reverse rotation of the midgut, the ___ rotation is normal, but the ___ rotation is reversed

A

1st

2nd

113
Q

In ______ rotation you end up with the midgut and hindgut in normal positions except the _____ is ventral to the transverse cecum instead of behind it

A

reversed

duodenum

114
Q

An abnormal rotation that may cause intestinal loop twist around mesenteric attachment site is termed what?

A

Volvulus

115
Q

A volvulus can result in what?

A

bowel obstruction, compromised blood flow

116
Q

The abnormal narrowing of a lumen/ orifice is termed what?

A

stenosis

117
Q

The condition in which a body lumen or orifice is abnormally closed or absent is what?

A

Atresia

118
Q

An abnormal passageway between two organs/ vessels or between an organ and the external environment is what?

A

Fistula

119
Q

At week ___ the intestines become occluded by epithelial cells

A

6

120
Q

The midgut loop should reanalyze by the end of week ___

A

8

121
Q

The most common GI malformation is what?

A

Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum

122
Q

A remnant of what structure causes the Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum?

A

vitelline duct

123
Q

If the vitelline duct fails to degenerate completely it can form what three things?

A 
Vitelline ligament (closes off but stays connected)
Vitelline cyst (closes off but fluid is present)
Vitelline fistula ( vitelline duct never closed off)
124
Q

What 5 structures are derived from the hindgut?

A 
Distal 1/3 transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Superior portion of anal canal
125
Q

In week 4 we form a rigid mesoderm termed what?

A

Urorectal septum

126
Q

A urorectal septum grows _____ toward the cloacal membrane, dividing it into ______ and ____ membranes

A

inferiorly
urogenital
anal

127
Q

the cloaca is partitioned into the ______ _____ (ventrally) and the ______ _____ (dorsally)

A

urogenital sinus

anorectal canal

128
Q

This disease affects variable portions of the bowel where the neural crest cells fail to migrate to form the enteric nervous system

A

Hirschsprung’s Disease

129
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease normally affects what portions of the bowel?

A

distal portions usually sigmoid colon and/ or rectum

130
Q

In Hirschsprung’s Disease, aganglionic portion constricts, bowel distends proximal to constriction and results in what symptoms?

A

severe constipation

failure to thrive

SP15 Anatomy Exam 2 (8 decks)

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