Long Term Effects Of Exercise (PAPER 1) Flashcards
Long term effects of exercise on the Cardio-Respiratory System…
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Increase Elasticity walls of arteries & veins
Increase number of red blood cells
Capillarisation & Increase in number of Alveoli
Increase Strength of Diaphragm
cardiac hypertrophy
Cardiac hypertrophy has an impact on the values in the cardiac equation
The cardiac equation:
Stroke Volume (SV) X Heart Rate (HR)= Cardiac Output (Q)
When your heart is stronger, it is able to pump out more blood, even when you are resting. This means it does not have to work as hard and your resting heart rate is lower.
Because your resting stroke volume increases, your maximum cardiac output also increases. Your heart is able to deliver more blood, and therefore more oxygen, to your working muscles and remove more carbon dioxide and other waste products, such as lactic acid
Increase in the elasticity of the muscular walls of the arteries and veins
The more elastic the muscular walls of the veins and arteries, the more they can vasodilate and vasoconstrict. Oxygen is delivered to the working muscles more quickly, and your blood pressure is reduced
Increase in the number of red blood cells
Red blood cells carry oxygen to the working muscles. The more red blood cells a performer has, the more oxygen can be carried to their working muscles
Capitalisation and increase in number of alveoli
increase in number of capillaries wrapping around the alveoli. the number of alveoli also increases in the lungs. more capillaries and alveoli means a greater level of gaseous exchange ca take place. a performer is able to deliver more oxygen to working muscles, and remove waste products more quickly so they can work aerobically for longer
Increased strength of diaphragm & intercostal muscles
This leads to an increase in tidal volume and vital capacity.
An increase in the strength of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles has an impact on the respiratory equation:
The respiratory equation:
tidal volume (I) X frequency (f)= minute ventilation (VE)
When your diaphragm and intercostal muscles are stronger, you can breathe more deeply. This increases your tidal volume (the amount of air you can inhale and exhale with each breath). It also increases your vital capacity( the maximum amount of air exhaled flowing maximum inhalation). As a consequence, more oxygen can be brought into the body and delivered to working muscles
The long term effects of exercise on the musculo-skeletal system
Increased bone density
Increased strength of ligaments and tendons
Muscle hypertrophy
Increased bone density
The bones are put under stress during exercise and they adapt by becoming thicker and heavier (more dense) to prevent fractures occurring.
Gymnasts need strong bones because they tend to fall a lot when learning new skills. If they had weak bones, they would break their bones and would not be able to preform.
Increased strength of ligaments and tendons
Ligaments and tendons are stretched
during exercise and they adapt by
becoming thicker and stronger to prevent them from tearing
A basketball player needs strong tendons and ligaments because they need to run, dodge and jump, which puts a lot of pressure on the tendons and ligaments in the knees.
Muscle hypertrophy
When a muscle is trained, small tears are created. As they heal, they develop and become bigger.This process is called hypertrophy, and it means that muscles adapt to exercise by increasing in size and strength.
A rower needs large muscles that produce high levels of strength in their upper and lower body to be able to overcome the resistance of the water
when does The long term effects of exercise on the musculo-skeletal system happen
Adaptations to the musculo-skeletal system occur during periods of rest. This is why it is important to ensure that you do not overtrain, and that you give your body time to recover between session.
