Long Term Complications - Micro and Macro Flashcards
1
Q
State the macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus
A
- Coronary vascular disease (MI)
- Cerebrovascular disease (Stroke)
- Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
2
Q
State the microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus
A
- Retinopathy
- Nephropathy
- Neuropathy
3
Q
Discuss atheroslcerosis in diabetes
A
- Dyslipidaemia (abnormal number of lipids) is present in all people with diabetes
- HDL cholesterol low
- LDL and triglycerides high, with oxidation, this leads to plaque formation
- Endothelial dysfunction (inner lining of arteries fails to carry out its functions)
- Hypercoagulability (abnormal tendency towards blood clotting)
- Leads to the complications of diabetes (i.e stroke, MI, PVD)
4
Q
How can macrovascular disease/ complications be prevented in diabetic patients
A
- Good diabetes control
- Blood pressure control
- Lipid control
- Smoking cessation, weight, exercise
5
Q
What are the 2 classes of diabetic retinopathy?
A
- Non-proliferative
- Proliferative
6
Q
What feature is seen with diabetic nephropathy?
A
- Microalbuminaemia
7
Q
What happens if diabetic nephropathy is unchecked?
A
- Progressive renal failure progresses to end-stage renal disease if unchecked
8
Q
Descibe the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy
A
- Screen the urine for albumin
- Diabetes control
- RAAS blockade: ACE inhbitor/ ARB/ renin inhibition to slow/ prevent progession of renal disease
- Hypertension control
9
Q
What are the features of diabetic neuropathy?
A
- Sensory loss (particularly in the feet and lower legs) → neuropathic ulcers, poor macro-vasculature leading to severe foot infections
- Paresthesia (burning or prickling sensation)
Autonomic symptoms:
- GI effects
- Cardio effects
Affetcs motor as well
10
Q
Foot care:
A
11
Q
What is this?
A
- Charcot’s foot
