Breathing And Respiration Of Gases Flashcards
Mechanisms of breathing vary among diff groups of animals depending mainly on their ____and _____.
Habitats
Levels of organisation
Which organisms exchange o2 with co2 by simple diffusion over their entire body surface ?
Lower invertebrates like-
Sponges ,coelenterates , flatworms , etc .
Earthworms use their ______ for respiration .
Moist cuticle
Insects 🦟 have a _____ to transport atmospheric air within the body .
Network of tubes (tracheal tubes )
Special vascularised structures called gills are used by most of ___ and _____. (among invertebrates )
Aquatic arthropods
Molluscs 🦪🦑
In aquatic arthropods and molluscs 🦪 use ______ respiration .
Branchial respiration (Gills-special vascularised structures are involved )
How do terrestrial form of invertebrates respire ?
They use vascularised bags 💼- lungs - pulmonary respiration
Among vertebrates , __,___,___and____respire through lungs .
Amphibians
Reptiles 🦎
Birds 🦅
Mammals
Ways through which amphibians like frogs 🐸 can respire -
Lungs
Moist skin -cutaneous respiration
Terrestrial form of invertebrates respire through _____respiration .
Pulmonary
The external nostrils lead to the ____ through the nasal passage .
Nasal chamber
The nasal chamber opens into the _____.
Pharynx
The pharynx opens through the _______region into the ______.
Larynx
Trachea
Larynx is a __box which is also called _____.
Cartilagenous
Sound box -becoz it helps in sound production
During swallowing ,____can be covered by a thin elastic cartilaginous flap called epiglottis to prevent the entry of food into the ___.
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea is a straight tube extending upto the ______.
Mid-thoracic cavity
Trachea divides at the level of _______into a right and left ____
5th thoracic vertebrae
Primary bronchi
Each bronchi undergoes repeated divisions to form the _____and _____ bronchi and _____ ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles .
Secondary
Tertiary
Bronchioles
The ____ , _____,____ and ______, and ______ are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings .
Trachea Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Initial bronchioles
Each _____ gives rise to a number of very thin , bag like structures called alveoli .
Terminal bronchiole
Alveoli are very thin ,_____walled and ____bag like structures .
Irregular walled
Vascularised
What all comprises the lungs ?
Branching network of bronchi
Network of Bronchioles
Alveoli
We have 2 lungs which are covered by a _____ layered ___ with ____between them .
Double
Pleura
Pleural FLIUD
______reduces friction on the lung-surface .
Pleural FLIUD
The outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the ____ .
Thoracic lining
Inner pleural membrane is in close contact with the ______.
Lung surface
The part starting with the _____upto the _____ constitute the conducting part .
External nostrils
Terminal bronchioles
Which structures comprise the ‘exchange part ‘of the respiratory system ?
Alveoli and their ducts
Which structures comprise the ‘respiratory part ‘of the respiratory system ?
Alveoli and their ducts
Respiratory part = exchange part
What are the functions of the conducting part of the respiratory system ?
Transports the atm air to the alveoli
Clears the atm air from foreign particles
Humidifies the atm air
Brings the atm air to the body temp
_____is the causal site of actual diffusion of o2 and co2 btw blood and atm .
Exchange part (or respiratory part )
The lungs are situated in the ___chamber .
Thoracic
The _______is an air -tight chamber .
Thoracic chamber (not lungs )
Trachea divides at the level of 5th _____vertebra .
Thoracic
The Thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by the _____, ventrally by the _____ , laterally by the _____and on the lower side by the ______.
Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs
Dome-shaped diaphragm
The _____setup of _____ in the thorax is such that any change in the volume of the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the ______cavity .
Anatomical
Lungs
Pulmonary (lung)
Any change in the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the lung (pulmonary )cavity . This arrangement is essential for breathing . Why ?
As we cannot directly alter the pulmonary volume
Expiration is the process by which the _______air is released out .
Alveolar
The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a ______ btw the ____and____.
Pressure gradient
Lungs
Atm
Pressure within the lungs is called-
Intra pulmonary pressure
_____can occur if the pressure within the lungs is less than te atm pressure .
Inspiration
Inspiration occurs when there is a ____pressure in lungs with respect to the atm .
Negative
_____takes place when intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than the atm pressure .
Expiration
Which structures help in generating the req pressure gradient ?
Diaphragm
A specialise set of muscles -external and internal inter coasts muscles 💪
The internal and external inter-coastal muscles are present btw the ____.
Btw the ribs
Inspiration is initiated by ______.
Contraction of diaphragm
Contraction of diaphragm increases the vol of _____ in the ______ axis .
Thoracic chamber
Antero-posterior axis
The contraction of ______lifts up the ribs and sternum .
External inter-coastal muscles 💪
Contraction of external inter- coastal muscles 💪 causes an inc in the volume of thorax in the ______ axis
Dorso-ventral axis
Becoz the ribs and sternum lift up
Overall inc in the ___volume causes a similar inc in the ______.
Thoracic
Pulmonary volume
Which inter-coastal muscles are involved in inspiration ? How ?
External inter-coastal muscles 💪
They contract which in turn lifts up the ribs and sternum
An inc in pulmonary vol , _____inc/dec the intra-pulmonary pressure to _____ than the atm pressure .
Dec
Less
An inc in ______and dec in ___causes inspiration .
pulmonary vol
Intra-pulmonary press
After inspiration has occurred , relaxation of __and ___ occurs .
Diaphragm
Inter-coastal muscles (external)
Relaxation of diaphragm and inter-coastal muscles causes _____.
Returns the sternum and diaphragm to their normal position
Reduces the thoracic vol and therefore the luminary vol
_______ leads to an inc in intra-pulmonary press to slightly above the atm press .causing expiration .
Relaxation of diaphragm and inter-coastal muscles —-> which returns diaphragm and sternum to their normal position , causing a dec in thoracic vol .
We have the ability to inc the strength of inspiration and expiration . T/f
T
We have the ability to inc the strength of inspiration and expiration with the help of ___muscles in the ____.
Additional muscles
Abdomen
On an average , a healthy human breathes ______ times /minute .
12-16 times /minute
The vol of air involved in breathing movements by using a _____.
Spirometer
Spirometer helps in ____assessment of _.
Clinical
Pulmonary functions
Briefly describe the events during inspiration -
1) diaphragm contracts —> vol of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis inc .
2) external inter-coastal muscles contract ——->lifting up the ribs and sternum ——>inc in vol of thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis
3) pulmonary vol inc —->press dec
Vol of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration .
Tidal vol
Tidal vol is approx-
500ml
A healthy human can inspire or expire approx ______ml of air per minute .
6000- 8000ml /min
Additional vol of air , a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration -
Inspiration reserve vol
IRV averages __to ___ml .
2500 - 3000 ml
Additional vol of air , a person can expire by a forcible expiration -
ERV
ERV averages _to __ml .
1000-1100ml
Vol of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible EXPIRATION-
1100-1200ml
By adding up a few ____ ,one can derive various PULMONARY CAPACITIES which can be used in _____.
Respiratory vol
Clinical diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis can be done using respiratory vol / pulmonary capacity ?
Pulmonary capacities
_____vol cannot be measured using a spirometer .
Residual
Total vol of air , a person can INSPIRE after a normal expiration -
Inspiration capacity
IC includes _and ____
TV +IRV
Value of IC .
Tv+IRV = 500 +2500=“3000 -3500ml “
Total vol of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration is called -
Expiratory capacity
EC includes -
TV +ERV
EC has a vol of -
1500-1600 ml ( tV+ERV)
Vol of air that will remain int he lungs after a normal expiration -
Functional residual capacity
FRC includes -
ERV + RV
The max vol of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration -
Vital capacity
The max vol of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration -
VC
VC includes -
ERV + TV +IRV
Total vol of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced INSPIRATION .
Total lung capacity
TLC includes -
RV + ERV + TV + IRV = RV+ VC
Value of VC -
4100 - 4700ml (ERV +IRV +TV )
FRC can be measured using a spirometer .T/F
F
VC can be measured using a spirometer .T/F
T
How many pulmonary capacities cannot be measured using a spirometer ?
2
FRC
TLC
How many total respiratory vol are there ?
4 TV IRV ERV RV
HOW MANY TOTAL PULMONARY CAPACITIES are there ?
5 IC EC FRC VC TLC
_____are the primary sites of exchange of gases .
Alveoli
Exchange of gases also occurs btw __and ___.
Blood
Tissues
O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the tissues and blood by ____ mainly based on ______.
Simple diffusion
Press/conc gradient
Give some factors that can affect the rate of diffusion of O2 and CO2 -
Solubility of gases
Thickness of the membranes involved in diffusion
Pressure contributed by ____ in a mixture of gases is called partial press .
An Individual gas
There is a conc gradient of O2 from __to ___and ___to ____.
Alveoli
Blood 🩸
Blood 🩸
Tissues
A conc gradient for CO2 is present from ____to ___ and _to __.
Tissues
Blood 🩸
Blood 🩸
Alveoli
pO2 in the atm air -
159
pCO2 in the atm air -
0.3
pO2 IN ALVEOLI -
104
PpCO2 in alveoli -
40
PpO2 in deoxygenated blood -
40
PpCO2 in deoxygenated blood -
45
PpO2 in oxygenated blood -
PCO2 in oxygenated blood -
95
40
PpO2 in tissues -
40 (same as deoxygenated blood)
PpCO2 in tissues -
45 (same as deoxygenated blood)
Solubility of CO2 is ____times __of O2 .
20-25 times
Higher than that of o2
The amount of CO2 that can diffuse through the ____ per unit ____in _____ is much higher compared to that of O2 .
Diffusion membrane
Difference
Partial pressure
The diffusion membrane is made up of how many layers ? Name -
3 major layers
Thin squamous epithelium(of alveoli)
Basement substance
Endothelium (of alveolar capillaries )
The BASEMENT SUBSTANCE is composed of a thin _____supporting the ______ , and the ______ surrounding the ______ .
Basement membrane
Squamous epithelium
Basement membrane
Single layer endothelial cells of capillaries
The total thickness of basement substance is ______.
Much less than a millimetre
Among the 3 layers of diffusion membrane , ______of ALVEOLAR WALL is _____celled- thick .
Squamous epithelium
Single -celled
Among the 3 major layers of diffusion membrane, ______ is a part of BLOOD CAPILLARIES /ALVEOLAR CAPILLARIES .
Endothelium
What are the parts of basement substance -
2
Basement membrane supporting the squamous epithelium
Basement membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of capillaries
All factors in our body are favourable for the diffusion of O2 from _to ___and that of CO2 from ___to ___ .
Alveoli
Tissues
Tissues
Alveoli
_____is the medium for the transport of O2 and CO2 .
Blood 🩸
About ___% O2 is transported by RBCs in the blood .
97%
The remaining ____% O2 is carried in dissolved state through the plasma .
3%
Nearly ____% CO2 is transported by RBCs .
20-25%
__% CO2 is carried as bicarbonate .
70%
About ____% of CO2 is carried in a dissolved state through plasma .
7%
About 3% of ___ and 7% of ___is carried in a ___state through ___.
O2
CO2
Dissolved
Plasma
97% ____and 20-25 % ____are transported by ____ .
O2
CO2
RBCs in blood 🩸
O2 can bind with Hb in a ____manner to form oxyhemoglobin .
Reversible
Each haemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of ___of O2 .
4 molecules
Binding of O2 with Hb is primarily related to _____ .
Partial pressure of O2
What are the other factors (apart from ppO ) hat can interfere with the binding of O2 with Hb ?
1) PpCO2
2) H+ ion conc
3) temp
A _____curve is obtained when ____is plotted against the pO2 .
Sigmoid
% saturation of Hb with O2
A sigmoid curve obtained when % saturation of Hb with O2 is plotted against pO2 is called -
O2 dissociation curve
In what ways is O2 dissociation curve helpful ?
Highly useful in studying the effects of factors like pCO2 ,H+conc ,etc., on binding of O2 with Hb
In the alveoli , there is ___pO2 ,____CO2 ,____H+ conc and _____temp .
High
Low
Lesser
Lower
In the __ ,the factors are favourable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin .
Alveoli ( binding of O2 with Hb occurs )
In the _____, the factors are all favourable for dissociation of O2 from the oxyhemoglobin .
Tissues
In the tissues , there is ___pO2 , ____ pCO2 , ___H+ conc and _____temp .
Low
High
High
Higher
O2 gets bound to Hb in the ____ and gets dissociated at the _____.
Lung surface
Tissues
Every ____ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around ___ ml of O2 to the TISSUES under normal physiological conditions .
100ml
5ml
___ % of CO2 is carried by haemoglobin as CARBAMINO-HAEMOGLOBIN .
20-25%
Formation of carbamino-haemoglobin is related to the ______.
PpCO2
_____is a major factor which could affect the binding of CO2 with Hb .
PpO2
When _____is high and ____is low as in TISSUES ,more binding of _____occurs .
PpCO2
PpO2
CO2
When ____is low and __is high as in ALVEOLI , _____occurs .
PCO2
PpO2
Dissociation of co2 from carb amino-haemoglobin takes place
What happens when dissociation of co2 from carb amino-haemoglobin takes place ?
CO2 which is bound to the Hb from the tissues is delivered at the alveoli .
RBCs contain a very high conc of the enzyme , _____.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
Where is the enzyme -carbonic anhydrase found ?
RBCs - in large quantities
Plasma -minute quantity
Carbonic anhydrase facilitates which rxn ? And in which direction ?
CO2 + H2O =H2CO3 =HCO3- +H+
both directions
At the _____site where pCO2 is high due to ____ , CO2 diffuses into the blood and forms _____and ____.
Tissue
Catabolism
HCO3-
H+
At the __site , where pCO2 is low , the rxn proceeds in the opposite direction leading to the formation of ___and ____.
Alveoli
CO2
H2O
Every 100ml of DEOXYGENATED blood delivers approx ____CO2 to the ____.
4ml
Alveoli
CO2 is trapped as ___at the TISSUE LEVEL and transported to the alveoli is released out as ____.
Bicarbonate
CO2
Human beings have a significant ability to maintain and moderate the ____to suit the demands of the body tissues .
Respiratory rhythm
Where is HCO3 - formed?
At thr tissue site where the pCO2 is high due to catabolism , CO2 diffuses into the blood ( RBCs and Plasma -containing carbonic anhydrase ) and forms HCO3- + H+
Which is bicarbonate ion ?
HCO3-
NOT H2CO3
How is CO2 transported to the alveoli ?
At the alveoli , where pCO2 is low ( co2 is needed here ) , HCO3- carried from tissues to alveoli and converted to CO2
The respiratory rhythm in humans is maintained and moderated by the ____ .
Neural system
Where is the RESPIRATORY RYTHM CENTRE located ?
Medulla region
A specialised centre present in the ___ called ___is primarily responsible for regulation of respiratory rhythm
Medulla region of brain
Respiratory rhythm centre
Which centre (related to respiration )is located in the PONS region ?
Pneumotaxic centre
Function of pneumotaxic centre of pons -
Moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre
Neural signals from the _____centre of pons can __ the duration of ____ and thereby alter the respiratory rate .
Pneumotaxic
Reduce
Inspiration
Pneumatoxic centre can alter the _______.
Respiratory rate
A __ area is situated ADJACENT to the RHYTHM CENTRE which is highly sensitive to CO2 and H ions .
Chemosentitive area
The chemosensitive area is highly sensitive to ___and ___.
CO2
H ions
Where is the chemosensitive area situated ?
Adjacent to the respiratory rhythm centre
_____in CO2 and hydrogen ions can activate te chemosensitive area , which inturn can signal the _____to make necessary adjustments in the respiratory process by which these substances can be _____.
Inc
Rhythm centre
Eliminated
Receptors associated with ____and ____ also can recognise changes in CO2 and H+ conc .
Aortic arch
Carotid artery
Receptors in the aortic arch and carotid artery can also recognise changes in CO2 and H ions and send necessary signals to the _____ for remedial action .
Rhythm centre
Why does the chemosensitive area , receptors in carotid artery and aortic arch send signals to the rhythm centre when CO2 and H ion conc inc ?
For the rhythm centre to take necessary action for the removal of these substances
The role of _____in controlling the RESPIRATORY RHYTHM is quite INSIGNIFICANT .
O2
_____is a difficulty in breathing causing WHEEZING .
Asthma
Asthma is caused due to _____.
Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
What happens due to inflammation in bronchi and bronchioles
Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing -Asthma
______is a chronic disorder in which the alveolar walls are damaged .
Emphysema
Major cause of emphysema -
Cigarette smoking
Emphysema is a disorder in which the __are damaged due to which _____ is DECREASED .
Alveolar walls
Respiratory surface
In certain industries , especially those involving ____or _____ so much dust is produced that the ____cannot fully cope with the situation .
Grinding
Stone-breaking
Defense mechanism of the body
Long exposure to dust (industries) can give rise to _____ leading to _____.
Inflammation
FIBROSIS
Fibrosis is __________and causes ____.
Proliferation of fibrous tissues
Serious lung damage
Workers in dust industries should wear ____.
Protective masks 🎭
When does the oxygen -dissociation curve shift to the RIGHT -
When PCO2 -high PO2 -low H+ conc -high (acidic ) Temp -high
Where does the right shift of O2 -dissociation curve occur ?
Tissue site -
When does the 02 dissociation curve shift to the LEFT ?
PCO2 -low
PO2 -high
H+conc -low (basic)
Temp -low
Where does the O2 dissociation curve show left shift ?
Alveoli
Right shift of O2 dissociation curve leads to the ______.
Dissociation of O2 from oxyHb
Left shift of O2dissocation curve causes _____.
Formation of oxyHb
Binding of O2. (Due to high O2)
Haldane effect is seen when the curve shifts towards __.
Left (. In alveoli )
Chloride shift is seen when the curve shifts towards ____.
Right
Chloride shift is also called -
Hamburger phenomena ( occurs during right shift in tissues )
Bohr effect occurs during ___shift .
Right shift ( similar to chloride shift and hamburger phenomenon)
What is chloride shift ?
HCO3- diffuses out into plasma and Cl- enter into the RBCs at the TISSUE LEVEL ( in right shift )
What is haldane effect ?
Effect of oxyhemoglobin formation or dissociation on CO2 transport .
Haldane’s effect is related to transport of _____.
CO2
Bohr’s effect is similar to _____ effect .
Haldane
VC is the max vol of air a person can breathe ___after a forced _____
In
Expiration
TLC is the total vol of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of _____
Forced inspiration
ERC is the total vol of air a person can ___After a forced _____.
Expire
Inspiration
RC is the vol of air remaining in the lungs after _____
Forcible expiration
IRV is the ___ vol of air a person can ______after a forcible ____.
Additional
Inspire
inspiration
Respiration involves how many steps -
5
Breathing or pulmonary ventilation by which atm air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out .
Diffusion of gases across alveolar membrane
Transport of gases by blood 🩸
Diffusion of O2 and CO2 btw blood and tissues
Utilisation of O2 by cells for catabolic rxn and release of CO2
epiglottis is a______cartilagenous flap .
Elastic cartilage.
Not fibrous or hyaline cartilage
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a
1) forcible expiration =
2) normal expiration =
1) RV
2) FRC
VC is related to -
Forced expiration or forced inspiration
PO2 and pCO2 in SYSTEMIC VEINS :
Systemic carry deoxygenated blood 🩸
Therefore pO2 =40
PCO2 =45
PO2 and pCO2 in SYSTEMIC ARTERT
Systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood 🩸
PO2 =95
PCO2 =40
