Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 - Endocrine System > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What do we measure for growth in children?

A
  • Height
  • Length
  • Sitting height
  • Head circumference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Growth charts (later)

A
  • LATER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do we stage puberty?

A
  • Tanner method
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is important in history and examination when establishing growth and development?

A
  • Birth weight and gestation
  • Past medical history
  • Family history/ social history/ schooling
  • Systematic enquiry
  • Dysmorphic features
  • Systemic examination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What assessment tools do we use for growth???

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the factors influencing height?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Race
  • Nutrition
  • Parental heights
  • Puberty
  • Skeletal maturity
  • General health
  • Chronic disease
  • Specific growth disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A normal growth curve includes what 3 stages?

A
  • Infantile
  • Childhood
  • Pubertal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The following changes occur in boys during puberty:

  • Advanced changes of puberty
  • Faical hair and shaving
  • Onset of testicular growth
  • Penile growth
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The following changes occur in girls during puberty:

  • Breast budding
  • Early breast development
  • Menarche

Label these on the diagram below:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the most important pubertal stages in:

(a) A girl
(b) A boy

A

(a) Breast budding (Tanner Stage B2)
(b) Testicular enlargement (Tanner Stage G2 T3-4ml)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which growth disorders would be an indication for referral

A

Growth disorders: Indications for referral:

  • Height below target height
  • Abnormal height velocity (crossing centiles)
  • Extreme short or tall stature (off centile)
  • History of chronic disease
  • Obvious dysmorphic syndrome
  • Early/ late puberty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

State the ages of both early and delayed puberty in:

(a) Boys
(b) Girls

A

Early and delayed puberty:

(a) Boys: early < 9 years, delayed > 14 years
(b) Girls: Early < 8 years, delayed > 13 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Constitutional Delay of Growth and Puberty (CDGP):

(a) Who is mainly affected
(b) What part of the history is important
(c) What is the cause

A

Constitutional delay of bone growth

(a) Mainly occurs in boys
(b) With a family history in the dad or brothers
(c) This occurs due to bone age delay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

State some causes of delayed puberty

A

Causes of delayed puberty:

  • Gonadal dysgenesis (Turner 45X, Klinefelter 47XXY)
  • Chronic disease (Crohn’s, asthma)
  • Kallman’s syndrome
  • Cryptochidism (one of both testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the causes of early breast development?

A

Causes of early breast development:

  • Infantile thelarche
  • Premature thelarche (thelarche = onset of secondary breast development. This should occur at the beginning of puberty)
  • True central precocious puberty (condition that causes early sexual development in children)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the causes of early secondary sexual characteristics?

A
  • Exaggerated adrenarche (adrenarche is a stage in sexual maturation that is involved in the development of pubic hair, body odour, skin oiliness and acne)
  • Precocious pseudopuberty (puberty occurring at an unsually early age i.e production of oestrogen in prepubertal girls)
17
Q

What is the cause of early PV bleeding (vaginal bleeding)

A

Cause of early PV bleeding (vaginal bleeding):

  • Premature menarche (menarche = first menstrual cycle)
18
Q

How does central precocious puberty present?

A

Central precocious puberty presentation:

  • Breast development in girls
  • Testicular enlargement in boys
  • Growth spurt
  • Advanced bone age
19
Q

How is central precocious puberty treated?

A

Treatment for central precocious puberty:

  • GnRH agonist (gonadotropin - releasing hormone agonist)
20
Q

Precocious Pseudopuberty (later)

A

LATER

21
Q

What is the management approach for a baby with ambiguous genitalia?

A

Management Approach:

  • DO NOT guess the sex of the baby
  • Multidisciplinary approach
  • Examination of the gonads and internal organs
  • Karyotype
  • Exclude Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
22
Q

What are the causes of congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Congenital causes:

  • Athyreosis (thyroid gland has failed to develop properly)
  • Hypoplasia (thyroid gland has failed to develop properly)
  • Ectopic
  • Dyshormonogenic (genetic defects in the synthesis of thyroid hormones)
23
Q

How can we detect congenital hypothyroidism in a newborn?

A
  • Newborn screening
24
Q

How do we treat congenital hypothyroidism?

A
  • Start treatment within first 2 weeks
25
Q

What are the causes of acquired hypothyroidism?

A

Acquired causes:

  • Autoimmune (Hashimoto’s) thyroiditis (immune system attacks your thyroid)
  • Family history of thyroid/ autoimmune disorders
26
Q

What are the childhood issues of acquired hypothyroidism?

A

Acquired hypothyroidism childhood issues:

  • Lack of height gain
  • Pubertal delay
  • Poor school performance
27
Q

Define the following terms:

(a) Overweight
(b) Obese

A

(a) Overweight = BMI > 85th centile
(b) Obese = BMI > 97.5th centile

28
Q

How do we perform an assessment of an obese patient?

A

Assessment:

  • Weight
  • Height
  • BMI (kg/m2)
  • Waist circumference
29
Q

When taking a history from an obese child, what should we ask about?

A

History:

  • Family history
  • Social history to include diet and physical activity

Listen for symptoms suggestive of:

  • Syndrome
  • Hypothalamic pituitary pathology
  • Endocrinopathy
  • Diabetes
30
Q

Examination of obese child (later)

A
  • LATER
31
Q

What are the complications of obesity?

A

Complications:

  • Obstructive sleep apnoea
  • Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • Right sided heart failure
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy
  • GORD
  • NAFLD
  • Pancreatitis
  • Gallstones
  • Metabolic syndrome (diabetes mellitus, hypertension)
  • Orthopaedic problems
32
Q

What are the causes of obesity in children?

A

Causes:

  • SIMPLE OBESITY (i.e lifestyle choice, poor diet, lack of exercise etc)
  • Drugs
  • Endocrine disorders
  • Syndromes
  • Hypothalamic damage
33
Q

How do we treat obesity in children?

A

Treatment:

  • Diet
  • Exercise
  • Psychological input
34
Q

Obesity:

A

Year 2 - Endocrine System (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions