extra Flashcards
Wimmer and Goswami (1994
examined when using conventional spelling methods, whether children could pronounce the written nonsense words. If a child struggled with reading, they used a more analytical approach, looking at the word in parts, compared to better readers who used the holistic approach, viewing the word as whole. However, the German children struggled significantly less reading nonsense words, as they focused on pronunciation patterns of the letters, whereas the English children focused on trying to recognize the word as an entirety. This suggests when words are familiar it is more efficient to use a holistic approach; whereas when words are unfamiliar a higher recognition is obtained through an analytical approach.
Kaminski, Call and Fisher (2004)
stated children learn these words through fast-mapping, by generating a hypothesis of an unfamiliar word’s meaning. Upon repetition of this word, children test their hypothesis to ensure they have the correct definition.
Izura, Wright & Fouquet, 2014
the uniqueness point
Scholten et al (2005):
): 53 patients with schizophrenia and 42 controls were assessed with the use of a facial affect recognition morphing task. Accuracy and sensitivity scores were measured. Women performed better than men in labelling negative emotions. On the same task, patients performed worse than control subjects, irrespective of sex, although the largest degree of impairment was seen in male patients. In conclusion, emotion perception was disproportionally affected in men with schizophrenia relative to women. This may explain, in part, why women with schizophrenia are less impaired in social life than men suffering from this illness. Used the six basic meotions. number of studies have suggested that different neuronal systems might be involved in the processing of faces and facial affect in men com- pared to women. asked the subjects to identify the emotional expression at 100% intensity, and subsequently to make a sensi- tivity judgement. A limitation of our approach might have been that subjects already knew for which emo- tion to look, which may have influenced the sensitiv- ity judgement.
Smith et al. (2009
): 1 adolescent males with high-functioning Austism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and 16 age and IQ matched typically developing control males completed a new sensitive test of facial emotion recogni- tion which uses dynamic stimuli of varying intensities of expressions of the six basic emotions . intensities of expressions of the six basic emotions (Emotion Recognition Test; Montagne et al., 2007). Participants with ASD were found to be less accurate at pro- cessing the basic emotional expressions of disgust, anger and surprise; disgust recognition was most impaired – at 100% intensity and lower levels, whereas recognition of surprise and anger were intact at 100% but impaired at lower levels of intensity. Delay in development to detect disgust in ASD.
The ‘extreme male brain’ theory
(Baron-Cohen, 1999) considers ASD to be at the extreme male end of the sex difference continum. high testosterone in the womb, 4:1 male:female ratio. male traits such as men good perceiving detail autistic extremely good, men unable to read emotion autistic extremely impaired…
Hilverman, COOK AND DUFF (2016)
we found that patients gestured less overall relative to healthy comparison participants, and that this was particularly evident in tasks that may rely more heavily on declarative memory. Thus, gestures do not just emerge from the motor representation activated for speaking, but are also sensitive to the representation available in hippocampal declarative memory, suggesting a direct link between memory and gesture production.
Shimamura and Squire (1987):
We investigated the ability of amnesic patients to learn new facts and and also to remember where and when the facts were learned. o assess the susceptibility of fact and source memory to retrograde amnesia, patients prescribed electroconvulsive therapy were presented facts prior to thefirsttreatment and were tested after their second treatment. All amnesic patients exhibited marked fact memory impairment. In addition, some amnesic patients exhibited source amnesia (i.e., they recalled a few facts but then could not remember where or when those facts had been learned). Source amnesia can also occur, but it is dissociable from im- paired recall and recogniti. ECT produced retrograde amnesia for recently learned facts
