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Biology 3 - Animal Physiology > Breathing And Respiration Of Gases > Flashcards

Breathing And Respiration Of Gases Flashcards

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1
Q

Mechanisms of breathing vary among diff groups of animals depending mainly on their ____and _____.

A

Habitats

Levels of organisation

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2
Q

Which organisms exchange o2 with co2 by simple diffusion over their entire body surface ?

A

Lower invertebrates like-

Sponges ,coelenterates , flatworms , etc .

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3
Q

Earthworms use their ______ for respiration .

A

Moist cuticle

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4
Q

Insects 🦟 have a _____ to transport atmospheric air within the body .

A

Network of tubes (tracheal tubes )

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5
Q

Special vascularised structures called gills are used by most of ___ and _____. (among invertebrates )

A

Aquatic arthropods

Molluscs 🦪🦑

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6
Q

In aquatic arthropods and molluscs 🦪 use ______ respiration .

A 
Branchial respiration 
(Gills-special vascularised structures are involved )
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7
Q

How do terrestrial form of invertebrates respire ?

A

They use vascularised bags 💼- lungs - pulmonary respiration

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8
Q

Among vertebrates , __,___,___and____respire through lungs .

A

Amphibians
Reptiles 🦎
Birds 🦅
Mammals

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9
Q

Ways through which amphibians like frogs 🐸 can respire -

A

Lungs

Moist skin -cutaneous respiration

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10
Q

Terrestrial form of invertebrates respire through _____respiration .

A

Pulmonary

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11
Q

The external nostrils lead to the ____ through the nasal passage .

A

Nasal chamber

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12
Q

The nasal chamber opens into the _____.

A

Pharynx

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13
Q

The pharynx opens through the _______region into the ______.

A

Larynx

Trachea

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14
Q

Larynx is a __box which is also called _____.

A

Cartilagenous

Sound box -becoz it helps in sound production

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15
Q

During swallowing ,____can be covered by a thin elastic cartilaginous flap called epiglottis to prevent the entry of food into the ___.

A

Glottis

Larynx

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16
Q

Trachea is a straight tube extending upto the ______.

A

Mid-thoracic cavity

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17
Q

Trachea divides at the level of _______into a right and left ____

A

5th thoracic vertebrae

Primary bronchi

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18
Q

Each bronchi undergoes repeated divisions to form the _____and _____ bronchi and _____ ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles .

A

Secondary
Tertiary
Bronchioles

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19
Q

The ____ , _____,____ and ______, and ______ are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings .

A 
Trachea 
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi 
Initial bronchioles
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20
Q

Each _____ gives rise to a number of very thin , bag like structures called alveoli .

A

Terminal bronchiole

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21
Q

Alveoli are very thin ,_____walled and ____bag like structures .

A

Irregular walled

Vascularised

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22
Q

What all comprises the lungs ?

A

Branching network of bronchi
Network of Bronchioles
Alveoli

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23
Q

We have 2 lungs which are covered by a _____ layered ___ with ____between them .

A

Double
Pleura
Pleural FLIUD

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24
Q

______reduces friction on the lung-surface .

A

Pleural FLIUD

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25
Q

The outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the ____ .

A

Thoracic lining

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26
Q

Inner pleural membrane is in close contact with the ______.

A

Lung surface

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27
Q

The part starting with the _____upto the _____ constitute the conducting part .

A

External nostrils

Terminal bronchioles

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28
Q

Which structures comprise the ‘exchange part ‘of the respiratory system ?

A

Alveoli and their ducts

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29
Q

Which structures comprise the ‘respiratory part ‘of the respiratory system ?

A

Alveoli and their ducts

Respiratory part = exchange part

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30
Q

What are the functions of the conducting part of the respiratory system ?

A

Transports the atm air to the alveoli
Clears the atm air from foreign particles
Humidifies the atm air
Brings the atm air to the body temp

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31
Q

_____is the causal site of actual diffusion of o2 and co2 btw blood and atm .

A

Exchange part (or respiratory part )

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32
Q

The lungs are situated in the ___chamber .

A

Thoracic

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33
Q

The _______is an air -tight chamber .

A

Thoracic chamber (not lungs )

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34
Q

Trachea divides at the level of 5th _____vertebra .

A

Thoracic

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35
Q

The Thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by the _____, ventrally by the _____ , laterally by the _____and on the lower side by the ______.

A

Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs
Dome-shaped diaphragm

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36
Q

The _____setup of _____ in the thorax is such that any change in the volume of the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the ______cavity .

A

Anatomical
Lungs
Pulmonary (lung)

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37
Q

Any change in the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the lung (pulmonary )cavity . This arrangement is essential for breathing . Why ?

A

As we cannot directly alter the pulmonary volume

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38
Q

Expiration is the process by which the _______air is released out .

A

Alveolar

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39
Q

The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a ______ btw the ____and____.

A

Pressure gradient
Lungs
Atm

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40
Q

Pressure within the lungs is called-

A

Intra pulmonary pressure

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41
Q

_____can occur if the pressure within the lungs is less than te atm pressure .

A

Inspiration

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42
Q

Inspiration occurs when there is a ____pressure in lungs with respect to the atm .

A

Negative

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43
Q

_____takes place when intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than the atm pressure .

A

Expiration

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44
Q

Which structures help in generating the req pressure gradient ?

A

Diaphragm

A specialise set of muscles -external and internal inter coasts muscles 💪

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45
Q

The internal and external inter-coastal muscles are present btw the ____.

A

Btw the ribs

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46
Q

Inspiration is initiated by ______.

A

Contraction of diaphragm

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47
Q

Contraction of diaphragm increases the vol of _____ in the ______ axis .

A

Thoracic chamber

Antero-posterior axis

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48
Q

The contraction of ______lifts up the ribs and sternum .

A

External inter-coastal muscles 💪

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49
Q

Contraction of external inter- coastal muscles 💪 causes an inc in the volume of thorax in the ______ axis

A

Dorso-ventral axis

Becoz the ribs and sternum lift up

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50
Q

Overall inc in the ___volume causes a similar inc in the ______.

A

Thoracic

Pulmonary volume

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51
Q

Which inter-coastal muscles are involved in inspiration ? How ?

A

External inter-coastal muscles 💪

They contract which in turn lifts up the ribs and sternum

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52
Q

An inc in pulmonary vol , _____inc/dec the intra-pulmonary pressure to _____ than the atm pressure .

A

Dec

Less

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53
Q

An inc in ______and dec in ___causes inspiration .

A

pulmonary vol

Intra-pulmonary press

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54
Q

After inspiration has occurred , relaxation of __and ___ occurs .

A

Diaphragm

Inter-coastal muscles (external)

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55
Q

Relaxation of diaphragm and inter-coastal muscles causes _____.

A

Returns the sternum and diaphragm to their normal position

Reduces the thoracic vol and therefore the luminary vol

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56
Q

_______ leads to an inc in intra-pulmonary press to slightly above the atm press .causing expiration .

A

Relaxation of diaphragm and inter-coastal muscles —-> which returns diaphragm and sternum to their normal position , causing a dec in thoracic vol .

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57
Q

We have the ability to inc the strength of inspiration and expiration . T/f

A

T

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58
Q

We have the ability to inc the strength of inspiration and expiration with the help of ___muscles in the ____.

A

Additional muscles

Abdomen

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59
Q

On an average , a healthy human breathes ______ times /minute .

A

12-16 times /minute

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60
Q

The vol of air involved in breathing movements by using a _____.

A

Spirometer

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61
Q

Spirometer helps in ____assessment of _.

A

Clinical

Pulmonary functions

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62
Q

Briefly describe the events during inspiration -

A

1) diaphragm contracts —> vol of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis inc .
2) external inter-coastal muscles contract ——->lifting up the ribs and sternum ——>inc in vol of thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis
3) pulmonary vol inc —->press dec

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63
Q

Vol of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration .

A

Tidal vol

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64
Q

Tidal vol is approx-

A

500ml

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65
Q

A healthy human can inspire or expire approx ______ml of air per minute .

A

6000- 8000ml /min

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66
Q

Additional vol of air , a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration -

A

Inspiration reserve vol

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67
Q

IRV averages __to ___ml .

A

2500 - 3000 ml

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68
Q

Additional vol of air , a person can expire by a forcible expiration -

A

ERV

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69
Q

ERV averages _to __ml .

A

1000-1100ml

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70
Q

Vol of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible EXPIRATION-

A

1100-1200ml

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71
Q

By adding up a few ____ ,one can derive various PULMONARY CAPACITIES which can be used in _____.

A

Respiratory vol

Clinical diagnosis

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72
Q

Clinical diagnosis can be done using respiratory vol / pulmonary capacity ?

A

Pulmonary capacities

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73
Q

_____vol cannot be measured using a spirometer .

A

Residual

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74
Q

Total vol of air , a person can INSPIRE after a normal expiration -

A

Inspiration capacity

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75
Q

IC includes _and ____

A

TV +IRV

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76
Q

Value of IC .

A

Tv+IRV = 500 +2500=“3000 -3500ml “

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77
Q

Total vol of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration is called -

A

Expiratory capacity

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78
Q

EC includes -

A

TV +ERV

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79
Q

EC has a vol of -

A

1500-1600 ml ( tV+ERV)

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80
Q

Vol of air that will remain int he lungs after a normal expiration -

A

Functional residual capacity

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81
Q

FRC includes -

A

ERV + RV

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82
Q

The max vol of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration -

A

Vital capacity

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83
Q

The max vol of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration -

A

VC

84
Q

VC includes -

A

ERV + TV +IRV

85
Q

Total vol of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced INSPIRATION .

A

Total lung capacity

86
Q

TLC includes -

A

RV + ERV + TV + IRV = RV+ VC

87
Q

Value of VC -

A

4100 - 4700ml (ERV +IRV +TV )

88
Q

FRC can be measured using a spirometer .T/F

A

F

89
Q

VC can be measured using a spirometer .T/F

A

T

90
Q

How many pulmonary capacities cannot be measured using a spirometer ?

A

2
FRC
TLC

91
Q

How many total respiratory vol are there ?

A 
4
TV
IRV
ERV
RV
92
Q

HOW MANY TOTAL PULMONARY CAPACITIES are there ?

A 
5
IC
EC
FRC
VC
TLC
93
Q

_____are the primary sites of exchange of gases .

A

Alveoli

94
Q

Exchange of gases also occurs btw __and ___.

A

Blood

Tissues

95
Q

O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the tissues and blood by ____ mainly based on ______.

A

Simple diffusion

Press/conc gradient

96
Q

Give some factors that can affect the rate of diffusion of O2 and CO2 -

A

Solubility of gases

Thickness of the membranes involved in diffusion

97
Q

Pressure contributed by ____ in a mixture of gases is called partial press .

A

An Individual gas

98
Q

There is a conc gradient of O2 from __to ___and ___to ____.

A

Alveoli
Blood 🩸
Blood 🩸
Tissues

99
Q

A conc gradient for CO2 is present from ____to ___ and _to __.

A

Tissues
Blood 🩸
Blood 🩸
Alveoli

100
Q

pO2 in the atm air -

A

159

101
Q

pCO2 in the atm air -

A

0.3

102
Q

pO2 IN ALVEOLI -

A

104

103
Q

PpCO2 in alveoli -

A

40

104
Q

PpO2 in deoxygenated blood -

A

40

105
Q

PpCO2 in deoxygenated blood -

A

45

106
Q

PpO2 in oxygenated blood -

PCO2 in oxygenated blood -

A

95

40

107
Q

PpO2 in tissues -

A

40 (same as deoxygenated blood)

108
Q

PpCO2 in tissues -

A

45 (same as deoxygenated blood)

109
Q

Solubility of CO2 is ____times __of O2 .

A

20-25 times

Higher than that of o2

110
Q

The amount of CO2 that can diffuse through the ____ per unit ____in _____ is much higher compared to that of O2 .

A

Diffusion membrane
Difference
Partial pressure

111
Q

The diffusion membrane is made up of how many layers ? Name -

A

3 major layers
Thin squamous epithelium(of alveoli)
Basement substance
Endothelium (of alveolar capillaries )

112
Q

The BASEMENT SUBSTANCE is composed of a thin _____supporting the ______ , and the ______ surrounding the ______ .

A

Basement membrane
Squamous epithelium
Basement membrane
Single layer endothelial cells of capillaries

113
Q

The total thickness of basement substance is ______.

A

Much less than a millimetre

114
Q

Among the 3 layers of diffusion membrane , ______of ALVEOLAR WALL is _____celled- thick .

A

Squamous epithelium

Single -celled

115
Q

Among the 3 major layers of diffusion membrane, ______ is a part of BLOOD CAPILLARIES /ALVEOLAR CAPILLARIES .

A

Endothelium

116
Q

What are the parts of basement substance -

A

2
Basement membrane supporting the squamous epithelium
Basement membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of capillaries

117
Q

All factors in our body are favourable for the diffusion of O2 from _to ___and that of CO2 from ___to ___ .

A

Alveoli
Tissues
Tissues
Alveoli

118
Q

_____is the medium for the transport of O2 and CO2 .

A

Blood 🩸

119
Q

About ___% O2 is transported by RBCs in the blood .

A

97%

120
Q

The remaining ____% O2 is carried in dissolved state through the plasma .

A

3%

121
Q

Nearly ____% CO2 is transported by RBCs .

A

20-25%

122
Q

__% CO2 is carried as bicarbonate .

A

70%

123
Q

About ____% of CO2 is carried in a dissolved state through plasma .

A

7%

124
Q

About 3% of ___ and 7% of ___is carried in a ___state through ___.

A

O2
CO2
Dissolved
Plasma

125
Q

97% ____and 20-25 % ____are transported by ____ .

A

O2
CO2
RBCs in blood 🩸

126
Q

O2 can bind with Hb in a ____manner to form oxyhemoglobin .

A

Reversible

127
Q

Each haemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of ___of O2 .

A

4 molecules

128
Q

Binding of O2 with Hb is primarily related to _____ .

A

Partial pressure of O2

129
Q

What are the other factors (apart from ppO ) hat can interfere with the binding of O2 with Hb ?

A

1) PpCO2
2) H+ ion conc
3) temp

130
Q

A _____curve is obtained when ____is plotted against the pO2 .

A

Sigmoid

% saturation of Hb with O2

131
Q

A sigmoid curve obtained when % saturation of Hb with O2 is plotted against pO2 is called -

A

O2 dissociation curve

132
Q

In what ways is O2 dissociation curve helpful ?

A

Highly useful in studying the effects of factors like pCO2 ,H+conc ,etc., on binding of O2 with Hb

133
Q

In the alveoli , there is ___pO2 ,____CO2 ,____H+ conc and _____temp .

A

High
Low
Lesser
Lower

134
Q

In the __ ,the factors are favourable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin .

A

Alveoli ( binding of O2 with Hb occurs )

135
Q

In the _____, the factors are all favourable for dissociation of O2 from the oxyhemoglobin .

A

Tissues

136
Q

In the tissues , there is ___pO2 , ____ pCO2 , ___H+ conc and _____temp .

A

Low
High
High
Higher

137
Q

O2 gets bound to Hb in the ____ and gets dissociated at the _____.

A

Lung surface

Tissues

138
Q

Every ____ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around ___ ml of O2 to the TISSUES under normal physiological conditions .

A

100ml

5ml

139
Q

___ % of CO2 is carried by haemoglobin as CARBAMINO-HAEMOGLOBIN .

A

20-25%

140
Q

Formation of carbamino-haemoglobin is related to the ______.

A

PpCO2

141
Q

_____is a major factor which could affect the binding of CO2 with Hb .

A

PpO2

142
Q

When _____is high and ____is low as in TISSUES ,more binding of _____occurs .

A

PpCO2
PpO2
CO2

143
Q

When ____is low and __is high as in ALVEOLI , _____occurs .

A

PCO2
PpO2
Dissociation of co2 from carb amino-haemoglobin takes place

144
Q

What happens when dissociation of co2 from carb amino-haemoglobin takes place ?

A

CO2 which is bound to the Hb from the tissues is delivered at the alveoli .

145
Q

RBCs contain a very high conc of the enzyme , _____.

A

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE

146
Q

Where is the enzyme -carbonic anhydrase found ?

A

RBCs - in large quantities

Plasma -minute quantity

147
Q

Carbonic anhydrase facilitates which rxn ? And in which direction ?

A

CO2 + H2O =H2CO3 =HCO3- +H+

both directions

148
Q

At the _____site where pCO2 is high due to ____ , CO2 diffuses into the blood and forms _____and ____.

A

Tissue
Catabolism
HCO3-
H+

149
Q

At the __site , where pCO2 is low , the rxn proceeds in the opposite direction leading to the formation of ___and ____.

A

Alveoli
CO2
H2O

150
Q

Every 100ml of DEOXYGENATED blood delivers approx ____CO2 to the ____.

A

4ml

Alveoli

151
Q

CO2 is trapped as ___at the TISSUE LEVEL and transported to the alveoli is released out as ____.

A

Bicarbonate

CO2

152
Q

Human beings have a significant ability to maintain and moderate the ____to suit the demands of the body tissues .

A

Respiratory rhythm

153
Q

Where is HCO3 - formed?

A

At thr tissue site where the pCO2 is high due to catabolism , CO2 diffuses into the blood ( RBCs and Plasma -containing carbonic anhydrase ) and forms HCO3- + H+

154
Q

Which is bicarbonate ion ?

A

HCO3-

NOT H2CO3

155
Q

How is CO2 transported to the alveoli ?

A

At the alveoli , where pCO2 is low ( co2 is needed here ) , HCO3- carried from tissues to alveoli and converted to CO2

156
Q

The respiratory rhythm in humans is maintained and moderated by the ____ .

A

Neural system

157
Q

Where is the RESPIRATORY RYTHM CENTRE located ?

A

Medulla region

158
Q

A specialised centre present in the ___ called ___is primarily responsible for regulation of respiratory rhythm

A

Medulla region of brain

Respiratory rhythm centre

159
Q

Which centre (related to respiration )is located in the PONS region ?

A

Pneumotaxic centre

160
Q

Function of pneumotaxic centre of pons -

A

Moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre

161
Q

Neural signals from the _____centre of pons can __ the duration of ____ and thereby alter the respiratory rate .

A

Pneumotaxic
Reduce
Inspiration

162
Q

Pneumatoxic centre can alter the _______.

A

Respiratory rate

163
Q

A __ area is situated ADJACENT to the RHYTHM CENTRE which is highly sensitive to CO2 and H ions .

A

Chemosentitive area

164
Q

The chemosensitive area is highly sensitive to ___and ___.

A

CO2

H ions

165
Q

Where is the chemosensitive area situated ?

A

Adjacent to the respiratory rhythm centre

166
Q

_____in CO2 and hydrogen ions can activate te chemosensitive area , which inturn can signal the _____to make necessary adjustments in the respiratory process by which these substances can be _____.

A

Inc
Rhythm centre
Eliminated

167
Q

Receptors associated with ____and ____ also can recognise changes in CO2 and H+ conc .

A

Aortic arch

Carotid artery

168
Q

Receptors in the aortic arch and carotid artery can also recognise changes in CO2 and H ions and send necessary signals to the _____ for remedial action .

A

Rhythm centre

169
Q

Why does the chemosensitive area , receptors in carotid artery and aortic arch send signals to the rhythm centre when CO2 and H ion conc inc ?

A

For the rhythm centre to take necessary action for the removal of these substances

170
Q

The role of _____in controlling the RESPIRATORY RHYTHM is quite INSIGNIFICANT .

A

O2

171
Q

_____is a difficulty in breathing causing WHEEZING .

A

Asthma

172
Q

Asthma is caused due to _____.

A

Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles

173
Q

What happens due to inflammation in bronchi and bronchioles

A

Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing -Asthma

174
Q

______is a chronic disorder in which the alveolar walls are damaged .

A

Emphysema

175
Q

Major cause of emphysema -

A

Cigarette smoking

176
Q

Emphysema is a disorder in which the __are damaged due to which _____ is DECREASED .

A

Alveolar walls

Respiratory surface

177
Q

In certain industries , especially those involving ____or _____ so much dust is produced that the ____cannot fully cope with the situation .

A

Grinding
Stone-breaking
Defense mechanism of the body

178
Q

Long exposure to dust (industries) can give rise to _____ leading to _____.

A

Inflammation

FIBROSIS

179
Q

Fibrosis is __________and causes ____.

A

Proliferation of fibrous tissues

Serious lung damage

180
Q

Workers in dust industries should wear ____.

A

Protective masks 🎭

181
Q

When does the oxygen -dissociation curve shift to the RIGHT -

A 
When 
PCO2 -high 
PO2 -low
H+ conc -high (acidic )
Temp -high
182
Q

Where does the right shift of O2 -dissociation curve occur ?

A

Tissue site -

183
Q

When does the 02 dissociation curve shift to the LEFT ?

A

PCO2 -low
PO2 -high
H+conc -low (basic)
Temp -low

184
Q

Where does the O2 dissociation curve show left shift ?

A

Alveoli

185
Q

Right shift of O2 dissociation curve leads to the ______.

A

Dissociation of O2 from oxyHb

186
Q

Left shift of O2dissocation curve causes _____.

A

Formation of oxyHb

Binding of O2. (Due to high O2)

187
Q

Haldane effect is seen when the curve shifts towards __.

A

Left (. In alveoli )

188
Q

Chloride shift is seen when the curve shifts towards ____.

A

Right

189
Q

Chloride shift is also called -

A

Hamburger phenomena ( occurs during right shift in tissues )

190
Q

Bohr effect occurs during ___shift .

A

Right shift ( similar to chloride shift and hamburger phenomenon)

191
Q

What is chloride shift ?

A

HCO3- diffuses out into plasma and Cl- enter into the RBCs at the TISSUE LEVEL ( in right shift )

192
Q

What is haldane effect ?

A

Effect of oxyhemoglobin formation or dissociation on CO2 transport .

193
Q

Haldane’s effect is related to transport of _____.

A

CO2

194
Q

Bohr’s effect is similar to _____ effect .

A

Haldane

195
Q

VC is the max vol of air a person can breathe ___after a forced _____

A

In

Expiration

196
Q

TLC is the total vol of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of _____

A

Forced inspiration

197
Q

ERC is the total vol of air a person can ___After a forced _____.

A

Expire

Inspiration

198
Q

RC is the vol of air remaining in the lungs after _____

A

Forcible expiration

199
Q

IRV is the ___ vol of air a person can ______after a forcible ____.

A

Additional
Inspire
inspiration

200
Q

Respiration involves how many steps -

A

5
Breathing or pulmonary ventilation by which atm air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out .
Diffusion of gases across alveolar membrane
Transport of gases by blood 🩸
Diffusion of O2 and CO2 btw blood and tissues
Utilisation of O2 by cells for catabolic rxn and release of CO2

201
Q

epiglottis is a______cartilagenous flap .

A

Elastic cartilage.

Not fibrous or hyaline cartilage

202
Q

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a

1) forcible expiration =
2) normal expiration =

A

1) RV

2) FRC

203
Q

VC is related to -

A

Forced expiration or forced inspiration

204
Q

PO2 and pCO2 in SYSTEMIC VEINS :

A

Systemic carry deoxygenated blood 🩸
Therefore pO2 =40
PCO2 =45

205
Q

PO2 and pCO2 in SYSTEMIC ARTERT

A

Systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood 🩸
PO2 =95
PCO2 =40

Biology 3 - Animal Physiology (8 decks)

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