LOs: 15-16 Flashcards
15 Rhinitis:
Definition
Cardinal symptom
Usual etiologies (3)
Treatment
- Inflammation of nasal mucosa
- May be accompanied by sinusitis, pharyngitis, headache, & constitutional symptoms
“common cold”
- Rhinovirus
- Coronavirus
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Symptomatic only (except RSV)
15 Sinusitis:
Definition
Usual etiology
Common bacterial etiologies (3)
Nasal discharge
- Inflammation of the sinuses
- Bacterial sinusitis may present w/ facial pain/tenderness & high fever
Rhinovirus
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (GPC)
- Haemophilus influenzae (GN)
- May have some anaerobic component
Presence of yellow or green nasal discharge DOES NOT distinguish viral from bacterial etiologies
15 Otitis Media:
Definition
Common in…
Usual etiology
Common bacterial etiologies (2)
- Middle ear infection
- May accompany the common cold
Children
Viruses
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (GPC)
- Haemophilus influenza (GN)
15 Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis:
Definition
Usual etiologies (2)
Most common bacterial etiology
- Inflammation of the pharynx/tonsils
- Presents w/ sore throat
Viral
- Rhinovirus
- Coronavirus
Streptococcus pyogens (GPC) - AKA GroupA Streptococcus (GAS) as the cause of “Strep throat”
15 Acute Bronchitis:
Definition
Smoking
Exacerbations
Usual etiologies (3)
Usual bacterial etiologies (3)
- Presents w/ cough, typically productive of sputum
- May sometimes be associated w/ wheeze (bronchospasm)
Heavy smokers may develop emphysema or chronic bronchitis (cough productive of sputum throughout the year)
Viral or bacterial infections may cause exacerbations of bronchitis (“acute on chronic”)
Viral
- Rhinovirus
- Adenovirus
- Influenzavirus
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (GPC)
- Haemophilus influenzae (GN)
- Moraxella catarrhalis (GN)
15 Influenza:
Definition
Caused by…
Isolated from…
Treatment
Sudden onset of chills, accompanied by severe muscle aches, fever, & cough
Influenza virus (A or B)
Nose or pharynx
Specific anti-influenza drugs are available but only effective if give in the first 36-48 hours after the first onset of symptoms
15 Community-Acquired Pneumonia:
Cardinal symptoms
Most common cause
Other common causes (2)
Atypical causes (3)
Cough productive of sputum, pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath and fever
Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae
- Legionella pneumophila
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
15 Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia:
Prone pts
Common causes (5)
Ventilator-associated penumonia (VAP): pts who are mechanically ventilated
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Acinetobacter spp.
- Enterobacter cloacae
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
15 Urinary Tract Infection:
Common in…
Cystitis
- Symptoms
- Etiologies (2)
Acute pyelonephritis
- Symptoms
- Most common cause
- Catheterization causes (4)
Young women
- Dysuria (burning or stinging on passing urine) and increased frequency of passage of urine
- Escherichia coli
& Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Fever & flank pain
- E. coli
- E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans
15 Bloodstream Infection:
Bacteremia
Severe sepsis
Vascular line related bacteremia
Causes of vascular line related bactermia (2)
Cause of prolonged bacteremia
Bacteria in the bloodstream
Result of bacteremia, physiologic functions are affected
Intravascular lines or devices may become bacteremic because these foreign bodies serve as a ready portal for bacteria from skin to the blood
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Coagulase negative staphylococci
Endovascular source
- Intravascular device (catheter, pacemaker)
- Heart valve (endocarditis)
15 Meningitis and Encephalitis:
Encephalitis
Meningitis
Meningoencephalitis
Etiologies of encephalitis (2)
Causes of meningitis (4)
Inflammation of the brain
Inflammation of the meninges
Inflammation of both the brain and the meninges
- Herpes simplex virus
- Vector borne infections (for example, West Nile virus)
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Listeria monocytogenes
- The enteroviruses
15 Sexually Transmitted Infections:
Causes of urethritis (2)
Causes of genital ulcers (2)
Causes of genital warts (1)
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Herpes simplex virus
- Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Human papillomavirus
15 Diarrhea:
Causes outside hospital
- Bacteria (4)
- Protozoa (2)
- Viruses (2)
Cause within hospital (1)
Bacteria
- Salmonella
- Campylobacter
- Shigella
- E. coli
Protozoa
- Giardia lamblia
- Cryptosporidium
Viruses
- Rotavirus
- Norovirus
Clostridium difficile
15 Cutaneous Infections:
Cauess of dermatitis (2)
Causes of superficial cellulitis (1)
Causes of abscesses (1)
Causes of systemic (generalized) infections (3)
Causes of chronic ulcers (diabetics) (3)
- Dermatophytes
- Candida
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Infective endocarditis
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia
- Disseminated fungal infections
- First gram+ cocci (Staph/Strep)
- Then gram- (E. coli) & Enterococcus
- Then resistant gram- (Pseudomonas)
15 Infection Susceptibility & Immunodeficiencies:
Immunodeficiency definition
Opportunistic infections
- Definition
- Examples (4)
A state in which the response of the host to a foreign antigen is not normal (congenital or acquired)
- Normal colonizing organisms that exploit some weakness in the host defense
- Splenectomy
- Neutropenia
- T-cell depletion (HIV, transplant)
- Hypogammaglobulinemia
