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Important Things Flashcards

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1
Q

When did they take an interest in mind and language

A

1950s

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2
Q

When did it become dominant

A

1970s

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3
Q

What is the mind computer metaphor?

A

Looking at human processes as internal processed including perception, attention, language, memory…
Meditational processes occur between stimulus and response (mental event)
Stimulus- mediational process- output behaviour

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4
Q

What is serial processing?

A

Only one process at a time, one process finishes when next one started

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5
Q

What is bottom up to processing?

A

Determined by environmental stimuli rather than prior knowledge/expectations

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6
Q

What’s top down processing?

A

Use previous knowledge to guide intake of information

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7
Q

What is experimental cognitive psychology?

A

Experiments on healthy individuals to shed light to our cognitive processes

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8
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience

A

Evidence from the brain to understand cognition

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9
Q

What is cognitive neuropsychology

A

Experiments on brain damaged patients

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10
Q

What is computational cognitive science?

A

Developing computational models to explain cognition

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11
Q

What are two forms of behaviour measured in experimental psych?

A

Reaction time between stimulus onset and response and accuracy (clues about content/capacity)

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12
Q

What is donders subtraction method

A

It contains three tasks
1 stimulus discrimination (GO-NOGO choice RT)
2 response selection
3 response executions

Two run go/nogo challenege, press A of orange present press b if nothing
Simple et press button whatever

Choice rt takes 800 ms, GO/NOGO takes 500ms, 200ms simple RT

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13
Q

What did Steinbeck 1966 argue

A

Argued parts of the task may not be performed in the same way new components are added
E.g. Mix up letters and colours change from parallel scan to exhaustive search

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14
Q

What is parallel/pop-out search

A

Visual scan stops when see requirrrd letter

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15
Q

What is exhaustive search?

A

Have to got to end of search to find the target letter

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16
Q

Episodic memory?

A

Ability to rapidly form durable conscious memories of experience

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17
Q

What is chronesthsia?

A

Hypothetical brain/mind ability/capacity which constantly allows them to be aware of the past and future

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18
Q

What is the hippocampus for

A

Important for keeping time

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19
Q

What is DM

A

Difference due to memory

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20
Q

How do you activate a dormant cue?

A

Need some memory input/a cue that overlaps with the memory

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21
Q

What are direct tasks?

A

Ask participants to recall previous experiences- cued recall, free recall

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22
Q

What are indirect tasks?

A

Measure change in behaviour due to experiences without reference to info source, e.g. Free association, skills learning task, fragmented stimuli identification and semantic judgements

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23
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle

A

By tulving and Thompson 1973. Provides general theoretical framework for understanding how contextual info affects memory. Memory is improved when info at coding is available at retrieval. E.g. Learn queen-bee if bee is tbere at retrib more likely to retrieve queen-bee

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24
Q

What is context reinstatement

A

Godwin et al 1969

Recall better in the same state as learnt drunk/sober

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25
Q

What did Craik and Lockhart 1972 create

A 
Levels of processing theory. Deeper processing leads to better long term memory than more shallow processing
Structural (looks)- shallow
Phonetic-STM
Semantic-deep
However no objective measures
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26
Q

What did Craik and tulving 1975

A

LoP theory. Recognised later 16% of structural words compared to 89.5% of semantic wordd (is it written in captials/does the word fit in rhjs sentence
However artificial task

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27
Q

What are the two types of retrieval?

A

Familarity: assessment of memory strength of a particular item
Recollection: retrieval of contextual details associated with the item. When you remember info with the context e.g. What you talked about

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28
Q

What is dual processes

A

Familarity and recollection are independent

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29
Q

What are single processes

A

Familarity is a weak form of recollection

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30
Q

Where has to be activated to remember anything

A

Hippocampus

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31
Q

What did tulving and Pearson study 1966

A

Availability vs accessibility
Lots of memory vs not the correct memory cues. Stored memories are permenant but can t always access them? Can they ever become erased

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32
Q

What did coon 2009 do?

A

Found with no previous lists remembered 80% of words which halfed after 5 previous lists
If immediate recall remember 100% of stuff, after 20 mins 70% and after 2 days 28%

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33
Q

What did Nadel and land do 2000?

A

Reactivating memory and giving chemical impairs memory formation so can wipe memory.
Memories become more unstable when you activate it because chemicals may not out memory back
However tested on rats

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34
Q

What did desse 1959 do?

A

Can creare false memories through semantic associations e.g. Falsely remember chair if a list of words like table, sit, stool, soft…

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35
Q

What did Garry and loftus 1996?

A

Imagining different events increases participants confidence it ouccred. Why does imagination induce false memories

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36
Q

What did wagner et al 2005 do?

A

False memories for real and imagined events activate similar areas of the brain

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37
Q

What is loftus misinformation effect?

A

Loftus and palmer 1974
Watch video of car crash, how fast were they going when hit/smashed… in to each other
Did you see broken glass 32% yes if smashed 14% yes hit
Can overwrite original info with post event information or was original memory not stored

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38
Q

How many words do humans know and produce

A

70000 words and produce 40000

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39
Q

What are the building bloated of language?

A

26 letters in the alphabet, 40 units of phonemes…

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40
Q

What is semantic memory

A

Knowledge of what a word means at a conceptual level

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41
Q

What is working memory

A

Maintain content of sentences until comprehension is achieved

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42
Q

What is pragmatic language

A

Infer intended meaning beyond literal meaning of words/sentences and interpret ambiguities

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43
Q

What did Bock & Levelt ( 1994 do?

A

Conceptual stage: independent of lexical features (e.g. Dog and hound have the same meaning)
Lexical stage: contains the actual words of language and information on how they can be used in a sentence
Bottom up processing

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44
Q

Who produced a modular theory of language?

A

Fodor 1983. Language processing is made up of individual models e.g. Lexical/semantic… processing occurs in a serial fashion
Bottom-up processing

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45
Q

Name an interactive model of language

A

Mccelland and rumblehart 1981
Modules interact and info is used in parallel
Bottom up and top down
All interactions are interactive either activating/inhibitory

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46
Q

What factors affect recognition speed?

A

How common word is, length, age, spelling, frequency of use

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47
Q

What is segmentation

A

Often no gaps between words I scream va ice cream

Spectrograph shows gaps within words but none between words

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48
Q

What is corarticulatjin

A

The way a phoneme is produced depends on the phonemes following/processing it suit vs seat.
Easier to predict what is going to be said unless more unusual words

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49
Q

What did McGurk and macdonald do?

A

Voice someone saying ba, video saying ga, participants reported hearing da

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50
Q

What is the phoneme restoration effect?

A

Heard a sentence cough covers part of a word.
Report different words depending on context of the sentence e.g. The *eel was in the axle
Ps reported wheel

51
Q

What is the uniqueness point of the word

A

The point the word is distguinsihef from all other words e.g. Candl… spag…

52
Q

What is the cohort model?

A

Marlene Wilson and Tyler 1980
At the start lots of words light up, we hear more, words that don’t fit are inactivated until only one active
Top down processing

53
Q

How are written words recognised?

A

Identify letter features, combine them to make units/ letters and then assess the meaning
Normally bottom up

54
Q

What is word superiority effect?

A

Found single letters are easier to detect/remember when shown in a word rather than non/word/in isolation
Too down influences

55
Q

What is a lexical decision task

A

Decide if a string of letters form a word/ non-word/ can look et priming. Reponse time to related words was much faster than non-related words showing words are already active

56
Q

What did Kutas and hillyard 1990 do

A

ERPS show a neural correlate with semantic priming, peak is 400 ms earlier . The amount of N400 is correlated with amount of semantic info already Active

57
Q

What did Atkinson and shiffrin 1968

A

Info in STM is transferred to LTM if info is rehearsed, otherwise it is forgotten through displacement/decay
But flash bulb memory

58
Q

What is the different systems of memory?

A

Multiple systems: info can operate independently from all other systems . Different brain regoins perform different computations
One system: one memory system but multiple processes are operating in it to access content

59
Q

Donamnesixa sbow an impairment in direct/indirect tasks

A

Direct tasks indirect they measure behaviour change due to experience

60
Q

What did Milner 1970 do

A

Found amnesiac patients can’t consciously remember things but they can get better at perceptual identification

61
Q

What did Milner 1963 do

A

Found although couldn’t consciously remember would get better at line drawing tasks. Slow gradual implicit learning

62
Q

What did Schafer and Wagner 1999 do?

A

PET scans show overlap in coding and retrieval in the hippocampus. Especially in explicit memories

63
Q

What did pallet and Wagner do?

A

Ask participants to learn then recall list of words and lookned at brain scans. Higher activity in left inferior prefrontal cortex response time approx 4s. Similar to medial temporal lobe

64
Q

What does neuroimahing suggest on implicit tasks

A

Implicit processing can occur on direct tasks. Shoes they aren’t process pure

Is priming a sign of very weak explicit memory?

65
Q

Where does priming occur?

A

It arises in neocortical regoins and conceptual processing of stimuli not the hippocampus
Contrasts with job activity increases for expelcit memory.

66
Q

About Parkinson’s patients

A

Have basal ganglia damage, impaired procedural memory but intact explicit memory
Skills learning seems to depend on seperate brain eegoinnfrom explicit memory

67
Q

Schneider and schriffin 1977

A

Controlled processes have limited capracity use and flexibility in changing circumstances. Automatic processes have no capacity limitations, don’t require attention difficult to modify once learnt
Automacity sailent stimuli attract attention, memories can be automatically activated meaning it can free up our limited attentional capacity for other things

68
Q

What is choking?

A

Fail to perform skill in extremely stressful situation

69
Q

Why is the PFC enlarged

A

To cope with more cognitive loads

70
Q

What did baddely and hitch 1973 do

A

working memory model. Said about the central executive. Have crystallised knowledge(skills), fluid system is generating new ideas/learning things controlled by the central executive
3 part wm: phonological loop, visuospatisl sketchpad (holds visual info) and episodic buffer (integrates different types of processing

71
Q

What did Norman and shallice 1980

A

Supervisory attention asystem (SAS)
Learning sequences of behaviour, perceptual inputs trigger schemas (sequence of behaviour) and competing schemas inhibit each other. Closely linked with selective attention. Links with the frontal lobe
Emphasises too down approach

72
Q

What did baddeley 1993 say

A

Said SAS corresponds to centerak executive

73
Q

What areas are are involved with facial processing?

A

PFA, and FFAB(fulisform face area) this is active in seeing images but not inndelsy period. PFC is involved with working memorie and doesn’t drop inndelsy between faces and response

74
Q

Are wm and SAS domain general or soecific?

A

Domain general.

75
Q

What do cohen et al 2000 do?

A 
Two main processes of too-down control: 
Detection for need of control (LPFC) shows different activity for colours and words
Control implementation (ACC) shows same activity for colours and words
76
Q

What did miller and cohen 2001 do?

A

Some argue that the PFC influences posterior regions by amplifying selected responses
E.g. If choose coke over beer enhance coke which choose and reduce beer

77
Q

What is a centersl goal?

A

Understand how we made inferences about each other’s states of minds

78
Q

What is self referential cognition

A

Understanding others is linked with other understanding oneself
What is the self, self referential processing of

79
Q

What did Cunningham et al 1996 do?

A

Is it referencing anyone or just the self? Remembered more about things referencing best friend over the friend… more elaborate knowledge of those closer to us

80
Q

What simon-baron cohen et al 1985

A

Suggest social problems in autism stem from underlying problems inferring mental startes. Mindblindness can’t rely on own understanding

81
Q

What did castellinet al do 2002?

A

Reduced activity in anterior MPFC in autism, but complex brain differences, can stimulate ASD by stimulating frontal area. E.g. Give slot more details on the horse when stimulation attend to smaller details

82
Q

Who said vision is innate

A

Descartes

83
Q

Who said visionnis learnt

A

Berkeley

84
Q

How does perception arise?

A

Combine indivisible elements called sensory atoms that are coded in the retina. Direct response between the retina and conscious awareness. No recourse to internal mental representations based on introspection

85
Q

What is bahabiiourism 1900s

A

Driven by environmental cues rather than internal mental orocesses. Perception doesn’t rely on cognitive processes/stored info of the world. Itnoccurs through passive resonance with incoming info. Environment- behaviour +sensory perceptions + beliefs…

86
Q

What is the construvisit approach?

A

Cognition consists of an orderly series of stages of mentlnevents that actively reconstruct the retina input (detection of perceptual invariants e.g. Optic flow, texture ) mental processes

87
Q

What is Gibson theory of direct perception 1966

A

Visual behaviour is based on detecting stable, unchanging aspects of the visual environment with the called perceptual invariants there are two types of these. One called optic flow (used to judge speed/direction) and texture (used to judge depth). stems from hookidticnapproach and can’t be inferred from looking at the parts. Conveyed implicitly by the light entering the eyes

88
Q

How does the retina refract light

A

Like anorism. Newton (1672) discovered light can be spilt in to colours in different part of electromagnetic spectrum. Three types of cones are red blue and green

89
Q

About the human retina

A

7 million fines and 125 million rods on the retina. Point all we’ve endings converge is called the blind spot/fovea
It is at the back of the eye to focus the depths, it is annout growth of the brain
There is high curvature in the fovea to soread out the image. Seoerate fovea for lateral and centerak stimuli to increase the sensitivity. Fewer blood vessels are in the retina so incoming light is less scattered meaning a clearer picture

90
Q

What is the retina image made up of?

A

Gangilion layee, bipolar layer (amacrinenans horizontal cells) and photoreceptors (rods/cones)
Bipolar cells are only activate if both rods and cones are active. Horizontal cells help synchronise activity e.g. Like glis cells
Photoreceptors are sensitive to a v small area in visual field.
AP is transmitted to ganglion cells so optic nerve and the brain.
Topographical organisation
Some glow cells activated my motion and others in some directions

91
Q

What are rods sensitive to

A

Motion, found around the periphery (outside the eye), low light vision

92
Q

When are cones more active

A

Bright lights in the centre, more visual acuity

93
Q

What are different pathways in the cortex

A

6 layers different functions:
Parvo wavelength (colour)
Parvo cellular pathway- APs can be quite slow.
What is magno cellular pathway: motion. Faster response, larger receptive cells
Parvo what pathway and mango where pathway

94
Q

What are gelstalt principles?

A

Suggest the visual system heee a simple set of rules to decide what features to fit together and belong to the same object. Use introspection. Look at spatially corresponds. E.g. Similarity, proximity, common ground… smiths sum of The part is more than the whole

95
Q

Who says everyone knows what attention is

A

William James

96
Q

Who says no one know what attention is

A

Harold pashler

97
Q

What is the spotlight of attention

A

Posner 1978
Attention can only be in one region at a time, only illuminated items influence awarenesss. Attention is a cognitive phenomen and not tied to eye mivements can be overt/covert, voluntary/involuntary attentional shifts. Small attentional aperture allows us to pick out the greater detail, wider resolution means lower spatial red

98
Q

What did Erickson and st James 1968 say?

A

Attention is regarded as a zoom lens

99
Q

How is attention moved between cue and target

A

Disengage from cue
Shift attention to the target
Engaged in the target

100
Q

What did rafal and Robertson 1997 do

A

Patients with parietal damage had a problem disengaging in one stimulus and engaging in another

101
Q

What does the thalamus damage do

A

Unable to disengage from one stimulus and become distracted other targets

102
Q

What did egly driver and rafal do 1994

A

Following valid/invalid cue, subjects had to respond as soon as a dark square appeared in the target box. It was the same distance from in each cue. Same object was faster than between objects even though same distance

103
Q

What can preattention do

A

Detect unconsciously stimuli might want to pay attention to. Presttention in oeriohal vision
Properties are light, colour, width, number
E.g. Visual pop out search

104
Q

Where does the conjunction search activate

A

Superior parietal lobe

Associated with serial shifts of visual attention

105
Q

What is the feature integration theory?

A

Treisman and gelade 1980
Visual system spilt in to two stages
1) visual pop out: evidence colour, orientation are automatically coded parallel across visual fields prior to attention. Form main building block building blocks of vision
2)difficulty of conjunction search is evidence that focused attention is needed to bind single features

106
Q

What did treisman and Schmidt 1982 do

A

Predict if attnetion is needed for binding when attention is widely distributed when features are wrongly bound. Can’t bind the things together unless our conscious attention on it

107
Q

What did Mack and rock 1998 do

A

Decided a paradigm in which made decisions in one spatial location awhile task irrelevant info was oresebted in another. Which arm of cords is longer, did you see anything else if no 60% failed to report the word and 47% could pick it off the list

108
Q

What is visual neglect

A

Lesions, normally right side of the brain, cannot report/ acknowledge stimuli on the other side of the space. 50% stroke patients through some can gain it back. E.g. Symbol cancellation only right side cross through
Arewas of neglect: temporal, parietal, dorsotal frontal, polar medial frontal, medial temporal, thalamus and capsular striatal

109
Q

What did marshall and Halligan 1988 do

A

Are the houses same or different? Patient said same, which one would you rather live in, subificantly say house without fire shows perception without awarebesss

110
Q

What levels do recognition occur

A

1) perception recognition allows us to recognise objects from different angles/lighting when objects can be partially occluded
2) semantic recognition allows us to know the function of an object and recall associations made with it

111
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia

A

Patients are unable to assemble individual attributes of objects, perception recognition is inapired

112
Q

What is associative agnosia?

A

Patients can form object structure, but are unable to access stored knowledge about this. Can copy correctly but no idea what it is, semantic recognition is impaired

113
Q

What is optic aphisia

A

Patients can allhrebd object structure and show semantic knowledge through mine and use but cannot name what it is, may look at recognition failure

114
Q

What did patient AS do?

A

Disease from birth with calcium build up which caused recognition problems. 80 year old living indelendantly. Use shale info to pick up objects but couldn’t recognise them.
Occipital temporal lobe affected
Sensory, general knowledge, semantic knowledge intact
Can reach for objects but not make same perceptual judgements (angle)
Can’t see objects in the background. But can lick it up if you point it out

115
Q

What is object recognjtion?

A

Know objects have a constant shape despite appearance changing or viewing angle

116
Q

What are the routes to object consistency

A

1) template matching: rotate/manipulate object until fits with the stored memory, works well for distinctive objects but not similar
2) critical features: look for features unique to the object but hard when distinctive parts are obscured
3) structural discriptuons: before local features and relative positive ins to an internal frame of reference that can be seen across the viewpoint. Pick out aspects that are changing/unchanging

117
Q

Mare and nishiharas 1978

A

Object theory of recognition
One property of an object that does not tend to change across the main axis. The ways axis relate to the main axis. Each object is a generalised cone

118
Q

What’s the geon theory

A

Biederman 1987
In addition to axes info, other objects properties remain invariant across the viewpoint. These consist of wedges, spheres… collectively described as geons

119
Q

What are the problem with the generalised cone theory

A

Main axis of the stimulus will be insured by overlapping object or viewpoints. Must be more to recognition than deriving axis based descriptions

1) how can tell difference if only differ in subtle ways
2) within category discrimination l: face recognition needs to be much more fine grained than for other objects
3) perception of curvature: computer simulations show facial perception is radically changed altering curvature

120
Q

Abit patient RC

A

Wilkinson et al 2009
Unilateral right hemisphere stroke

Mable to recognise objects and photos but unable to recognise anyone by faces

121
Q

What is pure object agnosia?

A

Patients are poor at recognising objects but relatively normal at recognising faces

122
Q

Abit patient ck

A

Bilersterak brain damage
Pure object agnosia
Visual acuity intact
Able to recognise faces… can copy objects but not identify them

123
Q

Where can face inversion effect be found

A

Animals too

124
Q

What is damaged with Alzheimer’s

A

Hippocampus

Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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