Breathing And Respiration Of Gases Flashcards
1
Q
Mechanisms of breathing vary among diff groups of animals depending mainly on their ____and _____.
A
Habitats
Levels of organisation
2
Q
Which organisms exchange o2 with co2 by simple diffusion over their entire body surface ?
A
Lower invertebrates like-
Sponges ,coelenterates , flatworms , etc .
3
Q
Earthworms use their ______ for respiration .
A
Moist cuticle
4
Q
Insects 🦟 have a _____ to transport atmospheric air within the body .
A
Network of tubes (tracheal tubes )
5
Q
Special vascularised structures called gills are used by most of ___ and _____. (among invertebrates )
A
Aquatic arthropods
Molluscs 🦪🦑
6
Q
In aquatic arthropods and molluscs 🦪 use ______ respiration .
A
Branchial respiration (Gills-special vascularised structures are involved )
7
Q
How do terrestrial form of invertebrates respire ?
A
They use vascularised bags 💼- lungs - pulmonary respiration
8
Q
Among vertebrates , __,___,___and____respire through lungs .
A
Amphibians
Reptiles 🦎
Birds 🦅
Mammals
9
Q
Ways through which amphibians like frogs 🐸 can respire -
A
Lungs
Moist skin -cutaneous respiration
10
Q
Terrestrial form of invertebrates respire through _____respiration .
A
Pulmonary
11
Q
The external nostrils lead to the ____ through the nasal passage .
A
Nasal chamber
12
Q
The nasal chamber opens into the _____.
A
Pharynx
13
Q
The pharynx opens through the _______region into the ______.
A
Larynx
Trachea
14
Q
Larynx is a __box which is also called _____.
A
Cartilagenous
Sound box -becoz it helps in sound production
15
Q
During swallowing ,____can be covered by a thin elastic cartilaginous flap called epiglottis to prevent the entry of food into the ___.
A
Glottis
Larynx
16
Q
Trachea is a straight tube extending upto the ______.
A
Mid-thoracic cavity
17
Q
Trachea divides at the level of _______into a right and left ____
A
5th thoracic vertebrae
Primary bronchi
18
Q
Each bronchi undergoes repeated divisions to form the _____and _____ bronchi and _____ ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles .
A
Secondary
Tertiary
Bronchioles
19
Q
The ____ , _____,____ and ______, and ______ are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings .
A
Trachea Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Initial bronchioles
20
Q
Each _____ gives rise to a number of very thin , bag like structures called alveoli .
A
Terminal bronchiole
21
Q
Alveoli are very thin ,_____walled and ____bag like structures .
A
Irregular walled
Vascularised
22
Q
What all comprises the lungs ?
A
Branching network of bronchi
Network of Bronchioles
Alveoli
23
Q
We have 2 lungs which are covered by a _____ layered ___ with ____between them .
A
Double
Pleura
Pleural FLIUD
24
Q
______reduces friction on the lung-surface .
A
Pleural FLIUD
25
The outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the ____ .
Thoracic lining
26
Inner pleural membrane is in close contact with the ______.
Lung surface
27
The part starting with the _____upto the _____ constitute the conducting part .
External nostrils
| Terminal bronchioles
28
Which structures comprise the ‘exchange part ‘of the respiratory system ?
Alveoli and their ducts
29
Which structures comprise the ‘respiratory part ‘of the respiratory system ?
Alveoli and their ducts
| Respiratory part = exchange part
30
What are the functions of the conducting part of the respiratory system ?
Transports the atm air to the alveoli
Clears the atm air from foreign particles
Humidifies the atm air
Brings the atm air to the body temp
31
_____is the causal site of actual diffusion of o2 and co2 btw blood and atm .
Exchange part (or respiratory part )
32
The lungs are situated in the ___chamber .
Thoracic
33
The _______is an air -tight chamber .
Thoracic chamber (not lungs )
34
Trachea divides at the level of 5th _____vertebra .
Thoracic
35
The Thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by the _____, ventrally by the _____ , laterally by the _____and on the lower side by the ______.
Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs
Dome-shaped diaphragm
36
The _____setup of _____ in the thorax is such that any change in the volume of the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the ______cavity .
Anatomical
Lungs
Pulmonary (lung)
37
Any change in the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the lung (pulmonary )cavity . This arrangement is essential for breathing . Why ?
As we cannot directly alter the pulmonary volume
38
Expiration is the process by which the _______air is released out .
Alveolar
39
The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a ______ btw the ____and____.
Pressure gradient
Lungs
Atm
40
Pressure within the lungs is called-
Intra pulmonary pressure
41
_____can occur if the pressure within the lungs is less than te atm pressure .
Inspiration
42
Inspiration occurs when there is a ____pressure in lungs with respect to the atm .
Negative
43
_____takes place when intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than the atm pressure .
Expiration
44
Which structures help in generating the req pressure gradient ?
Diaphragm
| A specialise set of muscles -external and internal inter coasts muscles 💪
45
The internal and external inter-coastal muscles are present btw the ____.
Btw the ribs
46
Inspiration is initiated by ______.
Contraction of diaphragm
47
Contraction of diaphragm increases the vol of _____ in the ______ axis .
Thoracic chamber
| Antero-posterior axis
48
The contraction of ______lifts up the ribs and sternum .
External inter-coastal muscles 💪
49
Contraction of external inter- coastal muscles 💪 causes an inc in the volume of thorax in the ______ axis
Dorso-ventral axis
| Becoz the ribs and sternum lift up
50
Overall inc in the ___volume causes a similar inc in the ______.
Thoracic
| Pulmonary volume
51
Which inter-coastal muscles are involved in inspiration ? How ?
External inter-coastal muscles 💪
| They contract which in turn lifts up the ribs and sternum
52
An inc in pulmonary vol , _____inc/dec the intra-pulmonary pressure to _____ than the atm pressure .
Dec
| Less
53
An inc in ______and dec in ___causes inspiration .
pulmonary vol
| Intra-pulmonary press
54
After inspiration has occurred , relaxation of __and ___ occurs .
Diaphragm
| Inter-coastal muscles (external)
55
Relaxation of diaphragm and inter-coastal muscles causes _____.
Returns the sternum and diaphragm to their normal position
| Reduces the thoracic vol and therefore the luminary vol
56
_______ leads to an inc in intra-pulmonary press to slightly above the atm press .causing expiration .
Relaxation of diaphragm and inter-coastal muscles —-> which returns diaphragm and sternum to their normal position , causing a dec in thoracic vol .
57
We have the ability to inc the strength of inspiration and expiration . T/f
T
58
We have the ability to inc the strength of inspiration and expiration with the help of ___muscles in the ____.
Additional muscles
| Abdomen
59
On an average , a healthy human breathes ______ times /minute .
12-16 times /minute
60
The vol of air involved in breathing movements by using a _____.
Spirometer
61
Spirometer helps in ____assessment of _.
Clinical
| Pulmonary functions
62
Briefly describe the events during inspiration -
1) diaphragm contracts —> vol of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis inc .
2) external inter-coastal muscles contract ——->lifting up the ribs and sternum ——>inc in vol of thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis
3) pulmonary vol inc —->press dec
63
Vol of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration .
Tidal vol
64
Tidal vol is approx-
500ml
65
A healthy human can inspire or expire approx ______ml of air per minute .
6000- 8000ml /min
66
Additional vol of air , a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration -
Inspiration reserve vol
67
IRV averages __to ___ml .
2500 - 3000 ml
68
Additional vol of air , a person can expire by a forcible expiration -
ERV
69
ERV averages _to __ml .
1000-1100ml
70
Vol of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible EXPIRATION-
1100-1200ml
71
By adding up a few ____ ,one can derive various PULMONARY CAPACITIES which can be used in _____.
Respiratory vol
| Clinical diagnosis
72
Clinical diagnosis can be done using respiratory vol / pulmonary capacity ?
Pulmonary capacities
73
_____vol cannot be measured using a spirometer .
Residual
74
Total vol of air , a person can INSPIRE after a normal expiration -
Inspiration capacity
75
IC includes _and ____
TV +IRV
76
Value of IC .
Tv+IRV = 500 +2500=“3000 -3500ml “
77
Total vol of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration is called -
Expiratory capacity
78
EC includes -
TV +ERV
79
EC has a vol of -
1500-1600 ml ( tV+ERV)
80
Vol of air that will remain int he lungs after a normal expiration -
Functional residual capacity
81
FRC includes -
ERV + RV
82
The max vol of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration -
Vital capacity
83
The max vol of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration -
VC
84
VC includes -
ERV + TV +IRV
85
Total vol of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced INSPIRATION .
Total lung capacity
86
TLC includes -
RV + ERV + TV + IRV = RV+ VC
87
Value of VC -
4100 - 4700ml (ERV +IRV +TV )
88
FRC can be measured using a spirometer .T/F
F
89
VC can be measured using a spirometer .T/F
T
90
How many pulmonary capacities cannot be measured using a spirometer ?
2
FRC
TLC
91
How many total respiratory vol are there ?
```
4
TV
IRV
ERV
RV
```
92
HOW MANY TOTAL PULMONARY CAPACITIES are there ?
```
5
IC
EC
FRC
VC
TLC
```
93
_____are the primary sites of exchange of gases .
Alveoli
94
Exchange of gases also occurs btw __and ___.
Blood
| Tissues
95
O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the tissues and blood by ____ mainly based on ______.
Simple diffusion
| Press/conc gradient
96
Give some factors that can affect the rate of diffusion of O2 and CO2 -
Solubility of gases
| Thickness of the membranes involved in diffusion
97
Pressure contributed by ____ in a mixture of gases is called partial press .
An Individual gas
98
There is a conc gradient of O2 from __to ___and ___to ____.
Alveoli
Blood 🩸
Blood 🩸
Tissues
99
A conc gradient for CO2 is present from ____to ___ and _to __.
Tissues
Blood 🩸
Blood 🩸
Alveoli
100
pO2 in the atm air -
159
101
pCO2 in the atm air -
0.3
102
pO2 IN ALVEOLI -
104
103
PpCO2 in alveoli -
40
104
PpO2 in deoxygenated blood -
40
105
PpCO2 in deoxygenated blood -
45
106
PpO2 in oxygenated blood -
| PCO2 in oxygenated blood -
95
| 40
107
PpO2 in tissues -
40 (same as deoxygenated blood)
108
PpCO2 in tissues -
45 (same as deoxygenated blood)
109
Solubility of CO2 is ____times __of O2 .
20-25 times
| Higher than that of o2
110
The amount of CO2 that can diffuse through the ____ per unit ____in _____ is much higher compared to that of O2 .
Diffusion membrane
Difference
Partial pressure
111
The diffusion membrane is made up of how many layers ? Name -
3 major layers
Thin squamous epithelium(of alveoli)
Basement substance
Endothelium (of alveolar capillaries )
112
The BASEMENT SUBSTANCE is composed of a thin _____supporting the ______ , and the ______ surrounding the ______ .
Basement membrane
Squamous epithelium
Basement membrane
Single layer endothelial cells of capillaries
113
The total thickness of basement substance is ______.
Much less than a millimetre
114
Among the 3 layers of diffusion membrane , ______of ALVEOLAR WALL is _____celled- thick .
Squamous epithelium
| Single -celled
115
Among the 3 major layers of diffusion membrane, ______ is a part of BLOOD CAPILLARIES /ALVEOLAR CAPILLARIES .
Endothelium
116
What are the parts of basement substance -
2
Basement membrane supporting the squamous epithelium
Basement membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of capillaries
117
All factors in our body are favourable for the diffusion of O2 from _to ___and that of CO2 from ___to ___ .
Alveoli
Tissues
Tissues
Alveoli
118
_____is the medium for the transport of O2 and CO2 .
Blood 🩸
119
About ___% O2 is transported by RBCs in the blood .
97%
120
The remaining ____% O2 is carried in dissolved state through the plasma .
3%
121
Nearly ____% CO2 is transported by RBCs .
20-25%
122
__% CO2 is carried as bicarbonate .
70%
123
About ____% of CO2 is carried in a dissolved state through plasma .
7%
124
About 3% of ___ and 7% of ___is carried in a ___state through ___.
O2
CO2
Dissolved
Plasma
125
97% ____and 20-25 % ____are transported by ____ .
O2
CO2
RBCs in blood 🩸
126
O2 can bind with Hb in a ____manner to form oxyhemoglobin .
Reversible
127
Each haemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of ___of O2 .
4 molecules
128
Binding of O2 with Hb is primarily related to _____ .
Partial pressure of O2
129
What are the other factors (apart from ppO ) hat can interfere with the binding of O2 with Hb ?
1) PpCO2
2) H+ ion conc
3) temp
130
A _____curve is obtained when ____is plotted against the pO2 .
Sigmoid
| % saturation of Hb with O2
131
A sigmoid curve obtained when % saturation of Hb with O2 is plotted against pO2 is called -
O2 dissociation curve
132
In what ways is O2 dissociation curve helpful ?
Highly useful in studying the effects of factors like pCO2 ,H+conc ,etc., on binding of O2 with Hb
133
In the alveoli , there is ___pO2 ,____CO2 ,____H+ conc and _____temp .
High
Low
Lesser
Lower
134
In the __ ,the factors are favourable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin .
Alveoli ( binding of O2 with Hb occurs )
135
In the _____, the factors are all favourable for dissociation of O2 from the oxyhemoglobin .
Tissues
136
In the tissues , there is ___pO2 , ____ pCO2 , ___H+ conc and _____temp .
Low
High
High
Higher
137
O2 gets bound to Hb in the ____ and gets dissociated at the _____.
Lung surface
| Tissues
138
Every ____ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around ___ ml of O2 to the TISSUES under normal physiological conditions .
100ml
| 5ml
139
___ % of CO2 is carried by haemoglobin as CARBAMINO-HAEMOGLOBIN .
20-25%
140
Formation of carbamino-haemoglobin is related to the ______.
PpCO2
141
_____is a major factor which could affect the binding of CO2 with Hb .
PpO2
142
When _____is high and ____is low as in TISSUES ,more binding of _____occurs .
PpCO2
PpO2
CO2
143
When ____is low and __is high as in ALVEOLI , _____occurs .
PCO2
PpO2
Dissociation of co2 from carb amino-haemoglobin takes place
144
What happens when dissociation of co2 from carb amino-haemoglobin takes place ?
CO2 which is bound to the Hb from the tissues is delivered at the alveoli .
145
RBCs contain a very high conc of the enzyme , _____.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
146
Where is the enzyme -carbonic anhydrase found ?
RBCs - in large quantities
| Plasma -minute quantity
147
Carbonic anhydrase facilitates which rxn ? And in which direction ?
CO2 + H2O =H2CO3 =HCO3- +H+
| both directions
148
At the _____site where pCO2 is high due to ____ , CO2 diffuses into the blood and forms _____and ____.
Tissue
Catabolism
HCO3-
H+
149
At the __site , where pCO2 is low , the rxn proceeds in the opposite direction leading to the formation of ___and ____.
Alveoli
CO2
H2O
150
Every 100ml of DEOXYGENATED blood delivers approx ____CO2 to the ____.
4ml
| Alveoli
151
CO2 is trapped as ___at the TISSUE LEVEL and transported to the alveoli is released out as ____.
Bicarbonate
| CO2
152
Human beings have a significant ability to maintain and moderate the ____to suit the demands of the body tissues .
Respiratory rhythm
153
Where is HCO3 - formed?
At thr tissue site where the pCO2 is high due to catabolism , CO2 diffuses into the blood ( RBCs and Plasma -containing carbonic anhydrase ) and forms HCO3- + H+
154
Which is bicarbonate ion ?
HCO3-
| NOT H2CO3
155
How is CO2 transported to the alveoli ?
At the alveoli , where pCO2 is low ( co2 is needed here ) , HCO3- carried from tissues to alveoli and converted to CO2
156
The respiratory rhythm in humans is maintained and moderated by the ____ .
Neural system
157
Where is the RESPIRATORY RYTHM CENTRE located ?
Medulla region
158
A specialised centre present in the ___ called ___is primarily responsible for regulation of respiratory rhythm
Medulla region of brain
| Respiratory rhythm centre
159
Which centre (related to respiration )is located in the PONS region ?
Pneumotaxic centre
160
Function of pneumotaxic centre of pons -
Moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre
161
Neural signals from the _____centre of pons can __ the duration of ____ and thereby alter the respiratory rate .
Pneumotaxic
Reduce
Inspiration
162
Pneumatoxic centre can alter the _______.
Respiratory rate
163
A __ area is situated ADJACENT to the RHYTHM CENTRE which is highly sensitive to CO2 and H ions .
Chemosentitive area
164
The chemosensitive area is highly sensitive to ___and ___.
CO2
| H ions
165
Where is the chemosensitive area situated ?
Adjacent to the respiratory rhythm centre
166
_____in CO2 and hydrogen ions can activate te chemosensitive area , which inturn can signal the _____to make necessary adjustments in the respiratory process by which these substances can be _____.
Inc
Rhythm centre
Eliminated
167
Receptors associated with ____and ____ also can recognise changes in CO2 and H+ conc .
Aortic arch
| Carotid artery
168
Receptors in the aortic arch and carotid artery can also recognise changes in CO2 and H ions and send necessary signals to the _____ for remedial action .
Rhythm centre
169
Why does the chemosensitive area , receptors in carotid artery and aortic arch send signals to the rhythm centre when CO2 and H ion conc inc ?
For the rhythm centre to take necessary action for the removal of these substances
170
The role of _____in controlling the RESPIRATORY RHYTHM is quite INSIGNIFICANT .
O2
171
_____is a difficulty in breathing causing WHEEZING .
Asthma
172
Asthma is caused due to _____.
Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
173
What happens due to inflammation in bronchi and bronchioles
Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing -Asthma
174
______is a chronic disorder in which the alveolar walls are damaged .
Emphysema
175
Major cause of emphysema -
Cigarette smoking
176
Emphysema is a disorder in which the __are damaged due to which _____ is DECREASED .
Alveolar walls
| Respiratory surface
177
In certain industries , especially those involving ____or _____ so much dust is produced that the ____cannot fully cope with the situation .
Grinding
Stone-breaking
Defense mechanism of the body
178
Long exposure to dust (industries) can give rise to _____ leading to _____.
Inflammation
| FIBROSIS
179
Fibrosis is __________and causes ____.
Proliferation of fibrous tissues
| Serious lung damage
180
Workers in dust industries should wear ____.
Protective masks 🎭
181
When does the oxygen -dissociation curve shift to the RIGHT -
```
When
PCO2 -high
PO2 -low
H+ conc -high (acidic )
Temp -high
```
182
Where does the right shift of O2 -dissociation curve occur ?
Tissue site -
183
When does the 02 dissociation curve shift to the LEFT ?
PCO2 -low
PO2 -high
H+conc -low (basic)
Temp -low
184
Where does the O2 dissociation curve show left shift ?
Alveoli
185
Right shift of O2 dissociation curve leads to the ______.
Dissociation of O2 from oxyHb
186
Left shift of O2dissocation curve causes _____.
Formation of oxyHb
| Binding of O2. (Due to high O2)
187
Haldane effect is seen when the curve shifts towards __.
Left (. In alveoli )
188
Chloride shift is seen when the curve shifts towards ____.
Right
189
Chloride shift is also called -
Hamburger phenomena ( occurs during right shift in tissues )
190
Bohr effect occurs during ___shift .
Right shift ( similar to chloride shift and hamburger phenomenon)
191
What is chloride shift ?
HCO3- diffuses out into plasma and Cl- enter into the RBCs at the TISSUE LEVEL ( in right shift )
192
What is haldane effect ?
Effect of oxyhemoglobin formation or dissociation on CO2 transport .
193
Haldane’s effect is related to transport of _____.
CO2
194
Bohr’s effect is similar to _____ effect .
Haldane
195
VC is the max vol of air a person can breathe ___after a forced _____
In
| Expiration
196
TLC is the total vol of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of _____
Forced inspiration
197
ERC is the total vol of air a person can ___After a forced _____.
Expire
| Inspiration
198
RC is the vol of air remaining in the lungs after _____
Forcible expiration
199
IRV is the ___ vol of air a person can ______after a forcible ____.
Additional
Inspire
inspiration
200
Respiration involves how many steps -
5
Breathing or pulmonary ventilation by which atm air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out .
Diffusion of gases across alveolar membrane
Transport of gases by blood 🩸
Diffusion of O2 and CO2 btw blood and tissues
Utilisation of O2 by cells for catabolic rxn and release of CO2
201
epiglottis is a______cartilagenous flap .
Elastic cartilage.
| Not fibrous or hyaline cartilage
202
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a
1) forcible expiration =
2) normal expiration =
1) RV
| 2) FRC
203
VC is related to -
Forced expiration or forced inspiration
204
PO2 and pCO2 in SYSTEMIC VEINS :
Systemic carry deoxygenated blood 🩸
Therefore pO2 =40
PCO2 =45
205
PO2 and pCO2 in SYSTEMIC ARTERT
Systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood 🩸
PO2 =95
PCO2 =40
