Developmental milestones Flashcards
1
Q
Rooting reflex stimulus
A
Stroke corner of mouth, upper lip and lower lip
2
Q
Rooting reflex response
A
Movement of the tongue, mouth and head during the stimulus
3
Q
Functional importance of rooting reflex
A
search and locate feeding source
4
Q
Rooting onset
A
28 weeks gestation
5
Q
Rooting integration
A
3 months
6
Q
Suck-swallow stimulus
A
Index finger inside infant mouth with head in midline
7
Q
Suck-swallow response
A
Strong and rhythmic sucking
8
Q
Functional importance of suck-swallow reflex
A
Sucking for nutrient intake and to eat
9
Q
Suck-swallow onset
A
28 weeks gestraion
10
Q
Suck-swallow integration
A
2-5 months
11
Q
Traction reflex stimulus
A
Pull baby up into sit by forearm from supine
12
Q
Traction reflex response
A
Head lag and then flexion of UE including hands
13
Q
Functional importance of traction reflex
A
Promotes grasp in preparation for voluntary control of grasping and holding on
14
Q
Traction onset
A
28 weeks gestation
15
Q
Traction integration
A
2-5 months
16
Q
Moro reflex stimulus
A
Rapidly drop baby’s head backwards
17
Q
Moro reflex response
A
Phase 1: arm extension and abduction
Phase 2: arm flexion and add
18
Q
Functional importance moro reflex
A
Protective response to stress, development of extensor tone during time when flexor done is dominant
19
Q
Moro onset
A
28 weeks gestration
20
Q
Moro integration
A
4-6 months
21
Q
Plantar grasp reflex stimulus
A
Apply pressure with thumb to ball of baby’s foot
22
Q
Plantar grasp reflex response
A
Toes curl into flexion
23
Q
Plantar grasp reflex functional importance
A
Provides tactile input to feet in prep for standing and gait
24
Q
Plantar grasp onset
A
28 weeks gestation
25
Plantar grasp integration
9 months
26
What happens if plantar grasp is not integrated
Hypersensitivity to touch
Gravitational insecurity when standing
Difficulty maintaining balance in motion
27
Galant reflex stimulus
Hold baby in prone suspension and tap along one side of spine from shoulder to butt
28
Galant reflex response
Lateral trunk flexion and wrinkling of skin on stimulated side
29
Galant reflex functional importance
Facilitates trunk stabilization prior to creeping and crawling
30
Galant onset
32 weeks gestation
31
Galant integration
2 months
32
Palmar grasp onset
37 weeks gestation
33
Palmar grasp integration
4-6 months
34
Palmar grasp reflex stimulus
Place your finger in baby palm
35
Palmar grasp reflex response
Finger flexion into reflexive grasp
36
Palmar grasp reflex functional importance
Increases palmar tactile input and prepares muscles for voluntary grasp
37
What happens if palmar grasp reflex is not integrated
Difficulty with FMC and grasping objects
38
ATNR onset
37 weeks gestration
39
ATNR Integration
4-6 months
40
ATNR stimulus
Positin in supine and turn/rotation baby head and hold for 5 seconds
41
ATNR Response
Face side arm extension
Skull side arm flexion
42
ATNR functional importance
Promotes visual attention to UE, decrease rolling, preparation for eye-hand coordination
43
What happens if ATNR is not integrated
Reading comprehension due to inability to cross midline and poor visual tracking, poor handwriting because head rotation will continue to impact UE positioning, difficulty bringing hand to midline/object to mouth with two hands
44
Tonic labyrinthine onset
37 weeks gestration
45
Tonic labyrinthine integration
6 months
46
Tonic labyrinthine reflex stimulus
Prone - put baby in prone
Supine - put baby in supine
47
Tonic labyrinthine reflex response
Prone - increased body flexor tone
Supine - increased body extensor tone
48
Tonic labyrinthine functional importance
Facilitates full body tone, allows posture to adapt to positioning of the head
49
What happens is tonic labyrinthine reflex is not integrated
Profound functional limitations in movement, difficulty to lift and extend head in prone due to dominant flexor tone, difficulty sitting up independently from supine due to dominant extensor tone
50
STNR onset
4-6 months
51
STNR integration
8-12 months
52
STNR stimulus
Place in crawling position and flex the head
Place in crawling position and extend the head
53
STNR response
Head extension: arms extend and hips/knees flex
Head flexion: arms flex and legs instead
54
STNR functional importance
Facilitates quadruped position in preparation for crawling, breaks up total body extension
55
What happens if STNR is not integrated
Baby will resist movement to sit up because neck flexion will result in hip/leg extension, poor muscle tone and posture
56
Landau reflex onset
3-4 months
57
Landau reflex integration
12-12 months
58
Landau reflex stimulus
Hold baby in horizontal prone suspension
59
Landau reflex response
Total extension of head, trunk and extremities
60
Landau reflex functional importance
Promotes prone extension to manage flexor tone
61
Neck righting (NOB) reflex onset
4-6 months
62
Neck righting reflex integration
5 years
63
Neck righting reflex stimulus
Baby in supine and fully turn head to one side
64
Neck righting reflex response
Log rolling of entire body to maintain alignment with head
65
Neck righting functional importance
Facilitates rolling, maintains body orientation in response to cervical positioning, precursor to side-lying and crawling
66
Body righting reflex onset (BOB)
4-6 monts
67
Body righting integration
5 years
68
Body righting stimulus
Baby in supine an flex one hip and knee toward chest and hold fro a few seconds
69
Body righting response
Segmental rolling (more mature than log rolling) of upper trunk to maintain alignment
70
Body righting functional importance
Promotes spinal and trunk rotation to facilitate sitting and quadruped positions
71
Labyrinthine optical head righting onset
Birth to 2 months
72
Labyrinthine optical head righting integration
PERSISTS
73
Labyrinthine optical head righting stimulus
Hold baby suspended vertically and slowly tilt to side, backwards, forwards
74
Labyrinthine optical head righting response
Upright positioning of head
75
Labyrinthine optical head righting functional importance
Foundation for head management, postural stability and orienting head in vertical space
76
Downward parachute/protective extension downward onset
4 months
77
Downward parachute/protective extension downward stimulus
Quickly lower baby towards surface while suspended vertically
78
Downward parachute/protective extension downward response
LE extension
79
Downward parachute/protective extension downward functional importance
Prepares LE for contact with surface, breaks a fall
80
Forward parachute/protective extension forward onset
6-9 months
81
Forward parachute/protective extension forward stimulus
Quickly tip baby forward while vertically extended
82
Forward parachute/protective extension forward response
Sudden extension UE, hand opening and neck extension
83
Forward parachute/protective extension forward functional significance
Anticipates contact to surface, breaks fall, supports prop sitting
84
Sideward parachute/protective extension sideward onset
7 months
85
Sideward parachute/protective extension sideward stimulus
Tip baby off balance to the side while in sitting position
86
Sideward parachute/protective extension sideward response
Arm extension and ABduction to the side
87
Sideward parachute/protective extension sideward functional importance
Unilateral body support for use of opposite arm, breaks fall
88
Backward parachute/protective extension backward onset
9-10 month
89
Backward parachute/protective extension backward stimulus
Quickly tip baby off balance backward
90
Backward parachute/protective extension backward response
Backward arm extension or arm extension with spinal rotation to one side
91
Backward parachute/protective extension backward
Protects from backward falls
92
Integration of all protective response reflex
PERSISTS
93
Four equilibrium reactions
1. prone tilting
2. supine tilting
3. quadruped tilting
4. standing tilting
94
Prone tilting onset
5 months
95
Prone tilting stimulus
After positioning baby in prone slowly raise one side of the supporting surface
96
Prone tilting response
Curving of the spine toward the raised side/opposite to the pull of gravity, abduction and extension UE/LE
97
Prone tilting functional importance
Facilitates postural adjustment to maintain center of gravity
98
Supine/sitting tilting onset
7-8 months
99
Supine/sitting tilting stimulus
After positioning baby in supine or sitting slowly raise one side of the supporting surface
100
Supine/sitting tilting response
Curving of the spine toward the raised side/opposite to the pull of gravity, abduction and extension UE/LE
101
Supine/sitting tilting functional importance
Facilitates postural adjustment to maintain canter of gravity, promotes sitting balance
102
Quadruped tilting onset
9-12 month
103
Quadruped tilting stimulus
After positioning baby on fall fours, slowly raise on side of supporting surface
104
Quadruped tilting response
Curving of the spine toward the raised side/opposite to the pull of gravity, abduction and extension UE/LE
105
Quadruped tilting functional importance
Facilitates postural adjustment to maintain center of gravity
106
Standing tilting onset
12-21 months
107
Standing tilting stimulus
After positioning infant in standing, slowly raise on side of the supporting surface
108
Standing stimulus response
Curving of the spine toward the raised side/opposite to the pull of gravity, abduction and extension UE/LE
109
Standing tilting functional importance
Facilitates postural adjustment to maintain center of gravity, balance during standing/walking
110
Tilting reflex integration
PERSISTS
111
Protective extension reflexes
1. Downward parachute
2. Forward parachute
3. Sideward parachute
4. Backward parachute
112
What reflexes persist throughout life
1. Labyrinthine/optical head righting
2. Protective extension reflexes
3. Tilting reflexes
113
Normal gestation period
38-42 weeks
114
What senses are innate during prenatal period
Vestibular, tactile, proprioceptive reactions
115
What sense is the last to develop prentally
Olfactory
116
When do infant moments progress from reflexive to voluntary and goal-directed
During first six months
117
When do FM and motor planning skills start to develop
6 to 12 months
118
When does development of midline skills and crossing midline occur
9-12 month
119
Primitive reflexes
Present at or just after birth and typically integrate throughout first year of life, persistence or re-emergence of primitive reflexes suggest CNS dysfunction
120
When is hand dominance considered stable
5 years
121
When does bilateral integration and coordination of both sides of the body develop
9-12 months
122
General principles of motor development
1. Cephalocaudal/proximal to distal direction
2. GM to FM
3. Stability to controlled mobility
123
When do hands come together at midline
4 months
124
When does unilateral reaching develop
6 months
125
What pattern does unilateral reaching start in
Slight abduction and internal rotation of shoulder with hand open
126
More mature unilateral reach pattern
Shoulder flexion with slight ER, elbow extension, forearm supination and slight wrist extension
127
When does a more mature reach pattern develop
9 months
128
0-2 gross motor in prone
Turn head side to side
Bends hips with butt in the air
Lifts head in midline position
Bear weight on forearms
Attempt to weight shift on forearms results in shoulder collapse
129
5-6 gross motor prone
Shifts weight on forearms and reaching forward
Bear weight and shift on extended arm
Prone tilting reaction present
130
5-8 gross motor prone
Airplane posture in prone
Chest and thighs can lift off floor
131
7-8 gross motor prone
Pivots in prone position
Moves from prone > sit
132
9 gross motor prone
Baby begins to dislike prone position
133
0-3 gross motor supine
Head turn side to side
134
3-4 gross motor supine
Lower back flattens against floor
Holds head in midline
Chin tucked
Legs come together
135
4-5 gross motor supine
Head lag gone when pulled into sitting
Hands come together in space
136
5-6 gross motor supine
Lifts head independently
Bring feet to mouth
Brings hands to feet
Able to reach for toy with one or both hands
Hands predominantly open
137
7-8 gross motor supine
Equilibrium reactions present
138
When can baby complete supine to side roll
3-4 months
139
When can baby complete supine to prone and prone to supine roll
5-6 months with right and left leg performing independent movements
140
When can baby complete segmented roll initiated by head, shoulder or hips
6-14 months
141
Crawl forward on belly age
7 months
142
Reciprocal creep
7-10 months
143
Creeps on hands and feet
10-11 months
144
Reciprocal creeping definition
Baby bears weight on his hands and knees and moves one arm + the opposite knee forward at the same time
145
0-3 months sitting
Held in sitting with back rounded, chin tucked, hips bent and shoulders in front of hips
146
5-6 months sitting
Supports self in sitting with increased extension of back, propping forward on arms, legs bent with protective reflexes when falling in front
147
5-10 months sitting
Sits alone steadily and able to play with toys from sitting with wide base
148
6-11 months sitting
Can transposition from prone to sit
149
7-8 months sitting
Protective responses present when falling to sit from sitting, able to rotate upper body while lower body remains in stationary
150
8-10 months sitting
Increased variety of sitting positions including W sit and side sit, legs closer together in full upright position and knees straight
151
9-18 months sitting
Supine to prone to pushing up into four point position
152
10-12 months sitting
Protective extension backward and able to move in and out of sitting position from variety of positions
153
11-12 months sitting
Trunk control and equilibrium responses fully developed in sitting
154
11-24 months
Supine to side to pushing up into sitting position
155
0-4 months standing
When held in standing position takes some weight on legs and legs may give way
156
5-10 months standing
Stands while holding onto furniture
157
6-12 months standing
Pulls to standing position at furniture
158
9-13 months standing
Pulls to standing position with legs only and no longer needs arms, standing along momentarily
159
12 months standing
Equilibrium reactions present in standing
160
When does baby start walking with two hands held
8-18 months
161
When does baby start furniture walking
9-10 months
162
When does baby take steps independently with falling easily
9-17 months
163
When does baby walk with one hand
11 months
164
When is baby able to start and stop in walking
15 months
165
When does child run swiftly with eyes on ground and rare falls
18 months
166
0-1 month release
No release, grasp reflex strong
167
1-4 month release
involuntary release
168
4-8 month release
Transfer objects from hand to hand (1-stage and 2-stage)
169
2 stage transfer
Taking hand grasps before releasing hand lets go (comes before 1 stage transfer)
170
1 stage transfer
Taking hand and releasing hand perform actions simultaneously (more advanced)
171
8 month release
Volitional release, release above a surface with wrist flexion
172
Voluntary release
Intentional letting go of a handheld object at a specific time and place
173
9-10 month release
Release into container with wrist straight
174
10-14 month release
Clumsy pattern into small containers with hand resting on edge
175
12-15 month release
Precise and controlled release into small container with wrist extended
176
Fine pincer grasp
Between fingertips with distal thumb joint flexed present at 12 months
177
Palmar grasp
Fingers on top of surface with object press into center of palm with thumb adducted present at 5 months
178
Radial digital grasp
Object held with opposed thumb and fingertips with space visible with wrist extended present at 8-9 months
179
Finger to palm translation
Linear movement of object from fingers to palm of hand (picking up coins) present at 12 - 15 months
180
Palm to finger translation
linear movement of object from palm to fingers (putting coins in slot) present at 2 - 2.5 years
181
Shift
Linear movement of object on finger surface to allow for repositioning of object (separating two pieces of paper) 3-5 years
182
Simple rotation
Turning or rolling object held at finger pads at about 90 degrees (unscrewing bottle cap) present at 2 - 25.5 years
183
Complex rotation
Rotation of object 360 degrees (turning pencil over to erase
184
In-hand manipulation with stabilization
Several objects held in hand while manipulation of one object occurs present around ages 6-7
185
Palmar supinate grasp
Pencil held with fisted hand with wrist slightly flexes and supinated with arm moving as one unit present at 1 to 1/5 years
186
Digital-pronate grasp
Pencil held with fingers and wrist in neutral with slight ulnar deviation and forearm pronated with arm moving as one unity present at 2-3 years
187
Static tripod posture
Pencil held proximally with crude approximation of thumb, index and middle fingers and ring/little fingers with slight flexion and no fine localized movements as hand moves as unit present at 3 1/2 to 4 years
188
Dynamic tripod posture
Pencil held distally with precise opposition of distal phalanges of thumb, index, middle fingers and ring and little finger flexed to form stable arch, wrist slightly extended, localized movements
189
At what age does a child open and close scissors in controlled fashion
2-3 years
190
At what age can a child manipulate scissors in forward motion and lateral direction
3-4 years
191
At what age can a child cut simple geometrics figures
3-4 years
192
At what age can a child cut circles
3.5 - 4.5 years
193
At what age can child cut simple figure shapes
4-6 years
194
At what age can child cut complex figure shapes
6-7 years
195
Prerequisite skills fir using scissors
Open/close hand
Isolate or combine movement of thumb, index, middle
Use hands bilaterally with stabilization
Coordinate arm, hand, eye movement
Stabilize wrist, elbow, shoulder
Interact with enviro
196
Prerequisite skills for using scissors
Open/close hand
Isolate or combine movement of thumb, index, middle
Use hands bilaterally with stabilization
Coordinate arm, hand, eye movement
Stabilize wrist, elbow, shoulder
Interact with enviro
197
Creep up stairs age
15 months
198
Walk up/down stairs holding on age
18-24 months
199
Walk up/down stairs without support age
2 - 3 years
200
Walks up/down stairs alternating feet age
2 - 3.5 years
201
Jumps down from step age
2 years
202
Jump off floor with both feet age
3 years
203
Hops on one foot age
3.5 to 5 years
204
Skips with alternating feet age
5-6 years
205
Power grasp
Used to control tools, requires hand strength, ulnar fingers flexed with radial fingers less flexed, stabilizes object with ulnar side of hand and control object using radial side of hand
206
Hook grasp
Used to carry objects such as briefcase, transverse metacarpal arch is flat, fingers AD and flexed
207
Spherical grasp
Used to hold small ball, requires stability of longitudinal arch, hypothenar eminence assists in cupping hand for control
208
Cylindrical grasp
Uses to hold a glass or can, when additional force needed there is more contact with palmar surface
209
Disk grasp
Used to hold disk or open jar lid, pattern involves dissociation of flexion/extension movements with MCP extension and IP flexion
210
Lateral pinch
Used to exert power on small object, pad of thumb placed against radial ride of index finger near DIP joint
211
Pincer grasp
Used to hold and handle small objects and tools, thumb opposes to index finger pad and object held between finger pad, ulnar fingers often flexed
212
Tripod grasp "3 jar chuck"
Used to hold/manipulate pencil, thumb opposed to index and middle finger pads, forearm slightly supinated when using to write
213
Exploratory play (age and key features)
0 - 2 years
Child develops body scheme
Explores properties and effects of actions on objects
Mostly plays with caregiver
214
Symbolic play (age and key features)
2 - 4 years
Play experiences that formulates and refines ideas, feelings and actions
Associated with language development
Mostly parallel play
215
Creative play (age and key features)
Child explores combinations of actions on multiple objects
Master skills related to school and work performance
Cooperative peer groups
216
Games play (age and key features)
Play with rules
Competition
Social interactions
Friends important for validation
217
At what age is awareness of cause and effect developed
5-8 months
218
At what age is object permanence developed
9-12 months
219
At what age is purposeful tool use developed
18 months to 2 years
220
Diagonal jaw movements age
7-8 months
221
Effective mastication age
9 months
222
Rotary chewing age
12 months
223
Drink from cup with firm jaw age
12 months
224
Components of feeding evaluation
Parent interview
Medical/developmental history
Postural control
Oral sensitivity
Motor control of jaw/lip/tongue
Coordination and endurance
225
Ways to decrease tactile sensitivity prior to feeding
Firm pressure
Encourage sucking/chewing
Rub gums
Promote oral exploration with toys
NUK toothbrush
226
5-7 months self-feeding
Take cereal or baby food from spoon
227
6-8 months self-feeding
Attempt to hold bottle
Object permanence allows baby to anticipate bottle
228
6-9 months self-feeding
Consumes soft food that dissolves in mouth, hand to mouth actions
229
9-13 months self-feeding
Finger feeds portion of meal with soft foods, prefers to be active than passive
230
12-14 months self-feeding
Dips spoon and brings spoon to mouth with spillage, interested in family routines
231
15-18 months self-feeding
Scoops soon and brings to mouth, improved shoulder/wrist stability for precise movements
232
24 - 30 months self-feeding
Use fork to stab, proficient with spoon, tolerates textures, expresses wants verbally
233
Age 1 dressing
- Cooperates by holding out arms/feet and pushing arms/legs through holes
- Pulls off shoes and removes socks
234
Age 2 dressing
- Takes off coat after fasteners are unfastened
- Helps to pull down pants
- Locates armholes in shirts
235
Age 2.5 dressing
- Pulls down elastic pants
- Assits in donning socks, shirt, coat
- Unbuttons large buttons
236
Age 3 dressing
- Shirt over head with min A
- Put on shoes with help to tie
- Zips jacket after on track
- Buttons large buttons
237
Age 3.5 dressing
- Distinguish between front/back of clothing
- Dresses with supervision
- Snaps/hooks fasteners
- Unzip completely
238
Age 4 dressing
- Remove pull over garment
- Zips jacket zipper off track
- Laces shoes with assistance
239
Age 4.5 dressing
- Weave belt though belt loop
240
Age 5 dressing
- Dresses unsupervised
- Can tie/untie knots and shoes
241
Age 6 dressing
- Tie bows
- Manage fasteners on back of garments
242
Age 1 toileting
- Shows discomfort when wet/soiled
- Regular bowel movements
243
Age 1.5 toileting
- Sits on toilet for short time when places and supervised
244
Age 2 toileting
- Urinates regularly
- Begins to show interest in toileting
- Can stay dry for 2+ hours
- Flush independently
245
Age 2.5 toileting
- Regular toileting with occasional accident and rare bowel accidents
- Tells someone when they need to go
- May need some reminders to go
- May need help getting on toilet
- Wakes up dry at night
246
Age 3 toileting
- Gets on and goes to bathroom independently
- May need help wiping and fasteners on clothing
247
Age 4 to 5 toileting
- Independent with all steps including washing hands, flushing and managing clothing
248
13 months home management
Immitate housework
249
2 years old home mgmt
Picks up toys with parent reminders
250
3 years old home mgmt
Gardens, dishes, dusts with help
Wipes up spills
Can carry without dropping
251
4 years old home mgmt
Fixes dry cereal and snacks
Laundry sorting help
252
5 years old home mgmt
Make sandwich
Take out trash
Make bed
Puts away toys independently
Answers telephone correctly
253
6 years old home mgmt
Simple errands
Household chores
Cleans sink and washes dishes with help
254
7-9 years old home mgmt
Begin to cook simple meals
Puts clean clothing away
Manages small amounts of $
Uses telephone correctly
255
10-12 years old home mgmt
Cooks meals with supervision, begins doing laundry, sets table, washes dishes, care for pets with reminders
256
Handwriting 10-12 moths
Scribbles on paper
257
Handwriting 2 years
Imitates horizontal, vertical and circular marks
258
Handwriting 3 years
Copies vertical line, horizontal line, circle
259
Handwriting 4-5 years
Copies cross, oblique line, diagonal line, square, some letters/numbers, can maybe print own name
260
Handwriting 5-6 years
Copies triangle, prints own name, copies most letters
261
Prerequisite skills for handwriting
Small muscle development
Eye-hand coordination
Pencil grasp
Letter identification
Print orientation
262
Key components of handwriting
UE support
Wrist/hand motor movement
Visual control
Bilateral integration
Spatial analysis
Kinesthesia
263
Age 4.5 dressing
- Puts belt through loops
264
Major mobility at 7 months
Weight bear through BUE
Transition from sitting to kneeling
265
Major mobility at 9 months
Stand while holding onto surface or adult hand
266
Major mobility 10 months
Take purposeful steps while holding on to adult
267
Major mobility 12 months
Walk independently
