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Micro Remediation > LOs: 10 > Flashcards

LOs: 10 Flashcards

1
Q

10 Parasites vs. Bacteria:

Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Cell wall

Sexual reproduction

A

P: eukaryotic
B: prokaryotic

P: yes
B: no

P: 80S
B: 70S

P: yes
B: no

P: no
B: yes (peptidoglycan)

P: yes
B: no

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2
Q

10 Types of Parasites:

Endoparasites

Protozoa

Helminths

Ectoparasites

A
  • Live inside body of host
  • Unicellular, free living
  • LocomotionL flagella, cilia, pseudopods, or apical microtuble complex
  • Roundworms: intestinal nematodes & tissue nematodes (filarial)
  • Flatworms: tapeworms (cestadoes) & flukes (trematodes)
  • Life cycle requires interaction w/ skin or hair of host
  • Lice, scabies, & ticks
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3
Q

10 Parasite Life Cycle

A

Life cycles are different forms that parasites take as they develop & reproduce

Many require 2 or more host species

Definitive host: where parasite reaches sexual maturity

Intermediate host: asexual or larval state

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4
Q

10 Protozoa:
Entamoeba histolytica:

Life cycle

Geographic distribution

Clinical manifestations

Treatment

A
  • Cyst is excreted by one person & ingested by another through fecally contaminated food or water
  • Cyst undergoes excystation in gut & becomes a trophozoite
  • New cysts are formed in gut & excreted

Worldwide, rare in US

Bloody diarrhea & liver abscess

Metronidazole

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5
Q

10 Protozoa:

Acanthamoeba

A

Contact lens wearers

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6
Q

10 Protozoa:

Naegleria fowleri

A

Brain-eating amoeba causing meningo-encephalitis

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7
Q

10 Protozoa:
Giardia lamblia:

Geographic distribution

Clinical manifestations

Higher risk

A

Worldwide, including US

Frothy, smelly diarrhea & abdominal bloating

IgA deficiency

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8
Q

10 Protozoa:
Cryptosporidium spp.:

Geographic distribution

Clinical manifestations

A

Worldwide, including US

Prolonged diarrhea

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9
Q

10 Protozoa:
Microsporidia:

Geographic distribution

Clinical manifestations

Higher risk

A

Worldwide, including US

Diarrhea

Immunocompromised (AIDS)

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10
Q

10 Protozoa:
Trichomonas vaginalis:

Life cycle

Geographic distribution

Clinical manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

A

Passed from asymptomatic men to women

Worldwide, including US

Tricomoniasis, Vaginitis, Cervicitis (STI): vaginal discharge, frothy, fish-like odor

Pear-shaped, flagellated organisms w/ twitching motility

Metronidazole

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11
Q

10 Protozoa:
Plasmodium spp.:

Most common/lethal species

Clinical manifestations

A

Falciparum

Malaria

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12
Q

10 Protozoa:
Babesia:

Clinical manifestations

Microscopic diagnosis

Life cycle

Geographic distribution

A

Babesiosis & anema

Maltezer cross

Tick vectors

Northeastern US

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13
Q

10 Protozoa:
Leishmania spp.:

Life cycle

Geographic distribution

Clinical manifestations

A

Sandlfy vectors

Central & South America, Middle East, & Africa

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

  • Skin ulcers
  • Most often seen in American troops infected in Iraq or Afghanistan

Visceral leishmaniasis

  • Kala azar
  • Fevers & hepatosplenomegaly
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14
Q

10 Protozoa:
Trypanosoma spp.:

Clinical manifestations

A

American trypanosomiasis

  • Location: Central and South America
  • Transmitted by “kissing bugs”
  • Causes Chagas’ disease (esophageal and colon dysmotility, cardiomyopathy)
  • Propagates through blood transfusions and through mother to child transmission

African trypanosomiasis

  • Transmitted by the tsetse fly
  • Causes sleeping sickness (fatal meningo-encephalitis)
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15
Q

10 Protozoa:
Toxoplasma gondii:

Clinical manifestations

A

Chorioretinitis (congenital)

Lymphadenopathy (acute infection)

Brain abscesses (reactivation)

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16
Q

10 Helminths:
Roundworms:
Intestinal Nematodes:

Ascaris lumbricoides

Hookworm (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale)

Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)

Strongyloides stercoralis

Whipworm (trichuris trichiura)

Life cycle

Geographic distribution

Clinical manifestations

Treatment

A

US, anemia

Cutaneous larva migrans

US, anal itch

US, hyperinfection syndrome

US, anemia

  • Female worm in gut produces eggs
  • Humans infected by ingestion of eggs (Ascaris, Enterobius, whipworm) or penetration of skin (hookworm & Strongyloides)

Impoverished rural areas (pinworm isn’t associated w/ specific socioeconomic level in US)

  • Abdominal discomfort, anemia
  • Pinworm: perianal itch
  • Strongyloidiasis: disseminated infection

Albendazole / mebendazole or ivermectin

17
Q

10 Helminths:
Roundworms:
Tissue Nematodes:
Onchocerca, Wuchereria, Brugia:

Predominant feature

Life cycle

Clinical manifestations

A

Filiariasis transmitted by mosquitoes or other insects

  • Mosquito bite passes eggs into lymphatics
  • Eggs mature into worms & discharge microfilariae into blood

River blindness (onchocerciasis) & elephantiasis

18
Q

10 Helminths:
Roundworms:
Tissue Nematodes:
Trichinella:

Life cycle

Clinical manifestations

A

Ingestion of raw or undercooked contaminated meats

Trichinellosis / trichinosis, myalgias, & eosinophilia

19
Q

10 Helminths:
Flatworms:
Trematodes (flukes):
Schistosoma hepatobium, japonicum, & mansoni:

Life Cycle

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

A
  • Cercariae are released from snail in slowly moving fresh water
  • Cercariae penetrate skin of humans entering water
  • Eggs migrate to lungs & liver to mature into adult worms
  • Worms migrate via GI tract or bladder veins to be released in feces or urine
  • Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever)
  • Chronic schistosomiasis (liver disease, bladder cancer)

Eggs in urine or feces

Praziquantel

20
Q

10 Helminths:
Flatworms:
Cestodes (tapeworms):
Taenia solium

A

Pork tapeworm

Ingest eggs or consume undercooked pork containing infectious larval cysts (cysticerci)

Neurocysteicercosis: most critical location in brain, causes seizures in Latin America & Asia

21
Q

10 Helminths:
Flatworms:
Cestodes (tapeworms):
Taenia saginata

A

Beef tapeworm

Doesn’t disseminate

22
Q

10 Helminths:
Flatworms:
Cestodes (tapeworms):
Echinococcus granulosus

A
  • Carried by dogs
  • Ingest eggs after contact w/ dog or food contaminated by dog feces
  • Eggs hatch in GI tract to form oncospheres that penetrate intestinal mucosa & enter circulation
  • Oncospheres encyst in human organs

Cause Hydatid disease & liver cysts

23
Q

10 Antimalarial Treatment:

Chloroquine

Quinine

Primaquine

Artemisinin derivatives

Mefloquine (Lariam)

Atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone)

A

For erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium spp. (eliminated in most parts of world due to resistance)

For erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium spp.

For exoerythrocytic, hypnozoite forms of P. vivax & P. ovale in liver

For chloroquine-resistant & quinine-resistant strains (used as combination therapy)

For chloroquine-resistant malaria

For chloroquine-resistant malaria

24
Q

10 Antiparasitic Treatment:

Trichomonas, Giardia, Amebiasis

Pinworm, whipworm, Ascaris, Echinococcus,
Strongyloides, cysticercosis

Strongyloides, Ascaris, Onchocerca, whipworm,
lice, scabies

Pinworm

Lice

Lice, scabies

A

Metronidazole

Albendazole, Mebendazole

Ivermectin

Pyrantel

Malathion

Permethrin

Micro Remediation (30 decks)

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