Locomotion And Movement Flashcards
1
Q
___is one of the significant features of all living beings .
A
Movement
2
Q
___in the unicellular organisms like amoeba is a simple form of movement .
A
Streaming of protoplasm
3
Q
Movement of _,__and __are shown by many organisms .
A
Cilia
Flagella
Tentacles
4
Q
Human beings can move limbs , jaws eyelids , tongue , etc .T/F
A
T
5
Q
Voluntary movements which result in change of place are called -
A
Locomotion
6
Q
In PARAMOECIUM , _help in the movement of food through_____and in locomotion as well .
A
Cilia
Cytopharynx
7
Q
Hydra can use its _for _and __
A
Tentacles
Capturing its prey
Locomotion
8
Q
Locomotion and movement cannot be studied separately .T/F
A
T
9
Q
All ___are___but all __are not ___ .(locomotion /movements)
A
Locomotion
Movements
Movements
Locomotions
10
Q
Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with their __and _____.
A
Habitat
Demand of The situation
11
Q
Cells of the human body how many main types of movements ?
A
3
Ameboid
Ciliary
Muscular
12
Q
Some specialised cells in our body like ___and ____in blood exhibit AMOEOID movement .
A
Macrophages
Leucocytes ( in blood )
13
Q
Ameboid movement is effected by ___formed by the streaming of ____(as in amoeba ) .
A
Pseudopodia
Protoplasm
14
Q
____elements like MICROFILAMENTS are also involved in ___movement .
A
Cytoskeletal
Ameboid
15
Q
Ciliary movement occurs in most our ______which are lined by ____.
A
Internal tubular organs
Ciliated epithelium
16
Q
The coordinated movement of __in the ____help us in removing dust particles and some of the foreign substances inhaled along with the atm air .
A
Cilia
Trachea
17
Q
Passage of ___through the female reproductive tract is also facilitated by the ______.
A
Ova
Ciliary movement
18
Q
Movement of our limbs , jaws , tongue ,etc., require ____movement .
A
Muscular
19
Q
The __property of mules are effectively used for locomotion and other movements by humans .
A
Contractile property
20
Q
Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of __,___and ____systems .
A
Muscular
Skeletal
Neural
21
Q
Cilia and flagella are the outgrowths of _____.
A
Cell membrane
22
Q
___movement helps in swimming of spermatozoa .
A
Flagellar movemnt
23
Q
Flagellar movement helps in the locomotion of ___
A
Protozoans
Like -euglena
24
Q
Give examples of flagellar movement -
A
Swimming of spermatozoa
Maintenance of water current in the canal system of sponges
Locomotion of Protozoans ( euglena )
25
Muscle is a specialised tissue of _____origin
Mesodermal
26
About ___% of the BODY WEIGHT of a human is contributed by MUSCLES .
40-50%
27
MUSCLES have special properties like -
```
4
Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
```
28
Muscles have been classified using diff criteria : namely __ ,____ and ____.
Location
Appearance
Nature of regulation of their activities
29
Based on their LOCATION , _types of muscles are identified .
3
Skeletal
Visceral
Cardiac
30
Skeletal muscles have a ____appearance under the microscope and hence are called __.
Striped
| Striated
31
The activities of skeletal muscles are under __control of ____ .
Voluntary
Nervous system
( therefore , are called - voluntary muscles also )
32
Primary function of skeletal muscles -
Locomotory actions
| Changes of body postures
33
Where are visceral muscles located ?
Inner walls of hollow visceral organs of the body like -ALIMENTARY CANAL , REPRODUCTIVE TRACT , etc .
34
Visceral muscles are __in appearance .
Smooth
| Do not exhibit any striations
35
Visceral muscles are also known as -
Smooth ( non -striated ) muscles
| Involuntary muscles
36
Visceral muscles assist -
Transportation of food through thr digestive tract
| Transportation of gametes through genital tract
37
Many ___assemble in a __to form a cardiac muscle .
Cardiac muscle cells
| Branching pattern
38
Based on appearance , cardiac muscles are ______.
Striated
39
Cardiac muscles are __ in nature .
Involuntary ( nervous system does not control their activities DIRECTLY )
40
Each organised skeletal muscle in our body is made up of a number of ____.
Fascicles / muscle bundles
41
The muscle bundles /fascicles are held together by a _____layer called __.
Common collagen opus connective tissue layer
| Fascia
42
Each muscle bundle /fascicle contains a number of ____.
Muscle fibres .
43
Each muscle FIBRE is lined by the ______ called __.
Plasma membrane
| Sarcolemma
44
The sarcolemma encloses the _____.
Sarcoplasm
45
Muscle fibre is a ____ as the _____contains many nuclei .
Synctitium
| Sarcoplasm
46
The ____ of the muscle fibres is the STOREHOUSE of Ca 2+ ions .
Endoplasmic reticulum ,ie,. Sarcoplasm is reticulum
47
A characteristic feature of the muscle fibres is the presence of a LARGE NO . Of _________ in the _____.
Parallelly arranged filaments
| Sarcoplasm
48
The parallelly arranged filaments in the sarcoplasm are called
Myofilaments /myofibrils
49
Each ___ has alternate light and dark bands on it .
Myofibril ( myofilament )
50
A detailed study study of the myofibril has established tha the ____appearance is due to the distribution pattern of ____ .
Striated
| 2 imp proteins - actin and myosin
51
Actin and myosin are ____found in the myofibrils .
Proteins ( imp)
52
The light band contains _____ and is called ______band .
Actin
| I -band / isotropic band
53
The dark band contains ____ and is called ____ band .
Myosin
| A -band / anisotropic band
54
Both the proteins ,actin and myosin ar arranged as _____structures, parallel to each other and also to the ____.
Rod-like
| Longitudinal axis of the myofibril
55
__filaments are thinner as compared to ___.
Actin
| Myosin
56
Thin filament =
| Thick filament =
Actin
| Myosin
57
In the centre of each I-band is an elastic fibre called ______which bisects it .
Z-line
58
The ___ filaments are firmly attached to the Z -line .
Thin ( actin )
59
thick filaments are present in the __band .
A-band
60
The thick filaments in the A -band are also held together in the middle of _____band by a thin FIBROUS MEMBRANE called -
I -band
| M-line
61
The potion of the myofibril btw 2 successive ______is considered as the functional unit of contraction .
Z-lines
62
What is a sarcomere ?
Part of myofibril btw 2 successive Z-lines
63
Functional unit of contraction -
Srcomere
64
In a Resting state , the free ends of ____ on either side of ____partially overlap the free ends of the _____leaving the central part oft he _____.
Thin filaments
Thick filaments
Thick “
Thick “
65
The central part of thick filament not overlapped by thin filament is called -
H-zone
66
Each actin (thin ) FILAMENT is made of _______ HELICALLY wound to each other .
2 ‘F’ (filamentous) actins
67
Each ‘F’-actin is a polymer of -
Monomeric ‘G’ (globular ) actins
68
____runs close to ‘F’ actin throughout its length .
2 filaments of TROPOMYOSIN ( another protein )
69
___is distributed at regular intervals on the tropomyosiin .
Troponin-A complex protein
70
In thr resting state ,a __masks the active binding sites for myosin on the actin filaments .
Subunit of troponin
71
Active binding sites for __are located on ____.
Myosin
| Actin filaments
72
Components of an actin filament -
1) 2 ‘F’ actins (filamentous ) helically wound around each other
2) 2 filaments of tropomyosin
3) troponin (distributed uniformly on tropomyosin
73
Each myosin filament is also a ____protein .
Polymerised
74
Many _____proteins called ____constitute one thick filament .
Monomeric
| Meromyosins
75
Each MEROMYOSIN has ____imp parts .
2
1) globular head with a short arm
2) tail
76
___is called the HEAVY MEROMYOSIN (HMM)
1st part of MEROMYOSIN -globular head with a short arm .
77
_is called light MEROMYOSIN (LMM).
Tail
78
The ____component i,e,. ____projects outward at regular distance and angle from each other from the surface of a polymerised MYOSIN filament and is known as ____.
HMM
Head and short arm
Cross arm
79
The _______ is an active ATPase enzyme .
Globular head
80
What is a cross-arm?
TheHMM component that projects outward at regular intervals and angles rom each other from the surface of a polymerised myosin filament .
81
Th GLOBULAR head of myosin has sites for -
Binding sites for ATP
Active sites for actin
It is an active ATPase enzyme
82
Mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by the _____theory .
Sliding filament theory
83
The sliding filament theory states that -
Contraction of muscle fibres takes place by sliding of the ‘Thin filaments over the thick filaments ‘
84
the globular head has binding sites for -
ATP
| Active sites - actin
85
muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by the ___ via a _____
CNS
| Motor unit
86
the junction btw a ____and the ____is called the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION.
Motor neuron
| Sarcolemma of muscle fibre
87
Neuromuscular junction is also called ___.
Motor-end plate
88
A neural signal reaching the neuromuscular junction releases a _____
neurotransmitter-ACETYL CHOLINE
89
A neural signal reaching the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION releases a neurotransmitter which generates ___in the ____.
Action potentials
| Sarcolemma
90
___spreads through the muscle fibre and causes the release of Ca2+ ions into the ____.
```
Action potential (generated by Acetyl choline )
Sarcoplasm
```
91
Calcium ions are released into the ___ .
sarcoplasm
| but action potential is generated in the - sarcolemma
92
increase in Ca2+ levels in the sarcoplasm leads to -
Binding of Ca with a subunit of TROPONIN on actin filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for MYOSIN .
93
Ca binds with ___on___filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for _____.
A subunit of troponin
Actin filaments
Myosin
94
Utilising the energy from ____, the myosin head now binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a _____ .
ATP hydrolysis
| Cross bridge
95
What happens when the myosin head binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a cross bridge (utilising the energy from ATP hydrolysis ) ?
The attached actin filaments are pulled towards the centre of ‘A’ band
96
What is the next step in contraction after the pulling of actin filaments towards the centre of A band ?
The Z-line attached to these actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere i,e., contraction
97
During the shortening of the muscles , the
| ——gets reduced while the ___retain the length .
I-band
| A-band
98
The ____disappears during shortening of muscle fibres .
H-zone
99
How does the myosin go back to its relaxed state?
After releasing the ADP and P1 , the myosin goes back to its relaxed 😌 state .
100
How is the cross bridge broken ?
When a new ATP binds ( i,e., binding of ATP occurs )
101
The cycle of cross-bridge formation and breakage continues till -
Ca 2+ ions are pumped back to the SARCOPLASMIC cisternae resulting in the masking of actin filaments
102
When the Ca ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic cisternae , what happens ?
Masking of actin filaments occurs
| This causes - return of Z lines back to their original position . =relaxation
103
The __time of the fibres can vary in diff muscles .
Reaction
104
Repeated activation of muscles can lead to ____due to ____causing __.
Accumulation of lactic acid
Anaerobic breakdown of glycogen in them
Fatigue
105
Describe the whole process of muscle contraction -
1) CNS ->via motor neuron ->signal reaches neuromuscular junction ->release of Acetyl choline ->this generates action potential in the sarcolemma ->action potential causes release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm .
2) ca2+ inc leads to the binding of Ca with the subunit of troponin (Tpc) and remove the masking of active site on actin to form a cross-bridge .
3) by utilising energy from ATP myosin head binds to the exposed active site to form across bridge
4) this pulls the attached actin filaments towards actin filaments towards the centre of A band
5) shortening of sarcomere occurs
6) I-band gets reduced and A band retains its length
7) myosin releasing the ADP and P1 goes back to its relaxed state .
7) a new ATP binds and cross bridge is broken
8) the ATP is again hydrolysed by myosin head and the cycle continues till the Ca ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic cisternae resulting in the masking of actin filaments .
106
During relaxation , the __lines return back .
Z
107
Location of Z line -
Elastic fibre in the centre of I-band . It bisects the I-band . The actin filaments are firmly attached to it .
108
Muscles contain a red coloured oxygen storing pigment called -
Myoglobin
109
Myoglobin content is high in some muscles which gives a ___appearance .
Reddish
110
Muscles in which myoglobin content is high are called -
Red fibres
111
Red fibres contain plenty of __.
Mitochondria
112
What role does mitochondria play in red muscle fibres ?
Utilise the large amount of oxygen stored in them for ATP production
113
Red fibres utilise oxygen for ATP production , therefore they are also called -
Aerobic muscles
114
Some muscles possess very less quantity of myoglobin and therefore appear ____ . They are called -
Whitish or pale
| White fibres
115
Number of mitochondria in white fibres -
Very few
116
Amount of __is very high in white fibres .
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
117
White fibres depend on ____process for energy .
Anaerobic
118
Skeletal system consist of a framework f bones and _____.
Few cartilages
119
__and __are specialised connective tissues .
Bones
| Cartilage
120
Bones have a very ___ due to ______in it .
Hard matrix
| Calcium salts
121
cartilage has slightly __matrix due to ____.
Pliable
| Chondroitin
122
Skeletal system consists of __bones .
206
123
What are the divisions of the skeletal system ?
2
Axial
Appendicular
124
Axial skeleton comprises _____bones distributed along the ____of the body .
80
| Main axis
125
Which parts constitute the axial skeleton -
```
4
Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs
```
126
The skull is composed of _sets of bones .
2
| Cranial and facial
127
Total bones in the skull -
22
Cranial (8) + facial(14)
(A single hyoid bone is also included in the skull )
128
_____bones are 8 in number . They form the hard protective outer covering .
Cranial
129
Cranial bones form the ____for the brain
Cranium
130
The facial region is made up of __skeletal elements which form the __part of the skull .
14
| Front
131
A ____ , _shaped bone called HYOID is present at the ____ and is also included in the skull .
Single
U-shaped
Base of the buccal cavity
132
Each ___contains 3 tiny bones , collectively called ____.
```
Middle ear
Ear ossicles ( malleus , incus , stapes)
```
133
The skull region articulates with the superior region of the vertebral column with the help of -
2 occipital condyles , also called - DICONDYLIC SKULL
134
THE HUMAN SKULL IS ALSO CLLED -
DICONDYLIC SKULL
135
Our vertebral column is formed of _serially arranged units called __.
26
| Vertebrae
136
Our vertebral column is ____placed .
Dorsally
137
___extends from the base of the skull and constitutes the main framework of the trunk .
Vertebral column
138
Each vertebra has a central hollow portion called ___ through which the ______passes .
Neural canal
| Spinal cord
139
First vertebra is the ___.
Atlas
140
___(part of vertebral column ) articulates with the occipital condyles .
Atlas
141
The vertebral column is differentiated into __Regions . Name -
```
5
Cervical -7
Thoracic -12
Lumbar -5
Sacral -1
Coccyx -1
```
142
The number of cervical vertebrae is __in almost all _including human beings .
7
| Mammals
143
Functions of vertebral column -
1) protects the spinal cord
2) supports the head
3) serves as a point of attachment for the ribs and musculature of the back
144
Sternum is a __bone on the ___of ____.
Flat
Ventral midline
Thorax
145
Lumbar vartebrae are __in no.
5
146
Thoracic vertebrae are __in no.
12
147
Each rib is a thin ,flat bone connected __to the vertebral column and __to the sternum .
dorsally
| Ventrally
148
Each rib has __articulation surfaces on its dorsally end .
2
149
Which side of ribs have 2 articulation surfaces ?
Dorsal ( where to is attached to the vertebral column )
150
Which pair of ribs are called TRUE ribs ?
First 7
151
Dorsally the true ribs are attached to the _____and ventrally connected to the ______.
THORACIC vertebrae
| Sternum
152
The TRUE ribs are dorsally connected to the thoracic vertebrae and ventrally to the sternum with the help of _____.
Hyaline cartilage
153
Which rib pairs constitute the FALSE ribs ?
8th , 9th , 10th
154
What are false ribs ?
Do not articulate directly with sternum but join the 7th rib .
155
The 8th ,9th and 10th rib pairs join the 7th rib with the help of_____.
Hyaline cartilage
156
False ribs are also called -
Vertebrochondral ribs
157
Which rib pairs are floating ribs ?
Last 2
| 11th and 12th
158
Last 2 pairs of ribs are not connected ____and therefore are called floating ribs .
Ventrally
159
___, ____ and ___ together form the RIB CAGE .
Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
160
How many ribs are there in humans ?
```
12 pairs
( becoz 12 thoracic vertebrae are there , and each rib is attached dorsally to each thoracic vertebra )
```
161
What are the diff classifications of ribs ?
True -7pairs
False -8 ,9 ,10 (3)
Floating- 11 , 12 (2)
All are attached dorsally to the vertebral column
162
What constitutes the APPENDICULAR SKELETON ?
Bones of the LIMBS along with their GIRDLES
163
Each limb is made up fo __bones .
30
| 4 limbs = 120 bones
164
The bones of hand are -
```
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals -8
Metacarpals -5
Phalanges -14
```
165
Carpels are also called ___cones and are __in number
Wrist bones
| 8
166
Metacarpals are also called __bones and are __in number .
Palm bones
| 5
167
Phalanges are also called _and are _in number .
Digits
| 14
168
Bones of the leg are -
```
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals -7
Metatarsals -5
Phalanges -14
Patella-1
```
169
Tarsals are also called _and are ___in no.
Ankle bones
| 7
170
A _shaped bone called PATELLA covers the knee ____ .
Cup
| Ventrally (forms the knee cap)
171
__and ____bones help in the articulation of the upper and the lower limbs resp with the axial skeleton .
Pectoral girdle
| Pelvic girdle
172
Each __is formed of 2 halves .
Girdle
173
The components of pectoral girdle -
Clavicle
| Scapula
174
__is a large TRIANGULAR flat bone situated in the dorsal part of thorax btw the 2nd and 7th ribs .
Scapula
175
Location of scapula -
Situated in the DORSAL part of the thorax btw the 2nd and 7th RIBS
176
The dorsal flat triangular body of scapula has a slightly ____ridge called the ___ which projects as a flat , expanded ____called the ____.
Elevated
Spine
Process
Acromion
177
The clavicle articulates with _____.
Acromion
| Clavicle and scapula are connected with the help of acromion
178
Below the acromion is a __called ___.
Depression
| Glenoid cavity
179
The glenoid cavity articulates with the ___to form the ___.
Head of the HUMERUS
| Shoulder joint
180
____is commonly called COLLAR BONE .
Clavicle
181
Each clavicle is a long slender bone with ____curvatures .
2
182
Location of glenoid cavity -
It is a depression located BELOW ACROMION ( in the scapula )
183
The acromion and glenoid cavity are located on the scapula .T/F
T
184
Location of ACROMION -
On the dorsal flat side of the scapula , a slightly elevated ridge called the spine projects as a flat expanded process called - acromion
185
Pelvic girdle consists of ______.
2 coxal bones
186
Each coxal bone is formed by the _____.
Fusion of 3 bones 🍖
| Ilium , ischium , pubis
187
At the point of fusion of the the 3 bones ( of the coxal bone ) is a __called __.
Cavity
| Acetabulum
188
The THIGH bone articulates with the _____.
Acetabulum
189
The 2 halves of the pelvic girdle meet _____to form the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS .
Ventrally
190
Location of acetabulum -
In the pelvic girdle
At the point of fusion of the 3 bones -ilium , ischium and pubis .
(Articulates with the thigh bone )
191
The largest bone of the coxal bone -
Ilium
192
The 2 halves of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the _____ containing _______.
Pubic symphysis
| Fibrous cartilage
193
Th kind of cartilage present in the pubic symphysis -
Fibrous
194
Joints are essential for all types of movements .T/F
T
195
Joints are the points of contact btw -
2 bones
| Bones and cartilage
196
Force generated by ____Are used to carry out movement through joints , where the joint acts as _____.
Muscles
| Fulcrum
197
Joints have been classified into _major structural forms . name -
3
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
198
____joints do not allow any movement .
Fibrous
199
Example of fibrous joints -
Flat skull bones which fuse end to end in the form of SUTURES to form the CRANIUM .
200
The flat skull bones are joined end-to-end with the help of __.
Dense fibrous connective tissues
201
The joint btw the adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column are -
Cartilagenous joints
| Allow limited movement of vertebrae
202
_joints allow limited movemnt .
Cartilagenous
203
Synovial joints are characterised by the presence of a ______ btw the articulating surfaces of 2 bones .
Fluid filled synovial cavity
204
Synovial joints allow _movement .
Considerable
205
Knee joint is an example of -
Synovial joint ( hinge joint )
206
Which joints help in LOCOMOTION and many other movements ?
Synovial
207
Types of synovial joints -
```
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Gliding
Saddle
```
208
The pivot joint ( type of synovial ) is present btw _____and _____ .
Atlas
| Axis
209
Saddle joint is present in btw __.
Carpal and metacarpal of THUMB
210
Gliding joint is present in___.
Btw Carpals
211
Ball and socket joint are present in——
Btw HUMERUS and PECTORAL GIRDLE
212
Carpal and metacarpal of thumb has which joint -
Saddle
213
_joint is present btw carpals .
Gliding
214
____is an AUTO-IMMUNE disorder affecting neuromuscular junction .
Myasthenia gravis
215
Myasthenia gravis leads to __,___and ____of SKELETAL muscles .
Fatigue
Weakening
Paralysis
216
Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle mostly due to GENETIC DISORDER is -
Muscular dystrophy
217
Gout is the ___of JOINTS due to ____.
Inflammation
| Accumulation of uric acid crystals
218
Inflammation of joints =
Arthritis
219
Rapid spasms in the muscles =
Tetany
220
Cause of tetany -
Wild contractions ( rapid spasms ) DUE TO LOW Ca2+ IN BODY FLUID
221
Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder characterised by____and _____.
Dec bone mass
| Inc chances of fractures
222
Common cause of osteoporosis -
Dec level of estrogen
223
Muscular dystrophy is due to -
Genetic disorder
| degeneration of skeletal muscle
