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Exam Prep > Low Vision > Flashcards

Low Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Eccentric viewing

A

Technique used by people with central vision loss

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2
Q

Visual acuity

A

Ability to see small visual detail ensuring that precise visual input is provided to the CNS

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3
Q

Snellen fraction

A

Most common visual acuity measurement

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4
Q

Presbyopia

A

Difficulty focusing on near objects and is a common age-related change in adults over 50 as the lens of the eyes becomes less flexible, reducing the ability to read small print

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5
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness - not able to see far away objects

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6
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness - not able to see close up objects

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7
Q

Legal blindess

A

20/200 visual acuity or less in the better eye after correction

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8
Q

Contrast sensitivity

A

Ability to perceive and detect objects in relationship to the background of their environment (distinguish various shades of gray)

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9
Q

Impairments in contrast sensitivity is difficulty for…

A

Navigating environments safely

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10
Q

Visual field components

A
  1. Peripheral (ambient visual system)
  2. Central
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11
Q

Peripheral vision

A

Provides background info about position in relation to environment

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12
Q

Central vision

A

The central 20 degrees of vision

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13
Q

Accommodation

A

Ability to adjust focus of vision at different distances

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14
Q

Oculomotor control

A

Ability of eyes to move smoothly and in coordinated manner through full ROM to maintain focus on object by both retinas

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15
Q

Oculomotor allows for…

A

Binocular vision - seeing with two eyes and ensuring that only one object is seen together which supports 3D and judging distances/depth

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16
Q

Convergence

A

Muscle action of eyes causing adduction which allows for focusing on nearby objects

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17
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

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18
Q

How to eliminate double vision

A

Assume head position that eliminated need to use the paretic eye muscle to create stabilization

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19
Q

Exophoria

A

Eyes turns out when not focusing on object

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20
Q

Esophoria

A

Eye turns in when not focusing on objects

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21
Q

Visual attention

A

Ability to identify specific features of an object and ignore other irrelevant sensory information

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22
Q

Hemi-attetnion

A

Occurs when visual search patterns are only on one side of visual array, asymmetric search pattern that neglects one side

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23
Q

Pattern recognition

A

Ability to identify configuration/holistic object and its specific features

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24
Q

Visuocognition

A

Ability to manipulate and integrate visual info and process with other sensory input

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25
Q

Common age-related visual impairments

A
  • Decreased ability to see close objects
  • Increased blurriness
  • Decreased ability to see at night
  • Adapt more slowly to change in light
  • Contrast sensitivity decreases
  • Decreased ability to view objects in low light
  • Decreased color distinguish
  • Narrow visual acuity
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26
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Age-related degeneration of macula (center portion of eye) responsible for fine details for near-distance activities that can cause objects to appear distorted in shape

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27
Q

Common functional impairment due to macular degeneration

A
  • Difficult reading labels or instructions for IADL tasks
  • Difficulty with functional mobility with low-contrast surfaces (steps, curbs)
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28
Q

Glaucoma

A

Loss of peripheral vision due to blocked fluid and increased pressure causing reduced blood flow to optic nerve

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29
Q

Common functional impairment due to glaucoma

A
  • Bumping into things during functional mobility
  • Getting startled due to objects/people suddenly appearing from peripheral
  • Reading and writing due only being able to see small portion of page
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30
Q

Diabetic retionopathy

A

Retina blood vessels swell and leak or abnormal blood vessel growth causing blurred vision, spots/floaters, central vision loss, decreased contrast sensitivity, color discrimination (can be fluctuating)

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31
Q

Cataracts

A

Lens of eye becomes opaque and clouded which reduced light going into retina which results in blurry vision, reduced visual acuity, faded colors, glare, decreased ability to tolerate bright sunlight and poor night vision

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32
Q

Homonymous hemianopsia

A

Half visual field in each eye is lost resulting in difficulties scanning environment during functional mobility and with reading (post TBI)

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33
Q

Common impairemtns with poor oculomotor function

A

Difficulty with eye-hand coordination, writing, reading, walking, driving, leisure activities

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34
Q

Visual neglect

A

Combination of hemi-inattention and left visual deficit resulting in inattention to the left side side (spatial and body)

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35
Q

Interventions for low vision

A
  • ## Provide education on home/work modification to improve performa
36
Q

When to refer client to certified orientation and mobility specialists

A

When the client has difficulty with or myst learn new strategies for crossing streets, planning routes, detecting curbs, walking w/o sidewalk, following public transportation routes or using white cane

37
Q

Melbourne Low-Vision ADL Index

A

Assesses impact of person’s visual impairment on ADL and IADL

38
Q

Assessments for Low vision

A

Melbourne Low-Vision ADL Index
COPM
Model of human occupation screening tool

39
Q

Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool

A

Assess impact of volition, habituation, skills and environment on occupational performance during informal observation

40
Q

COPM

A

Semistructured interview that assesses patients perception of their performa in self-care, productivity and leisure as well as rate the importance of activities and performace on the activities

41
Q

How to assess near visual acuity

A

Lighthouse near visual acuity test

42
Q

How to assess distance visual acuity

A

Snellen E chart or tumbling E chart (aphasia or illiterate)

43
Q

How to assess contrast sensitivity

A

Pelli-Robson Contrast sensitivity chart (fading letters on white backround)

44
Q

How to assess peripheral visual filed

A

Confrontation testing - have pt. fixate on central target while acknowledging appearance of stimuli in variety of visual fields

45
Q

How to assess central visual field

A

Amsler grid (boxed grid with dot in center - poor vision if lines are missing / wavy with one eye occluded)

46
Q

How to assess oculomotor function

A

Brin injury visual assessment battery (variety of subtests that address contrast sensitivity, eye dominance, distance acuity, near acuity, scanning, searching, scanning while completing functional mobility

47
Q

Eccentric viewing steps

A
  1. Increase pt. awareness of blind spot
  2. Determine head positioning for optimal viewing by rotating head/trunk to view using area of peripheral vision
  3. Learn to track and view through magnification
  4. Practice scanning exercises
48
Q

Preferred retinal locus

A

Using peripheral vision to view object with when pt. presents with central vision loss

49
Q

Relative distance magnification

A

Moving body closer to object to make it relatively larger

50
Q

Relative size magnification

A

Size of object increased

51
Q

Sensory subsituations

A

Using other senses to compensate for visual impairment

52
Q

Tactile markers

A

Use on most frequently used objects and setting on appliances to help locate position (puff paint, bump dots)

53
Q

Visual acuity broad categories of intervention

A
  1. Eccentric viewing
  2. Magnification
  3. Lighting
  4. Contrast
  5. Organization
54
Q

Strategies for addressing visual field loss

A
  1. Rotation of head and trunk to view entire field
  2. Organized scanning to identify hazards/locate objects
  3. Line guide and bold lines on affected side for reading to ensure viewing of entire page
  4. Develop wider visual search pattern during functional mobility
55
Q

Options for diplopia

A
  1. Occlusion with compensatory eye shutting
  2. Occlusion with eye patch
  3. Prism glasses to re-establish single vision
  4. Eye exercises
  5. Surgery to change position of eye in socket
  • Need to consult ophthalmologist/optometrist before use
56
Q

What should you assess for someone with diplopia

A

Oculomotor function (speed, control and coordination of the eye)

57
Q

Deficit associated with poor visual acuity

A

Blurred vision

58
Q

Deficit associated with visual field cut

A

Difficulty locating objects and frequently bumping into things due to reduced search pattern

59
Q

Near-total visual impairment or near-total low vision level

A

20/1000

60
Q

Severe visual impairment or severe low vision level and intervention

A

20/200 (increase illumination and enlarge print)

61
Q

Intervention for visual field deficit

A

Develop organized visual search pattern

62
Q

Task lighting positioning

A

Position light opposite writing hand or near the best seeing eye - avoid shinny surfaces, patterns and low contrast to improve visibility

63
Q

Visual foundation skills

A

Visual acuity
Oculomotor control
Pursuits
Saccades
Visual fields

64
Q

Visual perception skills

A

Figure ground
Form discrimination
Spatial relations
Visual closure
Form constancy
Visual memory
Object recognition

65
Q

Visual perception

A

Ability to organize and interpret visual input and give it meaning

66
Q

Perceptual completion

A

CNS autocorrects for visual field deficit internally to complete visual scene on the basis of visual info expected to be found with patient being unaware of the deficit

67
Q

Presbyopia

A

Difficulty keeping items focuses as they get close, farsightedness deficit caused by loss of elasticity of lens of eye

68
Q

Saccades

A

Quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes between two or more phases of fixation in the same direction

69
Q

Pursuits

A

Smooth slow tracking of one stimuli

70
Q

Perimetry

A

Visual field test for central and peripheral vision

71
Q

Stereopsis

A

Depth perception due to binocular vision

72
Q

Cortical visual impairement

A

Permanent visual impairment in children (1-3) due to brain dysfunction resulting in decreased visual acuity, difficulty recognizing faces and objects, abnormal visual responses and eye movements

73
Q

Retinopathy of prematurity

A

Abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina in pre mature babies causing strabismus, diplopia, nystagmus

74
Q

Microphthalmia

A

One or both baby eyes small which can cause vision loss or blindness

75
Q

Anophthalmia

A

Birth defect where a baby is born without one or both eyes

76
Q

Common postural and motor presentation in children with visual impairment

A

Hypotonia
Shoulder/pelvis instability
Pronounced head tilt
Hyperextended neck
Wide base of support
Tendency to move in straight planes
High guard posture with walking

77
Q

Physical red flags for visual problems

A

Eyes shake
Excessively large or small pupil
Eyes do not rest in alignment
Pupils opaque

78
Q

Behavioral red flags for visual problems

A

Need to move closer for visual attention
Squinting, straining, rubbing eyes
Headache complaints
Avoidance of tasks with short attention span

79
Q

Performance red flags for visual problems

A

Clumsiness
Difficulty locating items
Difficulty with spatial recognition
Difficulty drawing, writing, copying

80
Q

Social red flags for visual problems

A

Lack of interest
Anxiety
Decreased self-confidence

81
Q

Categories of object perception

A

Form constancy
Visual closure
Topographic orientation

82
Q

Warrens model of assessment hierarchal model

A
  1. Primary visual skills
  2. Visual attention
  3. Scanning
  4. Pattern recognition
  5. visual memory
  6. Visual cognition
83
Q

Visual-receptive dysfunction

A

Difficulty completing work in timely manner, avoidance of reading/writing, visual fatigue, inattention to visual input

84
Q

Refractive errors

A

Inability of eye to adjust to different light condition, perform accommodation or other oculomotor functions

85
Q

Presbyopia

A

Poor accommodation and foucs for near objects

86
Q

Strabismus

A

One eye turns in, out, up or down due to muscle imbalance

87
Q

Phoria

A

Tendency for one eye to move in out up or down

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