Anatomy & Physiology (PAPER 1) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
A
Blood cell production
Muscle attachment
Mineral storage
Joints for movement
Protection of vital organs
2
Q
where are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are produced
A
in the bone marrow contained within certain bones
3
Q
what do red blood cells do?
A
Red blood cells carry oxygen to working muscles.
4
Q
what do white blood cells do?
A
White blood cells fight infection
5
Q
what do platlets do?
A
platelets help blood to clot following an injury.
6
Q
what do bones provide for muscles to attach via tendons?
A
Bones provide a surface for muscles to attach to via tendons.
7
Q
Bones act as …………. that muscles can ……… on as they move.
A
Bones act as anchors that muscles can pull on as they move.
8
Q
what minerals are stored within the bones?
A
Calcium and phosphorus are stored within the bones.
9
Q
what are Calcium and phosphorus essential for?
A
These minerals are essential for vital body functions, strong teeth and bones and calcium is involved in muscular contractions.
10
Q
why is mineral storage important for sport?
A
because strong bones and muscles help athletes performance
11
Q
what is a joint?
A
A joint is a point where two or more bones meet and allow for movement to take place.
12
Q
why do you need joints for movemnt in sport?
A
E.g. A rower needs the bones in her arms (Humerus, Radius & Ulna) to join at her elbow creating the movement needed to pull an oar.
13
Q
what do many bones act as?
A
Many bones act as a soft rigid shell.
14
Q
what do bones protect?
A
They protect vital organs and the central nervous system, which are soft and easily damaged.
15
Q
During sport ……. is crucial for both …….. and ………. ……… ……. It reduces the chance of ………, which ensures players can continue to ……… and ……..
A
During sport protection is crucial for both performance and long term health. It reduces the chance of injury, which ensures players can continue to train and play.
16
Q
when do you need protection of vital organs in sport?
A
E.g a Rugby Player’s Cranium (skull) will protect their brain during a scrum
17
Q
muscle attachment plays an important part in?
A
hockey, deltoids attach to scapula so that you can dribble
18
Q
mineral storage plays an important part in?
A
cycling, if you fall over and fracture your femur it will heal becuse of calcium
19
Q
joints for movemnt plays and important part in?
A
rowing, A rower needs the bones in her arms (Humerus, Radius & Ulna) to join at her elbow creating the movement needed to pull an oar.
20
Q
protection of vital organs plays an important part in?
A
rugby , protecting players cranium during a scrum
21
Q
blood cell production plays an important part in?
A
rugby, platlets help the blood to clot so that a scab form and you can keep playing.
22
Q
what are the classifictaion of bones?
A
flat, long, short, irregular
23
Q
what are the flat bones of the skeleton?
A
cranuim, pelvis, clavicle, ribs, sternum
24
Q
what are the long bones of the skeleton?
A
phalanges, femur, radius, ulna
25
what are the short bones of the skeleton?
trarsals, carpals
26
what are the irregular bones of the skeleton?
vertiebrae, patella
27
where are flat bones located in the body?
head, hips, colarbone, ribs
28
where are long bones located in the body?
toes, legs, arms
29
where are short bones located in the body?
hands,ankles, wrists, feet
30
where are irregular bones located in the body?
back knee
31
flat bones role in physical activity
this would help protect a rugby player in the scrum, providing vital protection to the brain and helps prevent injury
32
long bones role in physical activity
acts as lever, enable the body to move, generate movment, strength, speed - sprinter
33
short bones role in physical activity
associated with weight bearng, shock absorbtion, spreading loads - gymnast
34
irregular bones role in physical activity
attachment points for muscle allows movment - hockey
35
what are the classifictaion of joints?
ball and socket
pivot
hinge
condyloid
36
what is a ball and socket joint made of?
the rounded head of a long bone (ball) fits into a cup shaped hole (socket).
37
bones which articulate the ball and socket joints
clavicle, scapular, humerous, pelvis
38
what is the possible range of movement in a ball and socket joint?
possible adduction, abduction circumduction
39
bones which articulate hinge joints
elbow, knee
40
what is the range of movement possible for a hinge joint?
flexion and extension
41
what is a pivot joint made of?
One bone shaped like a cylinder rotates inside another bone that makes a ring around it.
42
range of movement possible in a pivot joint
rotation
43
bone which articulate the pivot joint
atlas axis, cranium
44
what is a condyloid joint?
Similar to a ball and socket but the ball rests against the end of a bone rather than inside a socket.
45
bones which articulate a condyloid joint
carpals, metacarpals
46
range of movemnt possible in a condyloid joint
plantar and dorsi flexion
47
what are the types of movements at joints
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction
Rotation Circumduction Dorsi-flexion Plantar-flexion
48
what is flexion
Flexion - Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts.
49
where can flexion be seen
Shoulder, Hip, Elbow and Knee
50
what are some sporting examples of flexion
Doing a Bicep curl in the gym
Dribbling a basketball
Throwing a ball – shoulder pass / cricket ball
51
what is extension
Extension - Straightening movement that increase
the angle between body parts
52
where can extension be seen?
shoulder, Hip, Elbow and Knee
53
what are some sporting examples of extension
Kicking a ball
Following through a netball shot / Basketball
54
what is Circumduction
Circumduction - is a cone-shaped movement of a limb that includes flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.
55
where can circumduction be seen?
Shoulder, Hip
56
what are some sporting examples of circumduction
A cricketer bowls a ball
A serve in tennis
57
what is rotation
Rotation – Movement around a single axis or pivot point.
58
where can rotation be seen
Shoulder and Hip and neck
59
what are some sporting examples of rotation
hip rotation in a golf swing
twisting in a discus throw
pivoting in netball
spinning in ice skating
Rotating the hips as you swim front
crawl
60
what is plantar flexion
Plantar Flexion is forwards flexion the foot - increasing the angle
61
where can plantar flexion be seen
Ankle
62
what are some sporting examples of plantar flexion
Extending or pointing the toes down, away from the shin.
A dancer / gymnast points their toes
63
what is dorsi flexion
Dorsi- Flexion
Bending or flexing the toes up, closer to the shin.
64
where can dorsi flexion be seen
ankle
65
what are some sporting examples of dorsi flexion
A hurdler leads with her heel over the hurdle
A long jumper leads with her heels before she lands
66
what is abduction
Abduction - Movement that pulls away from the midline of the body
67
where can abduction be seen
Shoulder, Hip
68
what are some sporting examples of abduction
A gymnast moves their arm out sideways at the shoulder when performing ‘the crucifix’ on the rings
A sideways kick in karate
69
what is adduction
Adduction - Movement that pulls towards the midline of the body
70
where can adduction be seen
shoulder, Hip
71
what are some sporting examples of adduction
golfer on the tee swings their club down towards the ball
A footballer taking a free kick, follows through bringing his leg across the body.
72
can muscles pull or push
pull
73
when one mucle contracts ( agonist) the other ............ (........)
relaxes (antagonist)
74
match the pair:
contracts -
relaxes -
agonist -
antagonists -
contracts - agonist
relaxes - antagonist
75
what are the 4 key muscle pairs?
biceps and triceps
quadraceps and hamstrings
gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
hip flexors and glueteus maximus
76
skeletal muscles work in .......
skeletal muscles work in pairs
77
what is a sporting example of antagonistic pairs
pressup: tricep agonist, bicep antagonists
78
what happens during a bicep curl or tricep dip or pressup
biceps and tricep muscles in the upper arm.
these work together to bend (flex) and straighten (extend) the elbow joint.
this is what happens during a pressup, bicep curl or tricep dip.
79
what happens during hurdling
the gastrocnemius and tribialis anterior in the leg.
the gastrocnemius acts to plantar, flex the ankle
the tibialis anterior acts to dorsi flex.
this happeneds during hurdling
80
what happens during running
hip flexors and gluteus maximus acting at the hip work together to bend ( flex) and straightern (extend) at the hips. this happenes when you lift your leg up from the hip when running.
81
what are the 3 muscle fiber types
type 1 - slow twitch
type 11a - fast twitch
type 11x - fast twitch
82
what happens to slow twitch muscle fibers
Contract slowly, but keep going for a long time.
83
what happens to fast twitch muscle fibers
Contract quickly, but rapidly get tired.
84
what are some features of type 1 muscle fibers
works aerobically
use oxygen
linked to low intensity activity
high fatiuge response
Contract slowly, but keep going for a long time.
high aerobic capacity
low speed and force of contraction
low anarobic capacity
85
what is a sporting example for type 1 muscle fibers
longdistance running
86
what are some features of type 11a muscle fibers
works anarobically
linked to extended high intensity activity
Contract quickly, but rapidly get tired.
high speed and force contraction
good strength and speed endurance
not as fatiuge resistant as type 1
not as powerful as type 11x
87
what is a sporting example of 11a muscle fibers
400/800m
88
what are some features of 11x muscle fibers
working anarobically
linked to very high intensity
explosivity
Contract quickly, but rapidly get tired.
very high speed and force contraction
very high anarobic capacity
very low aerobic capacity
very low fatiuge resitance
89
what is a sporting example of 11x muscle fibers
100 m sprinter
90
what are the three main functions of the cardiovascular system
Transport
Clotting
Temperature regulation.
91
how is transport a function of the cardiovascular system?
by acting as a carrier as oxygen and nutrients (such as glucose), blood delivers what the body need to work, carries away waste products, such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid, this is crucial during physical activity because the requirements for oxygen and nutrients go up when a person is exercising. the need to transport carbon dioxide and lactic acid away from the muscles also increases.
92
how is temperature regulation a function of the cardiovascular system?
by controlling the internal diameter (lumen) of blood vessels the body is able to maintain its temperature fairly effective at 37 degrees. when the body is too hot validation takes place, increasing blood flow to the skin, where it is cooled. during physical activity, the body generates more heat and it is therefore important to regulate temperate so that at person doesn't overheat. overheating can lead to headaches, confusion and even loss of consciouslessness.
93
how is clotting a function of the cardiovascular system?
platelet in the blood form clots which seal open wounds quickly. this process is important in guarding the body against infection and excessive bleeding, during many physical activities, the risk of a cut is increased and therefore clotting is important that such injures are not life threatening.
94
what are the components of the heart?
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Atrium/Atria
Ventricles
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Aorta
95
what is the Superior/Inferior Vena Cava?
The vein that returns blood from the body to the heart.
96
what is the Atrium/Atria?
these are where blood first enters the heart – they are at top of the heart. Right = Deoxygenated, Left = Oxygenated
97
what are the Ventricles?
these pump blood to the lungs and the body – the bottom half of the heart has much more muscle that the top. Right = Deoxygenated, Left = Oxygenated
98
what is the Pulmonary Artery?
takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs – Is the only artery in the body to carry de-oxygenated blood.
99
what is the Pulmonary Vein?
returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
100
what is the Aorta?
Biggest artery in the body – takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body & working muscles.
101
what do valves do?
Valves stop blood flowing in the wrong direction.
102
what are the 2 types of valves in the heart?
Tricuspid – is between atrium and ventricle on the right hand side.
Bicuspid – is between atrium and ventricle on the left hand side.
103
Tri before you Bi means what?
(blood flows through the tricuspid valve first then bicuspid)
104
what are semi luna valves and where are they found?
Semi-Lunar Valves - these stop blood flowing back into the heart after its left.
Found at the entrance to the Pulmonary Artery and the Aorta.
105
what is the pathway of blood?
1) blood returns from the body through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
2) deoxyegenated blood enters the right atrium
3) deoxyegenated blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
4) oxygenated blood is pumped through pulmonary arteries to the lungs. the semi luna vales help blood not to reenter the heart.
5) blood is oxygenated at the lungs
6) oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins
7) oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart
8) oxygenated blood passes through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle
9) oxygenated blood is pumped through the aorta to the muscles and organs of the body. the semi lunar valves help blood not not re-enter the heart.
106
what are the components of blood?
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma
107
what is the function of red blood cells?
Transport Oxygen
Contain Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is the substance that oxygen binds to so it can be carried by red blood cells.
This means they are essential for sports which require athletes to work AEROBICALLY.
108
what is the function of white blood cells?
Are part of the Immune System
They fight disease and infection
Important during exercise:
keeping the athlete healthy so they can continue to train and compete.
109
what is the function of plateles?
Are necessary to clot blood
When they clot, they create a scab
This means that they stop bleeding and help prevent infection by creating a seal.
This ensures that injuries to a sports person don’t become life threatening.
110
what is the function of plasma?
Is the watery fluid part of the blood
Makes blood a liquid
Without plasma, blood would not be able to flow/travel easily around the body.
111
what do arteries contain?
oxygenated blood, (except from the pulmonary artery)
112
what is the pressure of arteries?
high blood pressure
113
what is the size of arteries?
they have small lumen and thick walls
114
what are the speed of arteries?
high speed
115
do arteries have a pulse?
yes
116
what direction do arteries carry blood?
away from the heart
117
what is the importance of arteries during exercise?
arteries dilate, so more oxygenated blood can be carries to working muscles.
arteries to inactive muscles constrict, so less blood is carried to inactive muscles.
118
what do veins contain?
deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)
119
what is the pressure of veins?
low blood pressure
120
what are the size of veins?
thin walls thick lumen
121
what speed are veins?
slow speed
122
do veins have a pulse?
no
123
what direction do veins travel?
they carry blood back to the heart?
124
what do capillaries contain?
deox blood that becomes oxy
125
what are the size of capillaries?
they are very narrow
126
what speed are capillaries?
slow speed
127
do capillaries have a pulse?
no
128
what are cappilaires for
gaseous exchange
129
how are capillaries important during exercise?
they allow oxygento enter muscles through diffusion
130
what is the re-distribution of blood to the working muscles called
Vascular Shunt
131
what is vascular shunting?
A process that increases blood flow to active areas during exercise, by diverting blood away from inactive areas
132
what is cardiac output?
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute, measured in litres per min
133
at rest only ......% resting cardiac output is supplied to the working muscles.
Only 15-20% resting cardiac output is supplied to the working muscles.
134
at rest the remaining ......% supplies the body organs
The remaining 80-85% supplies the body organs
135
during exercise Increased .............. (80-85%) is supplied to the working muscles as exercise intensity increases
Decreasing % of ...................... is supplied to body organs
Increased cardiac output (80-85%) is supplied to the working muscles as exercise intensity increases
Decreasing % of cardiac output is supplied to body organs
136
Why the redirection of blood flow is important to the performer?
It increases O2 supply to the working muscles.
It provides the working muscles with the necessary fuels to contract (glucose & fatty acids).
It removes CO2 and lactic acid from the muscles.
It helps maintain body temperature and rids the body of excess heat during exercise.
137
what is Vasoconstriction?
narrowing of the internal
diameter (lumen) of a blood vessel supplying inactive organ areas
such as the liver and kidneys.
138
what is Vasodilation?
opening or widening of the internal diameter
(lumen) of a blood vessel supplying the more active working muscles.
139
why is vascular shunting important?
Without it, it would be very difficult to sustain exercise as your body would have to start working anaerobically which leads to early onset of fatigue
140
Why is the respiratory system important?
Every cell in the body needs oxygen to function.
141
The respiratory system is the system of organs and vessels that:
Brings oxygen into the body, so it can be used to help produce energy aerobically.
Expels carbon dioxide out of the body, a waste product that is created in the muscles when we exercise.
142
what are the components of the Respiratory System
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
lungs
diaphram
alveoli
intercostal muscles
ribs
143
what happens when you inhale
External intercostal muscles contract.Diaphragm contracts and flattens.Ribs move up and out.Size of the lungs increases.Volume of the lungs increases. Pressure inside the lungs decreases. Air is sucked into the lungs from an area of high pressure outside the lungs to an area of low pressure inside the lungs.
144
what happens when you exhale
External intercostal muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes and rises.Ribs move down and in Size of the lungs decreases Volume of the lungs decreases Pressure inside the lungs increases Air is forced out of the lungs from an area of high pressure inside the lungs to an area of low pressure outside the lungs.
145
There is more oxygen in inhaled air than there is in exhaled air. TRUE OR FLASE
TRUE
146
There is more carbon dioxide in exhaled air than there is in inhaled air. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
147
what is the Impact of physical activity and sport on the composition of air
During exercise, extra muscles are used to make the chest cavity even bigger and to pull even more air in. This is because the working muscles need more oxygen during exercise.
During exercise, extra muscles are used to force air out of the lungs, which allows you to breathe more frequently and more deeply. This is because more carbon dioxide is created during exercise and it needs to be exhaled.
148
What is gaseous exchange?
gasses move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. gas exchange occurs from the alveoli to the blood vessel and then back to the blood vessel to the aleoli. oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported during gaseous exchange
149
How is the structure of the Alveoli suited to gaseous exchange?
tiny air sacs - lot of them can fit into the space of the lungs, large surface area
there is a short distance between capilares and alveioli - gassous exchnage can happen faster
there is a large blood supply - oxygen can be carried away quickly
they have thin walls - allows gasses to go though
150
how does gas exchange occur between the alveoli and capillaries?
alveoli to capillaries:
alveoli have a high pressure/concentration of oxygen
capillaries have a low pressure/concentration of oxygen
oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries
capillaries gain oxygen from the alveoli and transport it around the body.
capillaries to alveioli:
a have low concentration of carbon dioxide
capillaries have a high concentration of carbon dioxide
co2 moves from the capillaries to the alveoli
alveoli gain co2 from c and exhale it out the body
151
why is there a greater level of gaseous exchange during exercise?
because the muscles need more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide.
152
what is tidal volume?
Tidal Volume (TV) is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath. This is your depth of breathing.
Resting tidal volume is around 500ml.
153
what is minute ventilation?
Minute ventilation (VE) is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per minute.
154
what is vital capacity?
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air exhaled following a maximum inhalation.
155
what is frequency?
Frequency (F) is the number of breaths taken per minute. This is your rate of breathing.
Resting frequency is between 12 and 20 breaths.
156
what is the respiratory equation?
tidal volume x frequency = minute ventilation
157
How do we measure tidal volume and vital capacity?
Using a spirometer.
Measures inspired and expired air volumes as a person breathes into the device.
Can be used as a diagnostic tool.
A spirometer produces a spirometer trace.
158
in a spirometer trace what do the lines going upward show?
Lines moving upwards show inhalation.
159
in a spirometer trace what do the lines going downward show?
Lines going down show exhalation.
160
The short-term effects of exercise on the respiratory system
When you begin to exercise the following changes take place to your respiratory system:
Tidal volume (TV) increases as exercise intensity increases.
Frequency of breathing (F) increases as exercise intensity increases.
161
Tidal volume (TV) increases as exercise intensity increases.
Frequency of breathing (F) increases as exercise intensity increases.
why is this?
These changes take place because the working muscles need more oxygen and create more carbon dioxide.
This means we need to inhale and exhale more air to take in extra oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
TV and F stay elevated even when exercise has stopped to repay the oxygen debt created during exercise.
162
what is the measure from peak to peak on a spirometer trace?
frequency
163
what is the measure from the bottom to the peak on a spirometer trace?
tidal volume
164
where does energy come from?
Energy comes from food, like carbohydrates which are converted to GLUCOSE.
165
what is oxygen vital for?
OXYGEN is vital for aerobic energy production.
166
Production of energy with oxygen is called:
Aerobic respiration (glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy)
167
Production of energy without oxygen is called:
Anaerobic respiration (glucose → carbon dioxide + lactic acid + energy
168
what is an example of aerobic exercise?
Exercise at a low to moderate intensity and/or long duration e.g. marathon running
This exercise is steady enough for the heart to supply all the working muscles with the oxygen they need to produce energy aerobically.
169
Glucose (from ............), fatty acids (from ......) and ........... are brought via the blood to the ............ ............
Glucose (from carbohydrates), fatty acids (from fat) and oxygen are brought via the blood to the working muscles.
170
what are the by products of aerobic exercise?
The by-products (or waste products) = carbon dioxide and water.
171
what are the two ways h2o are removed from aerobic respiration
H2O is removed via sweat and breathing out (exhalation) water vapour.
172
what happens to co2 in aerobic exercise?
CO2 is absorbed by the blood and taken away to the heart and THEN taken to the lungs to be removed during exhalation.
173
what is an example of anaerobic exercise?
Exercise at a high intensity for a low duration e.g 100m sprint, is anaerobic exercise.
Your muscles need lots of energy for this type of exercise, but your body cannot deliver enough oxygen to them fast enough!
174
The Anaerobic equation is:
glucose → carbon dioxide + lactic acid + energy
175
lactic acid
Lactic acid can cause problems when we exercise!
After a while it makes your muscles ache. They get fatigued and do not work as efficiently.
Higher work rate =>>>> Quicker Build Up of lactic acid.
Approximately maximum of 60 seconds anaerobic exercise before you feel the effects.
