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GCSE PE > Anatomy & Physiology (PAPER 1) > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology (PAPER 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Blood cell production
Muscle attachment
Mineral storage
Joints for movement
Protection of vital organs

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2
Q

where are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are produced

A

in the bone marrow contained within certain bones

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3
Q

what do red blood cells do?

A

Red blood cells carry oxygen to working muscles.

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4
Q

what do white blood cells do?

A

White blood cells fight infection

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5
Q

what do platlets do?

A

platelets help blood to clot following an injury.

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6
Q

what do bones provide for muscles to attach via tendons?

A

Bones provide a surface for muscles to attach to via tendons.

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7
Q

Bones act as …………. that muscles can ……… on as they move.

A

Bones act as anchors that muscles can pull on as they move.

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8
Q

what minerals are stored within the bones?

A

Calcium and phosphorus are stored within the bones.

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9
Q

what are Calcium and phosphorus essential for?

A

These minerals are essential for vital body functions, strong teeth and bones and calcium is involved in muscular contractions.

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10
Q

why is mineral storage important for sport?

A

because strong bones and muscles help athletes performance

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11
Q

what is a joint?

A

A joint is a point where two or more bones meet and allow for movement to take place.

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12
Q

why do you need joints for movemnt in sport?

A

E.g. A rower needs the bones in her arms (Humerus, Radius & Ulna) to join at her elbow creating the movement needed to pull an oar.

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13
Q

what do many bones act as?

A

Many bones act as a soft rigid shell.

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14
Q

what do bones protect?

A

They protect vital organs and the central nervous system, which are soft and easily damaged.

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15
Q

During sport ……. is crucial for both …….. and ………. ……… ……. It reduces the chance of ………, which ensures players can continue to ……… and ……..

A

During sport protection is crucial for both performance and long term health. It reduces the chance of injury, which ensures players can continue to train and play.

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16
Q

when do you need protection of vital organs in sport?

A

E.g a Rugby Player’s Cranium (skull) will protect their brain during a scrum

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17
Q

muscle attachment plays an important part in?

A

hockey, deltoids attach to scapula so that you can dribble

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18
Q

mineral storage plays an important part in?

A

cycling, if you fall over and fracture your femur it will heal becuse of calcium

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19
Q

joints for movemnt plays and important part in?

A

rowing, A rower needs the bones in her arms (Humerus, Radius & Ulna) to join at her elbow creating the movement needed to pull an oar.

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20
Q

protection of vital organs plays an important part in?

A

rugby , protecting players cranium during a scrum

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21
Q

blood cell production plays an important part in?

A

rugby, platlets help the blood to clot so that a scab form and you can keep playing.

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22
Q

what are the classifictaion of bones?

A

flat, long, short, irregular

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23
Q

what are the flat bones of the skeleton?

A

cranuim, pelvis, clavicle, ribs, sternum

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24
Q

what are the long bones of the skeleton?

A

phalanges, femur, radius, ulna

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25
Q

what are the short bones of the skeleton?

A

trarsals, carpals

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26
Q

what are the irregular bones of the skeleton?

A

vertiebrae, patella

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27
Q

where are flat bones located in the body?

A

head, hips, colarbone, ribs

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28
Q

where are long bones located in the body?

A

toes, legs, arms

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29
Q

where are short bones located in the body?

A

hands,ankles, wrists, feet

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30
Q

where are irregular bones located in the body?

A

back knee

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31
Q

flat bones role in physical activity

A

this would help protect a rugby player in the scrum, providing vital protection to the brain and helps prevent injury

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32
Q

long bones role in physical activity

A

acts as lever, enable the body to move, generate movment, strength, speed - sprinter

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33
Q

short bones role in physical activity

A

associated with weight bearng, shock absorbtion, spreading loads - gymnast

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34
Q

irregular bones role in physical activity

A

attachment points for muscle allows movment - hockey

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35
Q

what are the classifictaion of joints?

A

ball and socket
pivot
hinge
condyloid

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36
Q

what is a ball and socket joint made of?

A

the rounded head of a long bone (ball) fits into a cup shaped hole (socket).

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37
Q

bones which articulate the ball and socket joints

A

clavicle, scapular, humerous, pelvis

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38
Q

what is the possible range of movement in a ball and socket joint?

A

possible adduction, abduction circumduction

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39
Q

bones which articulate hinge joints

A

elbow, knee

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40
Q

what is the range of movement possible for a hinge joint?

A

flexion and extension

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41
Q

what is a pivot joint made of?

A

One bone shaped like a cylinder rotates inside another bone that makes a ring around it.

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42
Q

range of movement possible in a pivot joint

A

rotation

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43
Q

bone which articulate the pivot joint

A

atlas axis, cranium

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44
Q

what is a condyloid joint?

A

Similar to a ball and socket but the ball rests against the end of a bone rather than inside a socket.

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45
Q

bones which articulate a condyloid joint

A

carpals, metacarpals

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46
Q

range of movemnt possible in a condyloid joint

A

plantar and dorsi flexion

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47
Q

what are the types of movements at joints

A

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction
Rotation Circumduction Dorsi-flexion Plantar-flexion

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48
Q

what is flexion

A

Flexion - Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts.

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49
Q

where can flexion be seen

A

Shoulder, Hip, Elbow and Knee

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50
Q

what are some sporting examples of flexion

A

Doing a Bicep curl in the gym
Dribbling a basketball
Throwing a ball – shoulder pass / cricket ball

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51
Q

what is extension

A

Extension - Straightening movement that increase
the angle between body parts

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52
Q

where can extension be seen?

A

shoulder, Hip, Elbow and Knee

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53
Q

what are some sporting examples of extension

A

Kicking a ball
Following through a netball shot / Basketball

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54
Q

what is Circumduction

A

Circumduction - is a cone-shaped movement of a limb that includes flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.

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55
Q

where can circumduction be seen?

A

Shoulder, Hip

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56
Q

what are some sporting examples of circumduction

A

A cricketer bowls a ball
A serve in tennis

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57
Q

what is rotation

A

Rotation – Movement around a single axis or pivot point.

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58
Q

where can rotation be seen

A

Shoulder and Hip and neck

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59
Q

what are some sporting examples of rotation

A

hip rotation in a golf swing
twisting in a discus throw
pivoting in netball
spinning in ice skating
Rotating the hips as you swim front
crawl

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60
Q

what is plantar flexion

A

Plantar Flexion is forwards flexion the foot - increasing the angle

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61
Q

where can plantar flexion be seen

A

Ankle

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62
Q

what are some sporting examples of plantar flexion

A

Extending or pointing the toes down, away from the shin.
A dancer / gymnast points their toes

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63
Q

what is dorsi flexion

A

Dorsi- Flexion
Bending or flexing the toes up, closer to the shin.

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64
Q

where can dorsi flexion be seen

A

ankle

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65
Q

what are some sporting examples of dorsi flexion

A

A hurdler leads with her heel over the hurdle
A long jumper leads with her heels before she lands

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66
Q

what is abduction

A

Abduction - Movement that pulls away from the midline of the body

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67
Q

where can abduction be seen

A

Shoulder, Hip

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68
Q

what are some sporting examples of abduction

A

A gymnast moves their arm out sideways at the shoulder when performing ‘the crucifix’ on the rings

A sideways kick in karate

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69
Q

what is adduction

A

Adduction - Movement that pulls towards the midline of the body

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70
Q

where can adduction be seen

A

shoulder, Hip

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71
Q

what are some sporting examples of adduction

A

golfer on the tee swings their club down towards the ball
A footballer taking a free kick, follows through bringing his leg across the body.

72
Q

can muscles pull or push

A

pull

73
Q

when one mucle contracts ( agonist) the other ………… (……..)

A

relaxes (antagonist)

74
Q

match the pair:
contracts -
relaxes -
agonist -
antagonists -

A

contracts - agonist
relaxes - antagonist

75
Q

what are the 4 key muscle pairs?

A

biceps and triceps
quadraceps and hamstrings
gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
hip flexors and glueteus maximus

76
Q

skeletal muscles work in …….

A

skeletal muscles work in pairs

77
Q

what is a sporting example of antagonistic pairs

A

pressup: tricep agonist, bicep antagonists

78
Q

what happens during a bicep curl or tricep dip or pressup

A

biceps and tricep muscles in the upper arm.
these work together to bend (flex) and straighten (extend) the elbow joint.
this is what happens during a pressup, bicep curl or tricep dip.

79
Q

what happens during hurdling

A

the gastrocnemius and tribialis anterior in the leg.
the gastrocnemius acts to plantar, flex the ankle
the tibialis anterior acts to dorsi flex.
this happeneds during hurdling

80
Q

what happens during running

A

hip flexors and gluteus maximus acting at the hip work together to bend ( flex) and straightern (extend) at the hips. this happenes when you lift your leg up from the hip when running.

81
Q

what are the 3 muscle fiber types

A

type 1 - slow twitch
type 11a - fast twitch
type 11x - fast twitch

82
Q

what happens to slow twitch muscle fibers

A

Contract slowly, but keep going for a long time.

83
Q

what happens to fast twitch muscle fibers

A

Contract quickly, but rapidly get tired.

84
Q

what are some features of type 1 muscle fibers

A

works aerobically
use oxygen
linked to low intensity activity
high fatiuge response
Contract slowly, but keep going for a long time.
high aerobic capacity
low speed and force of contraction
low anarobic capacity

85
Q

what is a sporting example for type 1 muscle fibers

A

longdistance running

86
Q

what are some features of type 11a muscle fibers

A

works anarobically
linked to extended high intensity activity
Contract quickly, but rapidly get tired.
high speed and force contraction
good strength and speed endurance
not as fatiuge resistant as type 1
not as powerful as type 11x

87
Q

what is a sporting example of 11a muscle fibers

A

400/800m

88
Q

what are some features of 11x muscle fibers

A

working anarobically
linked to very high intensity
explosivity
Contract quickly, but rapidly get tired.
very high speed and force contraction
very high anarobic capacity
very low aerobic capacity
very low fatiuge resitance

89
Q

what is a sporting example of 11x muscle fibers

A

100 m sprinter

90
Q

what are the three main functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transport
Clotting
Temperature regulation.

91
Q

how is transport a function of the cardiovascular system?

A

by acting as a carrier as oxygen and nutrients (such as glucose), blood delivers what the body need to work, carries away waste products, such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid, this is crucial during physical activity because the requirements for oxygen and nutrients go up when a person is exercising. the need to transport carbon dioxide and lactic acid away from the muscles also increases.

92
Q

how is temperature regulation a function of the cardiovascular system?

A

by controlling the internal diameter (lumen) of blood vessels the body is able to maintain its temperature fairly effective at 37 degrees. when the body is too hot validation takes place, increasing blood flow to the skin, where it is cooled. during physical activity, the body generates more heat and it is therefore important to regulate temperate so that at person doesn’t overheat. overheating can lead to headaches, confusion and even loss of consciouslessness.

93
Q

how is clotting a function of the cardiovascular system?

A

platelet in the blood form clots which seal open wounds quickly. this process is important in guarding the body against infection and excessive bleeding, during many physical activities, the risk of a cut is increased and therefore clotting is important that such injures are not life threatening.

94
Q

what are the components of the heart?

A

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Atrium/Atria
Ventricles
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Aorta

95
Q

what is the Superior/Inferior Vena Cava?

A

The vein that returns blood from the body to the heart.

96
Q

what is the Atrium/Atria?

A

these are where blood first enters the heart – they are at top of the heart. Right = Deoxygenated, Left = Oxygenated

97
Q

what are the Ventricles?

A

these pump blood to the lungs and the body – the bottom half of the heart has much more muscle that the top. Right = Deoxygenated, Left = Oxygenated

98
Q

what is the Pulmonary Artery?

A

takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs – Is the only artery in the body to carry de-oxygenated blood.

99
Q

what is the Pulmonary Vein?

A

returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

100
Q

what is the Aorta?

A

Biggest artery in the body – takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body & working muscles.

101
Q

what do valves do?

A

Valves stop blood flowing in the wrong direction.

102
Q

what are the 2 types of valves in the heart?

A

Tricuspid – is between atrium and ventricle on the right hand side.
Bicuspid – is between atrium and ventricle on the left hand side.

103
Q

Tri before you Bi means what?

A

(blood flows through the tricuspid valve first then bicuspid)

104
Q

what are semi luna valves and where are they found?

A

Semi-Lunar Valves - these stop blood flowing back into the heart after its left.
Found at the entrance to the Pulmonary Artery and the Aorta.

105
Q

what is the pathway of blood?

A

1) blood returns from the body through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
2) deoxyegenated blood enters the right atrium
3) deoxyegenated blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
4) oxygenated blood is pumped through pulmonary arteries to the lungs. the semi luna vales help blood not to reenter the heart.

5) blood is oxygenated at the lungs
6) oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins
7) oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart
8) oxygenated blood passes through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle
9) oxygenated blood is pumped through the aorta to the muscles and organs of the body. the semi lunar valves help blood not not re-enter the heart.

106
Q

what are the components of blood?

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma

107
Q

what is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transport Oxygen
Contain Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is the substance that oxygen binds to so it can be carried by red blood cells.

This means they are essential for sports which require athletes to work AEROBICALLY.

108
Q

what is the function of white blood cells?

A

Are part of the Immune System
They fight disease and infection

Important during exercise:
keeping the athlete healthy so they can continue to train and compete.

109
Q

what is the function of plateles?

A

Are necessary to clot blood
When they clot, they create a scab

This means that they stop bleeding and help prevent infection by creating a seal.

This ensures that injuries to a sports person don’t become life threatening.

110
Q

what is the function of plasma?

A

Is the watery fluid part of the blood
Makes blood a liquid

Without plasma, blood would not be able to flow/travel easily around the body.

111
Q

what do arteries contain?

A

oxygenated blood, (except from the pulmonary artery)

112
Q

what is the pressure of arteries?

A

high blood pressure

113
Q

what is the size of arteries?

A

they have small lumen and thick walls

114
Q

what are the speed of arteries?

A

high speed

115
Q

do arteries have a pulse?

A

yes

116
Q

what direction do arteries carry blood?

A

away from the heart

117
Q

what is the importance of arteries during exercise?

A

arteries dilate, so more oxygenated blood can be carries to working muscles.
arteries to inactive muscles constrict, so less blood is carried to inactive muscles.

118
Q

what do veins contain?

A

deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)

119
Q

what is the pressure of veins?

A

low blood pressure

120
Q

what are the size of veins?

A

thin walls thick lumen

121
Q

what speed are veins?

A

slow speed

122
Q

do veins have a pulse?

A

no

123
Q

what direction do veins travel?

A

they carry blood back to the heart?

124
Q

what do capillaries contain?

A

deox blood that becomes oxy

125
Q

what are the size of capillaries?

A

they are very narrow

126
Q

what speed are capillaries?

A

slow speed

127
Q

do capillaries have a pulse?

A

no

128
Q

what are cappilaires for

A

gaseous exchange

129
Q

how are capillaries important during exercise?

A

they allow oxygento enter muscles through diffusion

130
Q

what is the re-distribution of blood to the working muscles called

A

Vascular Shunt

131
Q

what is vascular shunting?

A

A process that increases blood flow to active areas during exercise, by diverting blood away from inactive areas

132
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute, measured in litres per min

133
Q

at rest only ……% resting cardiac output is supplied to the working muscles.

A

Only 15-20% resting cardiac output is supplied to the working muscles.

134
Q

at rest the remaining ……% supplies the body organs

A

The remaining 80-85% supplies the body organs

135
Q

during exercise Increased ………….. (80-85%) is supplied to the working muscles as exercise intensity increases

Decreasing % of …………………. is supplied to body organs

A

Increased cardiac output (80-85%) is supplied to the working muscles as exercise intensity increases

Decreasing % of cardiac output is supplied to body organs

136
Q

Why the redirection of blood flow is important to the performer?

A

It increases O2 supply to the working muscles.

It provides the working muscles with the necessary fuels to contract (glucose & fatty acids).

It removes CO2 and lactic acid from the muscles.

It helps maintain body temperature and rids the body of excess heat during exercise.

137
Q

what is Vasoconstriction?

A

narrowing of the internal
diameter (lumen) of a blood vessel supplying inactive organ areas
such as the liver and kidneys.

138
Q

what is Vasodilation?

A

opening or widening of the internal diameter
(lumen) of a blood vessel supplying the more active working muscles.

139
Q

why is vascular shunting important?

A

Without it, it would be very difficult to sustain exercise as your body would have to start working anaerobically which leads to early onset of fatigue

140
Q

Why is the respiratory system important?

A

Every cell in the body needs oxygen to function.

141
Q

The respiratory system is the system of organs and vessels that:

A

Brings oxygen into the body, so it can be used to help produce energy aerobically.

Expels carbon dioxide out of the body, a waste product that is created in the muscles when we exercise.

142
Q

what are the components of the Respiratory System

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
lungs
diaphram
alveoli
intercostal muscles
ribs

143
Q

what happens when you inhale

A

External intercostal muscles contract.Diaphragm contracts and flattens.Ribs move up and out.Size of the lungs increases.Volume of the lungs increases. Pressure inside the lungs decreases. Air is sucked into the lungs from an area of high pressure outside the lungs to an area of low pressure inside the lungs.

144
Q

what happens when you exhale

A

External intercostal muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes and rises.Ribs move down and in Size of the lungs decreases Volume of the lungs decreases Pressure inside the lungs increases Air is forced out of the lungs from an area of high pressure inside the lungs to an area of low pressure outside the lungs.

145
Q

There is more oxygen in inhaled air than there is in exhaled air. TRUE OR FLASE

A

TRUE

146
Q

There is more carbon dioxide in exhaled air than there is in inhaled air. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

147
Q

what is the Impact of physical activity and sport on the composition of air

A

During exercise, extra muscles are used to make the chest cavity even bigger and to pull even more air in. This is because the working muscles need more oxygen during exercise.

During exercise, extra muscles are used to force air out of the lungs, which allows you to breathe more frequently and more deeply. This is because more carbon dioxide is created during exercise and it needs to be exhaled.

148
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

gasses move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. gas exchange occurs from the alveoli to the blood vessel and then back to the blood vessel to the aleoli. oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported during gaseous exchange

149
Q

How is the structure of the Alveoli suited to gaseous exchange?

A

tiny air sacs - lot of them can fit into the space of the lungs, large surface area
there is a short distance between capilares and alveioli - gassous exchnage can happen faster
there is a large blood supply - oxygen can be carried away quickly
they have thin walls - allows gasses to go though

150
Q

how does gas exchange occur between the alveoli and capillaries?

A

alveoli to capillaries:
alveoli have a high pressure/concentration of oxygen
capillaries have a low pressure/concentration of oxygen
oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries
capillaries gain oxygen from the alveoli and transport it around the body.

capillaries to alveioli:
a have low concentration of carbon dioxide
capillaries have a high concentration of carbon dioxide
co2 moves from the capillaries to the alveoli
alveoli gain co2 from c and exhale it out the body

151
Q

why is there a greater level of gaseous exchange during exercise?

A

because the muscles need more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide.

152
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

Tidal Volume (TV) is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath. This is your depth of breathing.
Resting tidal volume is around 500ml.

153
Q

what is minute ventilation?

A

Minute ventilation (VE) is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per minute.

154
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air exhaled following a maximum inhalation.

155
Q

what is frequency?

A

Frequency (F) is the number of breaths taken per minute. This is your rate of breathing.
Resting frequency is between 12 and 20 breaths.

156
Q

what is the respiratory equation?

A

tidal volume x frequency = minute ventilation

157
Q

How do we measure tidal volume and vital capacity?

A

Using a spirometer.
Measures inspired and expired air volumes as a person breathes into the device.
Can be used as a diagnostic tool.
A spirometer produces a spirometer trace.

158
Q

in a spirometer trace what do the lines going upward show?

A

Lines moving upwards show inhalation.

159
Q

in a spirometer trace what do the lines going downward show?

A

Lines going down show exhalation.

160
Q

The short-term effects of exercise on the respiratory system
When you begin to exercise the following changes take place to your respiratory system:

A

Tidal volume (TV) increases as exercise intensity increases.
Frequency of breathing (F) increases as exercise intensity increases.

161
Q

Tidal volume (TV) increases as exercise intensity increases.
Frequency of breathing (F) increases as exercise intensity increases.
why is this?

A

These changes take place because the working muscles need more oxygen and create more carbon dioxide.
This means we need to inhale and exhale more air to take in extra oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
TV and F stay elevated even when exercise has stopped to repay the oxygen debt created during exercise.

162
Q

what is the measure from peak to peak on a spirometer trace?

A

frequency

163
Q

what is the measure from the bottom to the peak on a spirometer trace?

A

tidal volume

164
Q

where does energy come from?

A

Energy comes from food, like carbohydrates which are converted to GLUCOSE.

165
Q

what is oxygen vital for?

A

OXYGEN is vital for aerobic energy production.

166
Q

Production of energy with oxygen is called:

A

Aerobic respiration (glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy)

167
Q

Production of energy without oxygen is called:

A

Anaerobic respiration (glucose → carbon dioxide + lactic acid + energy

168
Q

what is an example of aerobic exercise?

A

Exercise at a low to moderate intensity and/or long duration e.g. marathon running

This exercise is steady enough for the heart to supply all the working muscles with the oxygen they need to produce energy aerobically.

169
Q

Glucose (from …………), fatty acids (from ……) and ……….. are brought via the blood to the ………… …………

A

Glucose (from carbohydrates), fatty acids (from fat) and oxygen are brought via the blood to the working muscles.

170
Q

what are the by products of aerobic exercise?

A

The by-products (or waste products) = carbon dioxide and water.

171
Q

what are the two ways h2o are removed from aerobic respiration

A

H2O is removed via sweat and breathing out (exhalation) water vapour.

172
Q

what happens to co2 in aerobic exercise?

A

CO2 is absorbed by the blood and taken away to the heart and THEN taken to the lungs to be removed during exhalation.

173
Q

what is an example of anaerobic exercise?

A

Exercise at a high intensity for a low duration e.g 100m sprint, is anaerobic exercise.
Your muscles need lots of energy for this type of exercise, but your body cannot deliver enough oxygen to them fast enough!

174
Q

The Anaerobic equation is:

A

glucose → carbon dioxide + lactic acid + energy

175
Q

lactic acid

A

Lactic acid can cause problems when we exercise!
After a while it makes your muscles ache. They get fatigued and do not work as efficiently.
Higher work rate =»» Quicker Build Up of lactic acid.
Approximately maximum of 60 seconds anaerobic exercise before you feel the effects.

GCSE PE (10 decks)

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