Long Term Memory

Question 1

What are the three stages of long term memory?

Answer 1

Encoding:prices memories are formed
Storage: maintanince of encoded info (involves long term potentioation)
retrieval: process which dominant memories are activated and influence behavior/cognition

Question 2

Mhow can you separate implicit and explicit memories?

Answer 2

Direct tests: e.g. Recognition, cued recall, context memory…
Indirect tasks: measure change in behavior due to experience without reference to previous events e.g. Semantic judgements, skill learning tasks, free associations…

Question 3

What did scoville and Milner 1957 find?

Answer 3

Damage to medial temporal lobes disrupts ability to consciously remember anything that happens after injury

Question 4

What did Milner 1970 find?

Answer 4

Amnesic patients can show intact oerfirmance on indirect tasks e.g. Perceptual identifications.not defendant on explicit memory e.g. Broken drawing task, see increasing part of the objects until can finish drawing it. If seen it before better at task, even though amnesiac can’t remember seeing it before

Question 5

What did Milner 1962 find?

Answer 5

Amnesic patients can learn mirror drawing…

this is procedural tasks- no explircit recognition of completing this task before but slowly improve

Question 6

What happens on direct tasks?

Answer 6

Amnesics show specific impairments e.g. Remember banana, apple… in retrieval need to retrieve the trace, but if asked to complete the fragment e.g. Ba***** can’t as explicit.

Question 7

What did levels of processing do by Craig and ruling 1975?

Answer 7

Look st the different levels of processing e.g. Deep vs shallow
Direst and indirect tasks rely on different systems?!

Question 8

What is a major problem with task based dissociation a?

Answer 8

Most dissocations are single not double. This means could be explained by different sensitivity to tasksrsfher than different processes

Question 9

Does fmri have good spatial or temporal?

Answer 9

Good spatial

Question 10

Does eeg have good soatial or temporal?

Answer 10

Temporal

Question 11

What methods can you make causal relationships from?

Answer 11

TMS

TES(transcranial electrical brain stimulation)

Question 12

What is active during explicit encoding and retrieval according to pet scans?

Answer 12

Hippocampus

Question 13

What did kapur et al 1994 do?

Answer 13

A deep encoding task led to better recognition memory by 18%

Activation in LEFT PFC increased with activation

Question 14

Does neuroimaging suggest domain general or domain specific?

Answer 14

Domain general looking at the semantic systems across tasks

Question 15

What did pallet and Wagner find?

Answer 15

The DM (difference due to memory) paradigm: left inferior prefrontal cortex and left medial temporal lobe are important.

Question 16

What techniques use the dm paradigm?

Answer 16

GSR, EEG, ERPS, depth EEG, fMRI

Question 17

What did Rosie et al 2011 find?

Answer 17

Left PFC stkmulations at 500ms after seeing a pic disrupts recognition

Question 18

What did Wagner et al find 2005?

Answer 18

Increased activity in prefrontal/parietal/medial/temporal lobe,
Even if a mistake recognition

Question 19

What area is responsible for initial perceptual and conceptual processing of stimuli

Answer 19

Neocortical areas

Question 20

What type of memory is affected in Parkinson’s when have basal ganglia damage?

Answer 20

Impaired procedural memory but intact explicit. Perceptual learning intact still.
PD have severe motor learnjng problems.
Failure of automatic memory?

Question 21

What did poldrack et al 2001 do?

Answer 21

Procedural learning is found to improve as the basal ganglia takes more and more control over behavior.
As behavior becomes automatic transferred from transcortical to basal ganglia route (its activity increases over time)