Body Fluids And Circulation Flashcards
1
Q
All living cells have to be provided with ____,____and ____.
A
Nutrients
O2
Other essential substances
2
Q
Simple organisms like ____and ___ circulate water from the surroundings through their body cavities to facilitate the cells to exchange these essential substances .
A
Sponges
Coelenterates
3
Q
_use special fluids to transport such. Essential materials .
A
More complex organisms
4
Q
___is the most commonly used body fluid .
A
Blood
5
Q
Tissue fluid -
A
Lymph
6
Q
Blood 🩸 is a ____tissue consisting of _,__and ____.
A
Fluid matrix
Plasma
Formed elements
7
Q
Plasma is a __coloured , _____fluid
A
Straw-coloured
Viscous
8
Q
Plasma constitutes nearly ___%of the blood .
A
55%
9
Q
Water constitutes ___% of plasma .
A
90-92%
10
Q
Proteins contribute __ % of plasma .
A
6-8%
11
Q
What are the major proteins found in PLASMA -
A
3
Fibrinogens
Globulins
Albumins
12
Q
Constituents of plasma -
A
Water -90-92% Proteins -6-8% Minerals -small amounts Glucose Among acids Lipids
13
Q
_____are needed for clotting or coagulation of blood .
A
Fibrinogens
14
Q
____are involved in the defence mechanism of the body .
A
Globulins ( part of proteins in plasma )
15
Q
____ help in OSMOTIC BALANCE .
A
Albumins ( part of proteins in plasma )
16
Q
Plasma also contains small amounts of minerals like -
A
Na+ Ca++ Mg++ HCO3- Cl-
17
Q
_,__and__are also present in plasma AS THEY ARE ALWAYS IN TRANSIT IN THE BODY .
A
Glucose
Amino acids
Lipids
18
Q
Factors for __or ___of blood are also present in the plasma .
A
Clotting
Coagulation
19
Q
Factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are also present in the plasma in an __form .
A
Inactive
20
Q
______ without _____is called SERUM .
A
Plasma
Clotting factors
21
Q
__,____and ____are collectively called formed elements .
A
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
22
Q
Formed elements constitute nearly ____% of the blood .
A
45%
23
Q
_are the most abundant of all the cells in the blood 🩸
A
RBCs / erythrocytes
24
Q
A healthy adult person on an average has ___RBCs mm-3 of blood 🩸.
A
5 -5.5 million mm-3
25
RBCs are formed in the ____ in the adults
Bone marrow
26
RBCs are devoid of nucleus in most of the ___and are ____in shape .
Mammals
| Biconcave
27
RBCs have a red -coloured ,____containing ___ called _____.hence the colour and name of these cells .
Iron
Complex protein
Haemoglobin
28
A healthy individual has ______ of Hb in every 100ml of BLOOD 🩸.
12-16 gms
29
These molecules play a significant role in transport of respiratory gases - which ?
Hb molecules
30
RBCs have an average life-span of -
120 days
31
After 120 days ,RBCs are destroyed in the _____.
Spleen -graveyard of the RBCs
32
__Are also called WBCs as they are ______
Leucocytes
| Colourless
33
WBCs are colourless due to -
Lack of Hb
34
WBCs are ______and ______in number (unlike RBCs )
Nucleated
| Relatively Lesser
35
No of WBCs averages _______mm-3 of blood 🩸
6000-8000 mm-3
36
Leucocytes are generally _____lived .
Short
37
Categories of WBCs -
Granulocytes
| Agranulocytes
38
How many types of WBCs come under GRANULOCYTES -name
3
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
39
How many WBCs come under AGRANULOCYTES -
2
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
40
______are the most abundant cells of the total WBCs . They comprise __% of WBCs .
Neutrophils
| 60-65%
41
__Are the least abundant . They comprise __% of the total WBCs .
Basophils
| 0.5-1%
42
Monocytes comprise ____% of WBCs .
6-8%
43
Eosinophils comprise __% of WBCs .
2-3%
44
Lymphocytes comprise _% of WBCs .
20-25%
45
____and _____are PHAGOCYTIC cells which destroy foreign organisms entering the body .
Neutrophils
| Monocytes
46
____are involved in INFLAMMATORY reactions
Basophils
47
Basophils secrete ____,____and_____.
Histamine
Serotonin
Heparin
(Involved in inflammatory rxns )
48
___Are associated with ALLERGIC rxns (among WBCs )
Eosinophils
49
Eosinophils resist ____and are associated with _____.
Infections
| Allergic rxns
50
Lymphocytes are of how many types ? What is their function?
2 - T and B
| Responsible for immune responses of the body
51
Name 2 blood groupings -
ABO
| Rh
52
ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of _______on the RBCs .
2 surface ANTIGENS -A and B
53
What are ANTIGENS ?
Chemicals that can induce immune response .
| Present on the surface of RBCs
54
____of different individuals contain 2 natural ANTIBODIES .
Plasma
55
Antibodies are proteins produced in response to ____ .
Antigens
| Antibodies-present in the plasma
56
Name the antibodies and antigens -
Antibodies -anti A ,anti B ,anti AB ,nil
Antigens -A , B ,AB ,nil
(O is neither an antigen nor any antibody , its a blood group )
57
During transfusions , blood of the donor must match the blood of the recipient to avoid -
Severe problems of clumping (destruction of RBCs )
58
For blood transfusions ,__is checked .
Donor’s compatibility
59
Blood grp O has which ANTIGEN and which ANTIBODY ?
Antigen on RBC -nil
| Antibody in plasma -anti-A,B
60
Blood grp AB has which antigen and which antibody ?
Antigen on RBC - A ,B
| Antibody in plasma - nil
61
What should be the donor’s grp for blood grp B ?
B
| O
62
____is universal donor .
O -ve
63
____is universal acceptor /recipients .
AB +ve
64
Another ____ , similar to the one present in rhesus monkey is also observed on ______ of humans .
Antigen -Rh antigen
| On the surface of RBCs
65
Rh antigen is present on the surface of RBCs of _____% of humans .
Nearly 80%
| majority
66
What are the individuals called in which Rh antigen is absent -
Rh -ve
67
Rh group should also be matched before transfusions ,T/F
T
68
An Rh -ve person if exposed to Rh+ve blood will form -
Specific antibodies against the Rh antigen
69
A special case of Rh incompatibility has been observed btw the Rh-ve blood of ______ with Rh+ve blood of _____.
Pregnant mother
| Foetus
70
Rh antigens of the foetus do not get exposed to the Rh-ve blood of the mother in the ____pregnancy becoz -
1st
| The 2 bloods are well-separated by the placenta
71
During the delivery of the _____ child ,there is possibility of exposure of the maternal blood to small amounts of ____blood from the ___.
1st
Rh +ve
Foetus
72
If the maternal blood is exposed to small amounts of Rh-ve blood of blood during delivery of 1st child , what happens then ?
Mother (maternal blood )starts preparing ANTIBODIES against Rh (+ve) ANTIGENS in her blood .
73
In case of subsequent pregnancies , the ___ from the mother can leak into the blood of the foetus and destroy the FOETAL RBCs .
```
Rh antibodies ( which were formed earlier )
If the foetus is Rh+ve , then antibodies ( which were formed against Rh+ve )destroy these Rh+ve RBCs of blood
```
74
Rh incompatibility in case of Rh-ve mother and Rh+ve child can be __to the foetus and can cause _____and ______to the baby .
Fatal
Severe anaemia
Jaundice
75
Severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby in case of Rh incompatibility is called -
Erythroblastosis foetalis
76
Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering ___to ____ after _____.
Anti-Rh antibodies
Mother
Immediately after delivery of 1st child
77
Blood exhibits _____or _____ in response to injury or trauma .
Coagulation
| Clotting
78
Coagulation or clotting is the mechanism to avoid _____.
Excessive loss of blood from the body
79
The dark reddish brown sum formed at the site of a cut or an injury over a period of time is a ___or ____ formed mainly of a network of THREADS called ______.
Clot
Coagulam
Fibrins
80
In fibrins , ___are trapped .
Dead and damaged formed elements of blood 🩸
81
Fibrins are formed by the conversion of ___in the ___by the enzyme _____.
Inactive fibrinogens
Plasma
Thrombin
82
Fibrinogens are present in the plasma is an ______state .
Inactive
83
Thrombins are formed from another inactive substance present in the ___ called _______.
Plasma
| Prothrombin
84
An enzyme complex ____is req for the confusion of prothrombin into thrombin .
Thrombokinase
85
_______is formed by a series of linked enzymic reactions (cascade process) involving a number of factors present in the plasma in an inactive state .
Enzyme thrombokinase
86
An injury or trauma stimulates the ___ in the ____ to release ____which activate the mechanism of COAGULATION .
Platelets
Blood 🩸
Certain factors
87
Certain __released AT _______ also can initiate coagulation .
Factors
| The site of injury
88
____play a very imp role in clotting .
Ca2+
89
As the blood passes through the he capillaries in tissues , some ___along with many _____ move out into the spaces between the cells of ___.
Water
Small water soluble substances
Tissues
90
When water along with many water soluble substances move out into the spaces btw the cells of tissues , they leave -______in the _____.
Larger proteins and most of the formed elements
| Blood vessels
91
The fluid released out from capillaries is called -
Interstitial fluid /tissue fluid
92
Tissue fluid /interstitial fluid has the same MINERAL DISTRIBUTION as in ______.
Plasma
93
Exchange of nutrients ,gases etc., between blood and the cells always occurs through the_____.
Interstitial fluid /tissue fluid
94
An elaborate network of ____called the _____collects the tissue fluid /interstitial fluid and drains it back to the ____.
Vessels
Lymphatic system
Major veins
95
Lymph is a colourless fluid containing _____.
Specialised lymphocytes
96
Function of interstitial fluid /tissue fluid -
Exchange of nutrients / gases etc btw the blood and the cells always occurs through this fluid .
97
The fluid present in the lymphatic system is called -
Lymph
98
Lymph contains specialised lymphocytes which are responsible for -
Immune responses of the body
99
Lymph is also an important carrier for _____,__etc .
Nutrients
| Hormones
100
Fats are absorbed through ___in the ___present in the ______.
Lymph
Lacteals
Intestinal villi
101
The circulatory patterns are of 2 types -___and __.
Open
| Closed
102
Open circulatory system is present in ____and ____.
Arthropods
| Molluscs
103
In open type of blood circulation , blood pumped by the heart passes through ____into _____called______ .
Large vessels
Open spaces /body cavities
Sinuses
104
____and ______have a closed circulatory system .
Annelids
| Chordates
105
Blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a closed network of blood vessels . This happens in open /closed type -
Closed circulation
106
Which circulation is more advantageous ? Why ?
Closed
| As the flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated
107
All _____possess a MUSCULAR chambered heart .
Vertebrates
108
Fishes have a __chambered heart .
2
| 1 auricle +1 ventricle
109
3 chambered heart 💖 is present in-
Amphibians 🐸
Reptiles 🦎(except crocodiles 🐊)
(2 atria +1 ventricle )
110
4 chambered heart 💓 is present in -
Crocodiles 🐊
Birds 🐦
Mammals 🐘
111
Single circulation is present in -
Fishes
112
In fishes , the heart pumps out deoxygenated blood 🩸 which is oxygenated by the _____ ,and supplied to the body parts from where deoxygenated blood is pumped back to the heart 💔. This is called ___
Gills
| Single circulation
113
INCOMPLETE DOUBLE CIRCULATION is present in -
Amphibians
| Reptiles
114
In amphibians and reptiles , the __receives oxygenated blood from the ____and the ______gets deoxygenated blood from other body parts .
Left atrium
Gills /lungs /skin
Right atrium
115
In amphibians and reptiles , __kind of circulation is present .why ?
Incomplete double
Oxygenated blood from left atrium and deoxygenated blood from right atrium gets mixed up in the single ventricle which pumps out mixed blood .
116
Double circulation (complete )is possessed by -
Birds
Mammals
(No mixing occurs )
117
Human circulatory system ,also called the ____ consists of a muscular chambered heart , a ____ and ____.
Blood vascular system
Network of closed branching blood vessels
Blood 🩸
118
Heart is a ____ derived organ .
Mesodermally
119
Heart is situated in the ___ , in BETWEEN the ___slightly tilted to the ____.
Thoracic cavity
2 lungs
Left
120
The heart is protected by a __walled _____ .
Double walled
| Membranous bag , PERICARDIUM
121
The PERICARDIUM is a double walled ___enclosing the _____.
Membranous bag 💼
| Pericardial fluid
122
4 chambers of heart 💓 are 2 upper ____ atria and 2 lower ____ ventricles .
Small
| Large
123
_____separates the right and left atria .____separates the right and left ventricles .
Inter-atrial septum
| Inter-ventricular septum
124
The inter-atrial septum is __walled whereas the inter-ventricular septum is __Walled .
Thin muscular
| Thick
125
The atrium and ventricle of the same side are separated by _____, which is a _____.
A trio-ventricular septum
| Thick fibrous tissue
126
The cartilagenous rings covering the trachea and initial bronchioles are made of _____cartilage
Hyaline
127
The valve present btw right and left ventricle is famed of -
3 muscular flaps /cusps
128
The opening of the __ into the pulmonary artery is provided with semilunar valves .
Right ventricle
129
The opening of the _____into the aorta is guarded by semilunar valve .
Left ventricle
130
Valves prevent ___.
Backward flow
131
The valves in the heart allow the flow of blood in ______. Directions
Only in 1D
132
The entire heart is made of _____.
Cardiac muscles
133
The walls of _____are much thicker than that of _____.
Ventricles
| Atria
134
A specialised _____ called the _____tissue is also distributed in the heart .
Cardiac musculature
| Nodal
135
A patch of _____is present in the RIGHT UPPER CORNER OF THE RIGTH ATRIA and is called _____.
Nodal tissue
| SAN sino-atrial node
136
SAN and AVN are parts of ____.
Nodal tissue
137
AVN is present in the ______of _______ , close to the ___.
Lower left corner
Right atrium
Atrio-ventricular septum .
138
Location of SAN -
Right upper corner of the right atrium
139
A bundle of nodal fibres arises from the -
AVN
140
A bundle. Of nodal fibres called ____ continues from. The AVN which passes through the ______ to emerge on top of the ______ and immediately divides .
AV bundle (atrio -ventricular bundle)
Atrio-ventricular septa
Inter-ventricular septum
141
Bundle of his a continuation of _____ . Where is it located ?
AV bundle - which passes through the atrio-ventricular septa and runs parallel to inter-ventricular septum to emerge on top of it .
Located parallel to inter-ventricular septum and at its bottom ,divides into right and left bundles -purkinje fibres
142
The branches of AV bundle which divide on top of inter-ventricular septum give rise to MINUTE FIBRES throughout the ____ of the respective sides and are called _____.
Ventricular musculature
| Purkinje fibres
143
The ____has the ability to generate ACTION POTENTIALS without any external stimuli .
Nodal musculature
144
The nodal musculature is _____.
Autoexcitable - can generate action potentials without any external stimuli .
145
The number of ____vary at diff parts of the nodal system .
Action potentials that could be generated in a minute
146
The _____can generate the max number of ACTION POTENTIALS .
SAN (part of nodal tissue )
147
__is. Responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart .
SAN
148
SAN can generate ___action potentials .
70-75 min-1
149
Why is SAN also called the PACEMAKER ?
It is responsible for INITIATING and MAINTAINING the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart .
150
Our heart normally beats ___times in a minute .
70-75 times
| 72 beats min-1 (average)
151
To begin the cardiac cycle , all the 4 chambers of the heart are in a __state called ______.
Relaxed
| JOINT DIASTOLE
152
Which valves are open during the joint diastole -the 1st step of cardiac cycle ?
Tricuspid and bicuspid
| Semilunar valves are closed at this time
153
What happens during the joint diastole ?
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open , blood from the pulmonary and vena cava flow into the left and the right ventricles resp through the atria .
154
The ___valves are closed during the beginning of the cardiac cycle .
Semilunar
155
The SAN now generates an action potential which stimulates _______.
Atrial systole
| Stimulates the atria to undergo simultaneous contraction
156
The generation of action potential by SAN increases the floe o blood into the ___by about __%
Ventricles
| 30%
157
The action potential (generated by SAN ) is conducted to the ventricular side by the ___and ___ .
AVN
| AV bundle
158
The ___transmits the action potential though the entire ventricular musculature .
Bundle of his
159
After atrial systole , what causes the ventricular systole ?
The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by the AVN and AV bundle from where the bundle of His transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature
160
When the ventricular muscles contract , the atria undergoes __
Relaxation (atrial diastole )
161
Ventricular systole increases _____causing the closure of _______due to _____.
Ventricular pressure
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves
Due to attempted backflow of blood into the atria
162
As theventricular pressure further inc (during ventricular systole ) , the ____are forced open .
```
Semilunar valves ( guarding pulmonary artery and aorta )
(Allowing the blood from the ventricles to flow through these vessels into the circulatory pathways )
```
163
When the ventricles relax , the ventricular pressure ____ causing the ____.
Falls
Closure of semilunar valves
(Prevents backflow of blood into ventricles )
164
As the ventricularpressure declines further (during ventricular diastole ) , the ___Are pushed open by the ____.
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves
By the pressure in the atria exerted by the blood was being emptied into them by the veins (vena cava and pulmonary vein )
165
The sequential event which is cyclically repeated is called the radial cycle and it consisted of systole and diastole of ___
Both the atria and the ventricles
166
He number of heart beats per minute is equal to the number of ____performed per minute .
Cardiac cycles
167
Duration of a cardiac cycle is -
0.8 s
168
During a cardiac cycle , each ventricle pumps out approx ____ml blood.
70 mL
169
During a cardiac cycle , each ____pumps out approx 70 mL of blood which is called the ______.
Ventricle
| Stroke volume
170
Stroke volume * heart rate (beats per min) +
Cardiac output
171
Value and definition of cardiac output -
5000 mL / 5L
| Vol of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute
172
The body has the ability to alter the CARDIAC OUT PUT .T/F . How ?
T
| Becoz the body can alter the stroke vol as well as the heart rate
173
The cardiac output of an athlete will be _____than that of an ordinary man .
Much higher
174
He pulmonary artery carries blood from the __ventricle
Right
175
The the vena cava opens into the __.
Right atrium
176
The pulmonary veins open into the __
Left atria
177
The vena cava and pulmonary veins are provided with valves . T/F
Opening of vena cava into right atrium is provided with a valve - eustachian valve
Opening of pulmonary veins into left atrium - is not provided with any valves . 4 pulmonary veins open into left atrium
178
Formula of cardiac output =
Cardiac output =stroke vol * heart rate
| 5000mL. 70ml. 72/min
179
The __of an athlete is much higher than that of an ordinary man .
Cardiac output
180
The 2 prominent sounds produced during each cardiac cycle can be easily heard using -
Stethoscope
181
He first heart sound is ____
Lub
| 2nd -dub
182
The first heart sound is associated with the closure of ___
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves (lub)
183
The 2nd heart sound is associated with the closure of _____.
Semilunar valves (dub)
184
Lub and dub sounds are of _____significance .
Clinical diagnostic
185
Full form of ECG -
Electro cardio graph
186
The ECG machine is called -
Electro cardio graph
187
The ECG machine is used to obtain _____
ECG -electro cardio GRAM
188
_____is a graph paper (graphical representation) of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle .
Electro cardio gram (ECG)
189
Electrocardiograph is a _____and electrocardiogram is a ____.
Machine
| Graphical representation
190
In an ECG , the patient is connected to the machine with __ electrical leads that continuously monitor the heart activity . How ?
3
One to each wrist (2)
1 to the left ankle
191
For a detailed evaluation of the heart’s function using an ECG , what is done ?
Multiple electrical leads are attached to the CHEST region
192
Each peak in the ECG is identified with a letter from _to __that corresponds to a specific activity of the heart .
P
| T
193
The P wave represents ______.
Electrical excitation of atria = depolarisation of atria
194
The P wave represents depolarisation of atria which leads to __
Contraction of both the atria
195
The ____represents the depolarisation of VENTRICLES .
QRS complex
196
The ventricular contraction starts shortly after ____ (wave) and marks the beginning of _______
Q
Systole
(Depolarisation of ventricles initiates ventricular contraction )
197
The T wave represents ______.
Return of ventricles from excited to normal state ( repolarisation )
198
Repolarisation of ventricles is marked by _wave
T
| Repolarisation of atria does not occur
199
The ___marks the end of VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE .
End of T-wave
200
By counting the number of QRS complex , one can determine the ____ of an individual .
Heart beat rate
201
ECGs obtained from diff individuals have roughly the same ___ for a given ____.
Shape
| Lead configuration
202
Any deviation from the normal shape of ECG indicated -
Abnormality or disease
203
ECG is of great ___.
Clinical significance
204
The blood flows STRICTLY by a fixed route through _____
Blood vessels -arteries and veins
205
Basically , each ARTERY and VEIN consists of __layers .
3
206
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels (arteries and veins )?
Tunica intima -inner (squamous endothelium )
Tunica media -middle(smooth muscles and lactic fibres )
Tunica externa -outer (fibrous connective tissue )
207
The TUNICA INTIMA layer of arteries/veins is an inner lining of ___
Squamous ENDOTHELIUM
208
The tunica meda of blood vessels is a middle layer of __and _____.
Smooth muscles
| Elastic fibres
209
The __is comparatively THIN in the VEINS(out of the 3 layers )
Tunica media
210
The tunica externa is an external layer of ______with ____.
Fibrous connective tissue
| Collagen fibres
211
The blood pumped by the right ventricle enters the __., whereas the left ventricle pumps blood into the _____ .
Pulmonary artery
| Aorta
212
The deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is passed on to the lungs from where the oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium . This pathway constitutes the _____
Pulmonary circulation
213
What is SYSTEMIC circulation ?
The oxygenated blood entering the aorta is carried by a network of arteries ,arterioles , and capillaries to the tissues from where the deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava and emptied into the right atrium .
214
The SYSTEMIC circulation provides _,__ and __ to the __and takes _and ___away for elimination .
```
Nutrients
O2
Other essential substance
Tissues
CO2
Other harmful substances
```
215
There exists a unique ____connection btw the digestive tract and liver .
Vascular connection
216
The unique vascular connection btw the digestive tract and liver is called ______.
Hepatic portal system
217
The ______ carries blood from the intestines to the liver before it is delivered to the systemic circulation .
Hepatic portal vein
218
A special _____system of blood vessels is present in our body exclusively for the circulation of blood 🩸 to and from the _______.
Coronary
| Cardiac musculature
219
The hepatic portal vein carries blood from ___to the ____before it is delivered to the ____. ‘This is called -
Intestine
Liver
Systemic circulation
Hepatic portal system
220
Normal activities of the heart are regulated _______ .
Intrinsically i.e.,auto regulated
221
Normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically i.e., autoregulated by ____hence the heart is called _____.
```
Specialised muscles (nodal tissue )
MYOGENIC
```
222
A special neural centre in the ___can moderate the cardiac function through ____.
Medulla oblongata
| ANS (autonomic nervous system )
223
Neural signals through the ______ can increase the rate of heart beat .
Sympathetic nerves (part o ANS )
224
Neural signals through the sympathetic nerves (part of ANS )can increase the ____, the strength of ______and thereby the _____.
Rate of heart beat
Ventricular contractions
Cardiac output
225
Parasympathetic (part of ANS ) neural signals _____the rate of heart beat , decrease the SPEED OF _____and thereby the _____.
Dec
Conduction of action potential
Cardiac output
226
______hormones can also increase the cardiac output .
Adrenal medullary
227
____is the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal (120/80)
Hypertension
228
Normal BP =
| High BP =
120/80
| 140/90
229
In the measurement of blood pressure , 120 mm Hg(higher side ) is the ___or _____ pressure .
Systolic
| Pumping
230
In the measurement of BP , 80mm Hg is the _or __pressure .
Diastolic
| Resting
231
If repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual is __ or higher , it shows hypertension .
140 / 90
232
High blood pressure leads to heart diseases and also affects __and ___.
Vital organs like brain and kidney
233
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is often referred to as -
Atheroscelrosis
234
CAD affects the _____.
Vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle
| Atherosclerosis
235
CAD (atherosclerosis) is caused by deposits of -
```
4
Ca
Fat
Cholesterol
Fibrous tissue
```
236
Deposits of Ca , fat , cholesterol and fibrous tissues in atherosclerosis causes ____.
Makes the lumen of ARTERIES narrower
237
Angina is also called -
Angina pectoris
238
CAD makes the _of ___narrower .
Lumen
| Arteries
239
A symptoms of ____ appears when no OXYGEN is reaching the heart muscles . The disorder is called -
Acute chest pain
| Angina pectoris
240
Angina can occur among women and men of ___age but it is more common among ____and ___.
Any age
Middle -aged
Elderly
241
_____ occurs due to conditions that AFFECT THE BLOOD FLOW .
Angina
242
What happens in angina ?
No enough O2 is reaching the heart muscle
243
Cause of angina -
Occurs due to conditions that affect the blood flow
244
__ means the sate of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body .
Heart failure
245
Heart failure is sometimes called CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE because -
Congestion of lungs is one of the main symptoms of the disease
246
In ______, the heart stops beating .
Cardiac arrest
247
_____ occurs when the heart muscle is damaged by an INADEQUATE blood supply .
Heart attack
248
Heart failure is not the same as __ or___.
Cardiac arrest
| Heart attack
249
Main SYMPTOM of heart failure -
Congestion of lungs
250
What happens in cardiac arrest and heart attack ?
Cardiac arrest -heart stops beating
| Heart attack -heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply
251
Briefly describe pulmonary circulation -
Right ventricle —>pulmonary artery —->lungs—->pulmonary vein—-> left atrium
252
Briefly describe systemic circulation -
Left ventricle —>aorta—>tissues —>vena cava —-> right atrium
253
Difference btw cardiac output and stroke vol -
Stroke vol- vol pumped out by each ventricle during 1 cardiac cycle
Cardiac output - vol pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute .
