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Biology 3 - Animal Physiology > Locomotion And Movement > Flashcards

Locomotion And Movement Flashcards

1
Q

___is one of the significant features of all living beings .

A

Movement

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2
Q

___in the unicellular organisms like amoeba is a simple form of movement .

A

Streaming of protoplasm

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3
Q

Movement of _,__and __are shown by many organisms .

A

Cilia
Flagella
Tentacles

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4
Q

Human beings can move limbs , jaws eyelids , tongue , etc .T/F

A

T

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5
Q

Voluntary movements which result in change of place are called -

A

Locomotion

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6
Q

In PARAMOECIUM , _help in the movement of food through_____and in locomotion as well .

A

Cilia

Cytopharynx

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7
Q

Hydra can use its _for _and __

A

Tentacles
Capturing its prey
Locomotion

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8
Q

Locomotion and movement cannot be studied separately .T/F

A

T

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9
Q

All ___are___but all __are not ___ .(locomotion /movements)

A

Locomotion
Movements
Movements
Locomotions

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10
Q

Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with their __and _____.

A

Habitat

Demand of The situation

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11
Q

Cells of the human body how many main types of movements ?

A

3
Ameboid
Ciliary
Muscular

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12
Q

Some specialised cells in our body like ___and ____in blood exhibit AMOEOID movement .

A

Macrophages

Leucocytes ( in blood )

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13
Q

Ameboid movement is effected by ___formed by the streaming of ____(as in amoeba ) .

A

Pseudopodia

Protoplasm

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14
Q

____elements like MICROFILAMENTS are also involved in ___movement .

A

Cytoskeletal

Ameboid

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15
Q

Ciliary movement occurs in most our ______which are lined by ____.

A

Internal tubular organs

Ciliated epithelium

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16
Q

The coordinated movement of __in the ____help us in removing dust particles and some of the foreign substances inhaled along with the atm air .

A

Cilia

Trachea

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17
Q

Passage of ___through the female reproductive tract is also facilitated by the ______.

A

Ova

Ciliary movement

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18
Q

Movement of our limbs , jaws , tongue ,etc., require ____movement .

A

Muscular

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19
Q

The __property of mules are effectively used for locomotion and other movements by humans .

A

Contractile property

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20
Q

Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of __,___and ____systems .

A

Muscular
Skeletal
Neural

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21
Q

Cilia and flagella are the outgrowths of _____.

A

Cell membrane

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22
Q

___movement helps in swimming of spermatozoa .

A

Flagellar movemnt

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23
Q

Flagellar movement helps in the locomotion of ___

A

Protozoans

Like -euglena

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24
Q

Give examples of flagellar movement -

A

Swimming of spermatozoa
Maintenance of water current in the canal system of sponges
Locomotion of Protozoans ( euglena )

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25
Q

Muscle is a specialised tissue of _____origin

A

Mesodermal

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26
Q

About ___% of the BODY WEIGHT of a human is contributed by MUSCLES .

A

40-50%

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27
Q

MUSCLES have special properties like -

A 
4
Excitability 
Contractility 
Extensibility 
Elasticity
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28
Q

Muscles have been classified using diff criteria : namely __ ,____ and ____.

A

Location
Appearance
Nature of regulation of their activities

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29
Q

Based on their LOCATION , _types of muscles are identified .

A

3
Skeletal
Visceral
Cardiac

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30
Q

Skeletal muscles have a ____appearance under the microscope and hence are called __.

A

Striped

Striated

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31
Q

The activities of skeletal muscles are under __control of ____ .

A

Voluntary
Nervous system
( therefore , are called - voluntary muscles also )

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32
Q

Primary function of skeletal muscles -

A

Locomotory actions

Changes of body postures

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33
Q

Where are visceral muscles located ?

A

Inner walls of hollow visceral organs of the body like -ALIMENTARY CANAL , REPRODUCTIVE TRACT , etc .

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34
Q

Visceral muscles are __in appearance .

A

Smooth

Do not exhibit any striations

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35
Q

Visceral muscles are also known as -

A

Smooth ( non -striated ) muscles

Involuntary muscles

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36
Q

Visceral muscles assist -

A

Transportation of food through thr digestive tract

Transportation of gametes through genital tract

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37
Q

Many ___assemble in a __to form a cardiac muscle .

A

Cardiac muscle cells

Branching pattern

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38
Q

Based on appearance , cardiac muscles are ______.

A

Striated

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39
Q

Cardiac muscles are __ in nature .

A

Involuntary ( nervous system does not control their activities DIRECTLY )

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40
Q

Each organised skeletal muscle in our body is made up of a number of ____.

A

Fascicles / muscle bundles

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41
Q

The muscle bundles /fascicles are held together by a _____layer called __.

A

Common collagen opus connective tissue layer

Fascia

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42
Q

Each muscle bundle /fascicle contains a number of ____.

A

Muscle fibres .

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43
Q

Each muscle FIBRE is lined by the ______ called __.

A

Plasma membrane

Sarcolemma

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44
Q

The sarcolemma encloses the _____.

A

Sarcoplasm

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45
Q

Muscle fibre is a ____ as the _____contains many nuclei .

A

Synctitium

Sarcoplasm

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46
Q

The ____ of the muscle fibres is the STOREHOUSE of Ca 2+ ions .

A

Endoplasmic reticulum ,ie,. Sarcoplasm is reticulum

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47
Q

A characteristic feature of the muscle fibres is the presence of a LARGE NO . Of _________ in the _____.

A

Parallelly arranged filaments

Sarcoplasm

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48
Q

The parallelly arranged filaments in the sarcoplasm are called

A

Myofilaments /myofibrils

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49
Q

Each ___ has alternate light and dark bands on it .

A

Myofibril ( myofilament )

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50
Q

A detailed study study of the myofibril has established tha the ____appearance is due to the distribution pattern of ____ .

A

Striated

2 imp proteins - actin and myosin

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51
Q

Actin and myosin are ____found in the myofibrils .

A

Proteins ( imp)

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52
Q

The light band contains _____ and is called ______band .

A

Actin

I -band / isotropic band

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53
Q

The dark band contains ____ and is called ____ band .

A

Myosin

A -band / anisotropic band

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54
Q

Both the proteins ,actin and myosin ar arranged as _____structures, parallel to each other and also to the ____.

A

Rod-like

Longitudinal axis of the myofibril

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55
Q

__filaments are thinner as compared to ___.

A

Actin

Myosin

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56
Q

Thin filament =

Thick filament =

A

Actin

Myosin

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57
Q

In the centre of each I-band is an elastic fibre called ______which bisects it .

A

Z-line

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58
Q

The ___ filaments are firmly attached to the Z -line .

A

Thin ( actin )

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59
Q

thick filaments are present in the __band .

A

A-band

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60
Q

The thick filaments in the A -band are also held together in the middle of _____band by a thin FIBROUS MEMBRANE called -

A

I -band

M-line

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61
Q

The potion of the myofibril btw 2 successive ______is considered as the functional unit of contraction .

A

Z-lines

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62
Q

What is a sarcomere ?

A

Part of myofibril btw 2 successive Z-lines

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63
Q

Functional unit of contraction -

A

Srcomere

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64
Q

In a Resting state , the free ends of ____ on either side of ____partially overlap the free ends of the _____leaving the central part oft he _____.

A

Thin filaments
Thick filaments
Thick “
Thick “

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65
Q

The central part of thick filament not overlapped by thin filament is called -

A

H-zone

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66
Q

Each actin (thin ) FILAMENT is made of _______ HELICALLY wound to each other .

A

2 ‘F’ (filamentous) actins

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67
Q

Each ‘F’-actin is a polymer of -

A

Monomeric ‘G’ (globular ) actins

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68
Q

____runs close to ‘F’ actin throughout its length .

A

2 filaments of TROPOMYOSIN ( another protein )

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69
Q

___is distributed at regular intervals on the tropomyosiin .

A

Troponin-A complex protein

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70
Q

In thr resting state ,a __masks the active binding sites for myosin on the actin filaments .

A

Subunit of troponin

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71
Q

Active binding sites for __are located on ____.

A

Myosin

Actin filaments

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72
Q

Components of an actin filament -

A

1) 2 ‘F’ actins (filamentous ) helically wound around each other
2) 2 filaments of tropomyosin
3) troponin (distributed uniformly on tropomyosin

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73
Q

Each myosin filament is also a ____protein .

A

Polymerised

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74
Q

Many _____proteins called ____constitute one thick filament .

A

Monomeric

Meromyosins

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75
Q

Each MEROMYOSIN has ____imp parts .

A

2

1) globular head with a short arm
2) tail

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76
Q

___is called the HEAVY MEROMYOSIN (HMM)

A

1st part of MEROMYOSIN -globular head with a short arm .

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77
Q

_is called light MEROMYOSIN (LMM).

A

Tail

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78
Q

The ____component i,e,. ____projects outward at regular distance and angle from each other from the surface of a polymerised MYOSIN filament and is known as ____.

A

HMM
Head and short arm
Cross arm

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79
Q

The _______ is an active ATPase enzyme .

A

Globular head

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80
Q

What is a cross-arm?

A

TheHMM component that projects outward at regular intervals and angles rom each other from the surface of a polymerised myosin filament .

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81
Q

Th GLOBULAR head of myosin has sites for -

A

Binding sites for ATP
Active sites for actin
It is an active ATPase enzyme

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82
Q

Mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by the _____theory .

A

Sliding filament theory

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83
Q

The sliding filament theory states that -

A

Contraction of muscle fibres takes place by sliding of the ‘Thin filaments over the thick filaments ‘

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84
Q

the globular head has binding sites for -

A

ATP

Active sites - actin

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85
Q

muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by the ___ via a _____

A

CNS

Motor unit

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86
Q

the junction btw a ____and the ____is called the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION.

A

Motor neuron

Sarcolemma of muscle fibre

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87
Q

Neuromuscular junction is also called ___.

A

Motor-end plate

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88
Q

A neural signal reaching the neuromuscular junction releases a _____

A

neurotransmitter-ACETYL CHOLINE

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89
Q

A neural signal reaching the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION releases a neurotransmitter which generates ___in the ____.

A

Action potentials

Sarcolemma

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90
Q

___spreads through the muscle fibre and causes the release of Ca2+ ions into the ____.

A 
Action potential (generated by Acetyl choline )
Sarcoplasm
91
Q

Calcium ions are released into the ___ .

A

sarcoplasm

but action potential is generated in the - sarcolemma

92
Q

increase in Ca2+ levels in the sarcoplasm leads to -

A

Binding of Ca with a subunit of TROPONIN on actin filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for MYOSIN .

93
Q

Ca binds with ___on___filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for _____.

A

A subunit of troponin
Actin filaments
Myosin

94
Q

Utilising the energy from ____, the myosin head now binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a _____ .

A

ATP hydrolysis

Cross bridge

95
Q

What happens when the myosin head binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a cross bridge (utilising the energy from ATP hydrolysis ) ?

A

The attached actin filaments are pulled towards the centre of ‘A’ band

96
Q

What is the next step in contraction after the pulling of actin filaments towards the centre of A band ?

A

The Z-line attached to these actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere i,e., contraction

97
Q

During the shortening of the muscles , the

——gets reduced while the ___retain the length .

A

I-band

A-band

98
Q

The ____disappears during shortening of muscle fibres .

99
Q

How does the myosin go back to its relaxed state?

A

After releasing the ADP and P1 , the myosin goes back to its relaxed 😌 state .

100
Q

How is the cross bridge broken ?

A

When a new ATP binds ( i,e., binding of ATP occurs )

101
Q

The cycle of cross-bridge formation and breakage continues till -

A

Ca 2+ ions are pumped back to the SARCOPLASMIC cisternae resulting in the masking of actin filaments

102
Q

When the Ca ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic cisternae , what happens ?

A

Masking of actin filaments occurs

This causes - return of Z lines back to their original position . =relaxation

103
Q

The __time of the fibres can vary in diff muscles .

104
Q

Repeated activation of muscles can lead to ____due to ____causing __.

A

Accumulation of lactic acid
Anaerobic breakdown of glycogen in them
Fatigue

105
Q

Describe the whole process of muscle contraction -

A

1) CNS ->via motor neuron ->signal reaches neuromuscular junction ->release of Acetyl choline ->this generates action potential in the sarcolemma ->action potential causes release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm .
2) ca2+ inc leads to the binding of Ca with the subunit of troponin (Tpc) and remove the masking of active site on actin to form a cross-bridge .
3) by utilising energy from ATP myosin head binds to the exposed active site to form across bridge
4) this pulls the attached actin filaments towards actin filaments towards the centre of A band
5) shortening of sarcomere occurs
6) I-band gets reduced and A band retains its length
7) myosin releasing the ADP and P1 goes back to its relaxed state .
7) a new ATP binds and cross bridge is broken
8) the ATP is again hydrolysed by myosin head and the cycle continues till the Ca ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic cisternae resulting in the masking of actin filaments .

106
Q

During relaxation , the __lines return back .

107
Q

Location of Z line -

A

Elastic fibre in the centre of I-band . It bisects the I-band . The actin filaments are firmly attached to it .

108
Q

Muscles contain a red coloured oxygen storing pigment called -

109
Q

Myoglobin content is high in some muscles which gives a ___appearance .

110
Q

Muscles in which myoglobin content is high are called -

A

Red fibres

111
Q

Red fibres contain plenty of __.

A

Mitochondria

112
Q

What role does mitochondria play in red muscle fibres ?

A

Utilise the large amount of oxygen stored in them for ATP production

113
Q

Red fibres utilise oxygen for ATP production , therefore they are also called -

A

Aerobic muscles

114
Q

Some muscles possess very less quantity of myoglobin and therefore appear ____ . They are called -

A

Whitish or pale

White fibres

115
Q

Number of mitochondria in white fibres -

116
Q

Amount of __is very high in white fibres .

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

117
Q

White fibres depend on ____process for energy .

118
Q

Skeletal system consist of a framework f bones and _____.

A

Few cartilages

119
Q

__and __are specialised connective tissues .

A

Bones

Cartilage

120
Q

Bones have a very ___ due to ______in it .

A

Hard matrix

Calcium salts

121
Q

cartilage has slightly __matrix due to ____.

A

Pliable

Chondroitin

122
Q

Skeletal system consists of __bones .

123
Q

What are the divisions of the skeletal system ?

A

2
Axial
Appendicular

124
Q

Axial skeleton comprises _____bones distributed along the ____of the body .

A

80

Main axis

125
Q

Which parts constitute the axial skeleton -

A 
4
Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum 
Ribs
126
Q

The skull is composed of _sets of bones .

A

2

Cranial and facial

127
Q

Total bones in the skull -

A

22
Cranial (8) + facial(14)
(A single hyoid bone is also included in the skull )

128
Q

_____bones are 8 in number . They form the hard protective outer covering .

129
Q

Cranial bones form the ____for the brain

130
Q

The facial region is made up of __skeletal elements which form the __part of the skull .

131
Q

A ____ , _shaped bone called HYOID is present at the ____ and is also included in the skull .

A

Single
U-shaped
Base of the buccal cavity

132
Q

Each ___contains 3 tiny bones , collectively called ____.

A 
Middle ear 
Ear ossicles ( malleus , incus , stapes)
133
Q

The skull region articulates with the superior region of the vertebral column with the help of -

A

2 occipital condyles , also called - DICONDYLIC SKULL

134
Q

THE HUMAN SKULL IS ALSO CLLED -

A

DICONDYLIC SKULL

135
Q

Our vertebral column is formed of _serially arranged units called __.

A

26

Vertebrae

136
Q

Our vertebral column is ____placed .

137
Q

___extends from the base of the skull and constitutes the main framework of the trunk .

A

Vertebral column

138
Q

Each vertebra has a central hollow portion called ___ through which the ______passes .

A

Neural canal

Spinal cord

139
Q

First vertebra is the ___.

140
Q

___(part of vertebral column ) articulates with the occipital condyles .

141
Q

The vertebral column is differentiated into __Regions . Name -

A 
5
Cervical -7
Thoracic -12
Lumbar -5
Sacral -1 
Coccyx -1
142
Q

The number of cervical vertebrae is __in almost all _including human beings .

143
Q

Functions of vertebral column -

A

1) protects the spinal cord
2) supports the head
3) serves as a point of attachment for the ribs and musculature of the back

144
Q

Sternum is a __bone on the ___of ____.

A

Flat
Ventral midline
Thorax

145
Q

Lumbar vartebrae are __in no.

146
Q

Thoracic vertebrae are __in no.

147
Q

Each rib is a thin ,flat bone connected __to the vertebral column and __to the sternum .

A

dorsally

Ventrally

148
Q

Each rib has __articulation surfaces on its dorsally end .

149
Q

Which side of ribs have 2 articulation surfaces ?

A

Dorsal ( where to is attached to the vertebral column )

150
Q

Which pair of ribs are called TRUE ribs ?

151
Q

Dorsally the true ribs are attached to the _____and ventrally connected to the ______.

A

THORACIC vertebrae

Sternum

152
Q

The TRUE ribs are dorsally connected to the thoracic vertebrae and ventrally to the sternum with the help of _____.

A

Hyaline cartilage

153
Q

Which rib pairs constitute the FALSE ribs ?

A

8th , 9th , 10th

154
Q

What are false ribs ?

A

Do not articulate directly with sternum but join the 7th rib .

155
Q

The 8th ,9th and 10th rib pairs join the 7th rib with the help of_____.

A

Hyaline cartilage

156
Q

False ribs are also called -

A

Vertebrochondral ribs

157
Q

Which rib pairs are floating ribs ?

A

Last 2

11th and 12th

158
Q

Last 2 pairs of ribs are not connected ____and therefore are called floating ribs .

159
Q

___, ____ and ___ together form the RIB CAGE .

A

Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum

160
Q

How many ribs are there in humans ?

A 
12 pairs 
( becoz 12 thoracic vertebrae are there , and each rib is attached dorsally to each thoracic vertebra )
161
Q

What are the diff classifications of ribs ?

A

True -7pairs
False -8 ,9 ,10 (3)
Floating- 11 , 12 (2)
All are attached dorsally to the vertebral column

162
Q

What constitutes the APPENDICULAR SKELETON ?

A

Bones of the LIMBS along with their GIRDLES

163
Q

Each limb is made up fo __bones .

A

30

4 limbs = 120 bones

164
Q

The bones of hand are -

A 
Humerus 
Radius 
Ulna 
Carpals -8
Metacarpals -5
Phalanges -14
165
Q

Carpels are also called ___cones and are __in number

A

Wrist bones

8

166
Q

Metacarpals are also called __bones and are __in number .

A

Palm bones

5

167
Q

Phalanges are also called _and are _in number .

168
Q

Bones of the leg are -

A 
Femur 
Tibia 
Fibula 
Tarsals -7
Metatarsals -5
Phalanges -14
Patella-1
169
Q

Tarsals are also called _and are ___in no.

A

Ankle bones

7

170
Q

A _shaped bone called PATELLA covers the knee ____ .

A

Cup

Ventrally (forms the knee cap)

171
Q

__and ____bones help in the articulation of the upper and the lower limbs resp with the axial skeleton .

A

Pectoral girdle

Pelvic girdle

172
Q

Each __is formed of 2 halves .

173
Q

The components of pectoral girdle -

A

Clavicle

Scapula

174
Q

__is a large TRIANGULAR flat bone situated in the dorsal part of thorax btw the 2nd and 7th ribs .

175
Q

Location of scapula -

A

Situated in the DORSAL part of the thorax btw the 2nd and 7th RIBS

176
Q

The dorsal flat triangular body of scapula has a slightly ____ridge called the ___ which projects as a flat , expanded ____called the ____.

A

Elevated
Spine
Process
Acromion

177
Q

The clavicle articulates with _____.

A

Acromion

Clavicle and scapula are connected with the help of acromion

178
Q

Below the acromion is a __called ___.

A

Depression

Glenoid cavity

179
Q

The glenoid cavity articulates with the ___to form the ___.

A

Head of the HUMERUS

Shoulder joint

180
Q

____is commonly called COLLAR BONE .

181
Q

Each clavicle is a long slender bone with ____curvatures .

182
Q

Location of glenoid cavity -

A

It is a depression located BELOW ACROMION ( in the scapula )

183
Q

The acromion and glenoid cavity are located on the scapula .T/F

184
Q

Location of ACROMION -

A

On the dorsal flat side of the scapula , a slightly elevated ridge called the spine projects as a flat expanded process called - acromion

185
Q

Pelvic girdle consists of ______.

A

2 coxal bones

186
Q

Each coxal bone is formed by the _____.

A

Fusion of 3 bones 🍖

Ilium , ischium , pubis

187
Q

At the point of fusion of the the 3 bones ( of the coxal bone ) is a __called __.

A

Cavity

Acetabulum

188
Q

The THIGH bone articulates with the _____.

A

Acetabulum

189
Q

The 2 halves of the pelvic girdle meet _____to form the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS .

190
Q

Location of acetabulum -

A

In the pelvic girdle
At the point of fusion of the 3 bones -ilium , ischium and pubis .
(Articulates with the thigh bone )

191
Q

The largest bone of the coxal bone -

192
Q

The 2 halves of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the _____ containing _______.

A

Pubic symphysis

Fibrous cartilage

193
Q

Th kind of cartilage present in the pubic symphysis -

194
Q

Joints are essential for all types of movements .T/F

195
Q

Joints are the points of contact btw -

A

2 bones

Bones and cartilage

196
Q

Force generated by ____Are used to carry out movement through joints , where the joint acts as _____.

A

Muscles

Fulcrum

197
Q

Joints have been classified into _major structural forms . name -

A

3
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial

198
Q

____joints do not allow any movement .

199
Q

Example of fibrous joints -

A

Flat skull bones which fuse end to end in the form of SUTURES to form the CRANIUM .

200
Q

The flat skull bones are joined end-to-end with the help of __.

A

Dense fibrous connective tissues

201
Q

The joint btw the adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column are -

A

Cartilagenous joints

Allow limited movement of vertebrae

202
Q

_joints allow limited movemnt .

A

Cartilagenous

203
Q

Synovial joints are characterised by the presence of a ______ btw the articulating surfaces of 2 bones .

A

Fluid filled synovial cavity

204
Q

Synovial joints allow _movement .

A

Considerable

205
Q

Knee joint is an example of -

A

Synovial joint ( hinge joint )

206
Q

Which joints help in LOCOMOTION and many other movements ?

207
Q

Types of synovial joints -

A 
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot 
Gliding 
Saddle
208
Q

The pivot joint ( type of synovial ) is present btw _____and _____ .

A

Atlas

Axis

209
Q

Saddle joint is present in btw __.

A

Carpal and metacarpal of THUMB

210
Q

Gliding joint is present in___.

A

Btw Carpals

211
Q

Ball and socket joint are present in——

A

Btw HUMERUS and PECTORAL GIRDLE

212
Q

Carpal and metacarpal of thumb has which joint -

213
Q

_joint is present btw carpals .

214
Q

____is an AUTO-IMMUNE disorder affecting neuromuscular junction .

A

Myasthenia gravis

215
Q

Myasthenia gravis leads to __,___and ____of SKELETAL muscles .

A

Fatigue
Weakening
Paralysis

216
Q

Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle mostly due to GENETIC DISORDER is -

A

Muscular dystrophy

217
Q

Gout is the ___of JOINTS due to ____.

A

Inflammation

Accumulation of uric acid crystals

218
Q

Inflammation of joints =

219
Q

Rapid spasms in the muscles =

220
Q

Cause of tetany -

A

Wild contractions ( rapid spasms ) DUE TO LOW Ca2+ IN BODY FLUID

221
Q

Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder characterised by____and _____.

A

Dec bone mass

Inc chances of fractures

222
Q

Common cause of osteoporosis -

A

Dec level of estrogen

223
Q

Muscular dystrophy is due to -

A

Genetic disorder

degeneration of skeletal muscle

Biology 3 - Animal Physiology (8 decks)

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