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Biology 3 - Animal Physiology > Body Fluids And Circulation > Flashcards

Body Fluids And Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

All living cells have to be provided with ____,____and ____.

A

Nutrients
O2
Other essential substances

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2
Q

Simple organisms like ____and ___ circulate water from the surroundings through their body cavities to facilitate the cells to exchange these essential substances .

A

Sponges

Coelenterates

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3
Q

_use special fluids to transport such. Essential materials .

A

More complex organisms

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4
Q

___is the most commonly used body fluid .

A

Blood

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5
Q

Tissue fluid -

A

Lymph

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6
Q

Blood 🩸 is a ____tissue consisting of _,__and ____.

A

Fluid matrix
Plasma
Formed elements

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7
Q

Plasma is a __coloured , _____fluid

A

Straw-coloured

Viscous

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8
Q

Plasma constitutes nearly ___%of the blood .

A

55%

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9
Q

Water constitutes ___% of plasma .

A

90-92%

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10
Q

Proteins contribute __ % of plasma .

A

6-8%

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11
Q

What are the major proteins found in PLASMA -

A

3
Fibrinogens
Globulins
Albumins

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12
Q

Constituents of plasma -

A 
Water -90-92%
Proteins -6-8%
Minerals -small amounts 
Glucose 
Among acids
Lipids
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13
Q

_____are needed for clotting or coagulation of blood .

A

Fibrinogens

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14
Q

____are involved in the defence mechanism of the body .

A

Globulins ( part of proteins in plasma )

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15
Q

____ help in OSMOTIC BALANCE .

A

Albumins ( part of proteins in plasma )

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16
Q

Plasma also contains small amounts of minerals like -

A 
Na+
Ca++
Mg++
HCO3-
Cl-
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17
Q

_,__and__are also present in plasma AS THEY ARE ALWAYS IN TRANSIT IN THE BODY .

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Lipids

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18
Q

Factors for __or ___of blood are also present in the plasma .

A

Clotting

Coagulation

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19
Q

Factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are also present in the plasma in an __form .

A

Inactive

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20
Q

______ without _____is called SERUM .

A

Plasma

Clotting factors

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21
Q

__,____and ____are collectively called formed elements .

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

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22
Q

Formed elements constitute nearly ____% of the blood .

A

45%

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23
Q

_are the most abundant of all the cells in the blood 🩸

A

RBCs / erythrocytes

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24
Q

A healthy adult person on an average has ___RBCs mm-3 of blood 🩸.

A

5 -5.5 million mm-3

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25
Q

RBCs are formed in the ____ in the adults

A

Bone marrow

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26
Q

RBCs are devoid of nucleus in most of the ___and are ____in shape .

A

Mammals

Biconcave

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27
Q

RBCs have a red -coloured ,____containing ___ called _____.hence the colour and name of these cells .

A

Iron
Complex protein
Haemoglobin

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28
Q

A healthy individual has ______ of Hb in every 100ml of BLOOD 🩸.

A

12-16 gms

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29
Q

These molecules play a significant role in transport of respiratory gases - which ?

A

Hb molecules

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30
Q

RBCs have an average life-span of -

A

120 days

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31
Q

After 120 days ,RBCs are destroyed in the _____.

A

Spleen -graveyard of the RBCs

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32
Q

__Are also called WBCs as they are ______

A

Leucocytes

Colourless

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33
Q

WBCs are colourless due to -

A

Lack of Hb

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34
Q

WBCs are ______and ______in number (unlike RBCs )

A

Nucleated

Relatively Lesser

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35
Q

No of WBCs averages _______mm-3 of blood 🩸

A

6000-8000 mm-3

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36
Q

Leucocytes are generally _____lived .

A

Short

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37
Q

Categories of WBCs -

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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38
Q

How many types of WBCs come under GRANULOCYTES -name

A

3
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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39
Q

How many WBCs come under AGRANULOCYTES -

A

2
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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40
Q

______are the most abundant cells of the total WBCs . They comprise __% of WBCs .

A

Neutrophils

60-65%

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41
Q

__Are the least abundant . They comprise __% of the total WBCs .

A

Basophils

0.5-1%

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42
Q

Monocytes comprise ____% of WBCs .

A

6-8%

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43
Q

Eosinophils comprise __% of WBCs .

A

2-3%

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44
Q

Lymphocytes comprise _% of WBCs .

A

20-25%

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45
Q

____and _____are PHAGOCYTIC cells which destroy foreign organisms entering the body .

A

Neutrophils

Monocytes

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46
Q

____are involved in INFLAMMATORY reactions

A

Basophils

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47
Q

Basophils secrete ____,____and_____.

A

Histamine
Serotonin
Heparin
(Involved in inflammatory rxns )

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48
Q

___Are associated with ALLERGIC rxns (among WBCs )

A

Eosinophils

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49
Q

Eosinophils resist ____and are associated with _____.

A

Infections

Allergic rxns

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50
Q

Lymphocytes are of how many types ? What is their function?

A

2 - T and B

Responsible for immune responses of the body

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51
Q

Name 2 blood groupings -

A

ABO

Rh

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52
Q

ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of _______on the RBCs .

A

2 surface ANTIGENS -A and B

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53
Q

What are ANTIGENS ?

A

Chemicals that can induce immune response .

Present on the surface of RBCs

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54
Q

____of different individuals contain 2 natural ANTIBODIES .

A

Plasma

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55
Q

Antibodies are proteins produced in response to ____ .

A

Antigens

Antibodies-present in the plasma

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56
Q

Name the antibodies and antigens -

A

Antibodies -anti A ,anti B ,anti AB ,nil
Antigens -A , B ,AB ,nil
(O is neither an antigen nor any antibody , its a blood group )

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57
Q

During transfusions , blood of the donor must match the blood of the recipient to avoid -

A

Severe problems of clumping (destruction of RBCs )

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58
Q

For blood transfusions ,__is checked .

A

Donor’s compatibility

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59
Q

Blood grp O has which ANTIGEN and which ANTIBODY ?

A

Antigen on RBC -nil

Antibody in plasma -anti-A,B

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60
Q

Blood grp AB has which antigen and which antibody ?

A

Antigen on RBC - A ,B

Antibody in plasma - nil

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61
Q

What should be the donor’s grp for blood grp B ?

A

B

O

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62
Q

____is universal donor .

A

O -ve

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63
Q

____is universal acceptor /recipients .

A

AB +ve

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64
Q

Another ____ , similar to the one present in rhesus monkey is also observed on ______ of humans .

A

Antigen -Rh antigen

On the surface of RBCs

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65
Q

Rh antigen is present on the surface of RBCs of _____% of humans .

A

Nearly 80%

majority

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66
Q

What are the individuals called in which Rh antigen is absent -

A

Rh -ve

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67
Q

Rh group should also be matched before transfusions ,T/F

A

T

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68
Q

An Rh -ve person if exposed to Rh+ve blood will form -

A

Specific antibodies against the Rh antigen

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69
Q

A special case of Rh incompatibility has been observed btw the Rh-ve blood of ______ with Rh+ve blood of _____.

A

Pregnant mother

Foetus

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70
Q

Rh antigens of the foetus do not get exposed to the Rh-ve blood of the mother in the ____pregnancy becoz -

A

1st

The 2 bloods are well-separated by the placenta

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71
Q

During the delivery of the _____ child ,there is possibility of exposure of the maternal blood to small amounts of ____blood from the ___.

A

1st
Rh +ve
Foetus

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72
Q

If the maternal blood is exposed to small amounts of Rh-ve blood of blood during delivery of 1st child , what happens then ?

A

Mother (maternal blood )starts preparing ANTIBODIES against Rh (+ve) ANTIGENS in her blood .

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73
Q

In case of subsequent pregnancies , the ___ from the mother can leak into the blood of the foetus and destroy the FOETAL RBCs .

A 
Rh antibodies ( which were formed earlier ) 
If the foetus is Rh+ve , then antibodies ( which were formed against Rh+ve )destroy these Rh+ve RBCs of blood
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74
Q

Rh incompatibility in case of Rh-ve mother and Rh+ve child can be __to the foetus and can cause _____and ______to the baby .

A

Fatal
Severe anaemia
Jaundice

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75
Q

Severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby in case of Rh incompatibility is called -

A

Erythroblastosis foetalis

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76
Q

Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering ___to ____ after _____.

A

Anti-Rh antibodies
Mother
Immediately after delivery of 1st child

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77
Q

Blood exhibits _____or _____ in response to injury or trauma .

A

Coagulation

Clotting

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78
Q

Coagulation or clotting is the mechanism to avoid _____.

A

Excessive loss of blood from the body

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79
Q

The dark reddish brown sum formed at the site of a cut or an injury over a period of time is a ___or ____ formed mainly of a network of THREADS called ______.

A

Clot
Coagulam
Fibrins

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80
Q

In fibrins , ___are trapped .

A

Dead and damaged formed elements of blood 🩸

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81
Q

Fibrins are formed by the conversion of ___in the ___by the enzyme _____.

A

Inactive fibrinogens
Plasma
Thrombin

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82
Q

Fibrinogens are present in the plasma is an ______state .

A

Inactive

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83
Q

Thrombins are formed from another inactive substance present in the ___ called _______.

A

Plasma

Prothrombin

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84
Q

An enzyme complex ____is req for the confusion of prothrombin into thrombin .

A

Thrombokinase

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85
Q

_______is formed by a series of linked enzymic reactions (cascade process) involving a number of factors present in the plasma in an inactive state .

A

Enzyme thrombokinase

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86
Q

An injury or trauma stimulates the ___ in the ____ to release ____which activate the mechanism of COAGULATION .

A

Platelets
Blood 🩸
Certain factors

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87
Q

Certain __released AT _______ also can initiate coagulation .

A

Factors

The site of injury

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88
Q

____play a very imp role in clotting .

A

Ca2+

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89
Q

As the blood passes through the he capillaries in tissues , some ___along with many _____ move out into the spaces between the cells of ___.

A

Water
Small water soluble substances
Tissues

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90
Q

When water along with many water soluble substances move out into the spaces btw the cells of tissues , they leave -______in the _____.

A

Larger proteins and most of the formed elements

Blood vessels

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91
Q

The fluid released out from capillaries is called -

A

Interstitial fluid /tissue fluid

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92
Q

Tissue fluid /interstitial fluid has the same MINERAL DISTRIBUTION as in ______.

A

Plasma

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93
Q

Exchange of nutrients ,gases etc., between blood and the cells always occurs through the_____.

A

Interstitial fluid /tissue fluid

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94
Q

An elaborate network of ____called the _____collects the tissue fluid /interstitial fluid and drains it back to the ____.

A

Vessels
Lymphatic system
Major veins

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95
Q

Lymph is a colourless fluid containing _____.

A

Specialised lymphocytes

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96
Q

Function of interstitial fluid /tissue fluid -

A

Exchange of nutrients / gases etc btw the blood and the cells always occurs through this fluid .

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97
Q

The fluid present in the lymphatic system is called -

A

Lymph

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98
Q

Lymph contains specialised lymphocytes which are responsible for -

A

Immune responses of the body

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99
Q

Lymph is also an important carrier for _____,__etc .

A

Nutrients

Hormones

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100
Q

Fats are absorbed through ___in the ___present in the ______.

A

Lymph
Lacteals
Intestinal villi

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101
Q

The circulatory patterns are of 2 types -___and __.

A

Open

Closed

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102
Q

Open circulatory system is present in ____and ____.

A

Arthropods

Molluscs

103
Q

In open type of blood circulation , blood pumped by the heart passes through ____into _____called______ .

A

Large vessels
Open spaces /body cavities
Sinuses

104
Q

____and ______have a closed circulatory system .

A

Annelids

Chordates

105
Q

Blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a closed network of blood vessels . This happens in open /closed type -

A

Closed circulation

106
Q

Which circulation is more advantageous ? Why ?

A

Closed

As the flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated

107
Q

All _____possess a MUSCULAR chambered heart .

A

Vertebrates

108
Q

Fishes have a __chambered heart .

A

2

1 auricle +1 ventricle

109
Q

3 chambered heart 💖 is present in-

A

Amphibians 🐸
Reptiles 🦎(except crocodiles 🐊)
(2 atria +1 ventricle )

110
Q

4 chambered heart 💓 is present in -

A

Crocodiles 🐊
Birds 🐦
Mammals 🐘

111
Q

Single circulation is present in -

A

Fishes

112
Q

In fishes , the heart pumps out deoxygenated blood 🩸 which is oxygenated by the _____ ,and supplied to the body parts from where deoxygenated blood is pumped back to the heart 💔. This is called ___

A

Gills

Single circulation

113
Q

INCOMPLETE DOUBLE CIRCULATION is present in -

A

Amphibians

Reptiles

114
Q

In amphibians and reptiles , the __receives oxygenated blood from the ____and the ______gets deoxygenated blood from other body parts .

A

Left atrium
Gills /lungs /skin
Right atrium

115
Q

In amphibians and reptiles , __kind of circulation is present .why ?

A

Incomplete double
Oxygenated blood from left atrium and deoxygenated blood from right atrium gets mixed up in the single ventricle which pumps out mixed blood .

116
Q

Double circulation (complete )is possessed by -

A

Birds
Mammals
(No mixing occurs )

117
Q

Human circulatory system ,also called the ____ consists of a muscular chambered heart , a ____ and ____.

A

Blood vascular system
Network of closed branching blood vessels
Blood 🩸

118
Q

Heart is a ____ derived organ .

A

Mesodermally

119
Q

Heart is situated in the ___ , in BETWEEN the ___slightly tilted to the ____.

A

Thoracic cavity
2 lungs
Left

120
Q

The heart is protected by a __walled _____ .

A

Double walled

Membranous bag , PERICARDIUM

121
Q

The PERICARDIUM is a double walled ___enclosing the _____.

A

Membranous bag 💼

Pericardial fluid

122
Q

4 chambers of heart 💓 are 2 upper ____ atria and 2 lower ____ ventricles .

A

Small

Large

123
Q

_____separates the right and left atria .____separates the right and left ventricles .

A

Inter-atrial septum

Inter-ventricular septum

124
Q

The inter-atrial septum is __walled whereas the inter-ventricular septum is __Walled .

A

Thin muscular

Thick

125
Q

The atrium and ventricle of the same side are separated by _____, which is a _____.

A

A trio-ventricular septum

Thick fibrous tissue

126
Q

The cartilagenous rings covering the trachea and initial bronchioles are made of _____cartilage

A

Hyaline

127
Q

The valve present btw right and left ventricle is famed of -

A

3 muscular flaps /cusps

128
Q

The opening of the __ into the pulmonary artery is provided with semilunar valves .

A

Right ventricle

129
Q

The opening of the _____into the aorta is guarded by semilunar valve .

A

Left ventricle

130
Q

Valves prevent ___.

A

Backward flow

131
Q

The valves in the heart allow the flow of blood in ______. Directions

A

Only in 1D

132
Q

The entire heart is made of _____.

A

Cardiac muscles

133
Q

The walls of _____are much thicker than that of _____.

A

Ventricles

Atria

134
Q

A specialised _____ called the _____tissue is also distributed in the heart .

A

Cardiac musculature

Nodal

135
Q

A patch of _____is present in the RIGHT UPPER CORNER OF THE RIGTH ATRIA and is called _____.

A

Nodal tissue

SAN sino-atrial node

136
Q

SAN and AVN are parts of ____.

A

Nodal tissue

137
Q

AVN is present in the ______of _______ , close to the ___.

A

Lower left corner
Right atrium
Atrio-ventricular septum .

138
Q

Location of SAN -

A

Right upper corner of the right atrium

139
Q

A bundle of nodal fibres arises from the -

A

AVN

140
Q

A bundle. Of nodal fibres called ____ continues from. The AVN which passes through the ______ to emerge on top of the ______ and immediately divides .

A

AV bundle (atrio -ventricular bundle)
Atrio-ventricular septa
Inter-ventricular septum

141
Q

Bundle of his a continuation of _____ . Where is it located ?

A

AV bundle - which passes through the atrio-ventricular septa and runs parallel to inter-ventricular septum to emerge on top of it .
Located parallel to inter-ventricular septum and at its bottom ,divides into right and left bundles -purkinje fibres

142
Q

The branches of AV bundle which divide on top of inter-ventricular septum give rise to MINUTE FIBRES throughout the ____ of the respective sides and are called _____.

A

Ventricular musculature

Purkinje fibres

143
Q

The ____has the ability to generate ACTION POTENTIALS without any external stimuli .

A

Nodal musculature

144
Q

The nodal musculature is _____.

A

Autoexcitable - can generate action potentials without any external stimuli .

145
Q

The number of ____vary at diff parts of the nodal system .

A

Action potentials that could be generated in a minute

146
Q

The _____can generate the max number of ACTION POTENTIALS .

A

SAN (part of nodal tissue )

147
Q

__is. Responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart .

A

SAN

148
Q

SAN can generate ___action potentials .

A

70-75 min-1

149
Q

Why is SAN also called the PACEMAKER ?

A

It is responsible for INITIATING and MAINTAINING the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart .

150
Q

Our heart normally beats ___times in a minute .

A

70-75 times

72 beats min-1 (average)

151
Q

To begin the cardiac cycle , all the 4 chambers of the heart are in a __state called ______.

A

Relaxed

JOINT DIASTOLE

152
Q

Which valves are open during the joint diastole -the 1st step of cardiac cycle ?

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid

Semilunar valves are closed at this time

153
Q

What happens during the joint diastole ?

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open , blood from the pulmonary and vena cava flow into the left and the right ventricles resp through the atria .

154
Q

The ___valves are closed during the beginning of the cardiac cycle .

A

Semilunar

155
Q

The SAN now generates an action potential which stimulates _______.

A

Atrial systole

Stimulates the atria to undergo simultaneous contraction

156
Q

The generation of action potential by SAN increases the floe o blood into the ___by about __%

A

Ventricles

30%

157
Q

The action potential (generated by SAN ) is conducted to the ventricular side by the ___and ___ .

A

AVN

AV bundle

158
Q

The ___transmits the action potential though the entire ventricular musculature .

A

Bundle of his

159
Q

After atrial systole , what causes the ventricular systole ?

A

The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by the AVN and AV bundle from where the bundle of His transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature

160
Q

When the ventricular muscles contract , the atria undergoes __

A

Relaxation (atrial diastole )

161
Q

Ventricular systole increases _____causing the closure of _______due to _____.

A

Ventricular pressure
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves
Due to attempted backflow of blood into the atria

162
Q

As theventricular pressure further inc (during ventricular systole ) , the ____are forced open .

A 
Semilunar valves ( guarding pulmonary artery and aorta )
(Allowing the blood from the ventricles to flow through these vessels into the circulatory pathways )
163
Q

When the ventricles relax , the ventricular pressure ____ causing the ____.

A

Falls
Closure of semilunar valves
(Prevents backflow of blood into ventricles )

164
Q

As the ventricularpressure declines further (during ventricular diastole ) , the ___Are pushed open by the ____.

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid valves
By the pressure in the atria exerted by the blood was being emptied into them by the veins (vena cava and pulmonary vein )

165
Q

The sequential event which is cyclically repeated is called the radial cycle and it consisted of systole and diastole of ___

A

Both the atria and the ventricles

166
Q

He number of heart beats per minute is equal to the number of ____performed per minute .

A

Cardiac cycles

167
Q

Duration of a cardiac cycle is -

A

0.8 s

168
Q

During a cardiac cycle , each ventricle pumps out approx ____ml blood.

A

70 mL

169
Q

During a cardiac cycle , each ____pumps out approx 70 mL of blood which is called the ______.

A

Ventricle

Stroke volume

170
Q

Stroke volume * heart rate (beats per min) +

A

Cardiac output

171
Q

Value and definition of cardiac output -

A

5000 mL / 5L

Vol of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute

172
Q

The body has the ability to alter the CARDIAC OUT PUT .T/F . How ?

A

T

Becoz the body can alter the stroke vol as well as the heart rate

173
Q

The cardiac output of an athlete will be _____than that of an ordinary man .

A

Much higher

174
Q

He pulmonary artery carries blood from the __ventricle

A

Right

175
Q

The the vena cava opens into the __.

A

Right atrium

176
Q

The pulmonary veins open into the __

A

Left atria

177
Q

The vena cava and pulmonary veins are provided with valves . T/F

A

Opening of vena cava into right atrium is provided with a valve - eustachian valve

Opening of pulmonary veins into left atrium - is not provided with any valves . 4 pulmonary veins open into left atrium

178
Q

Formula of cardiac output =

A

Cardiac output =stroke vol * heart rate

5000mL. 70ml. 72/min

179
Q

The __of an athlete is much higher than that of an ordinary man .

A

Cardiac output

180
Q

The 2 prominent sounds produced during each cardiac cycle can be easily heard using -

A

Stethoscope

181
Q

He first heart sound is ____

A

Lub

2nd -dub

182
Q

The first heart sound is associated with the closure of ___

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid valves (lub)

183
Q

The 2nd heart sound is associated with the closure of _____.

A

Semilunar valves (dub)

184
Q

Lub and dub sounds are of _____significance .

A

Clinical diagnostic

185
Q

Full form of ECG -

A

Electro cardio graph

186
Q

The ECG machine is called -

A

Electro cardio graph

187
Q

The ECG machine is used to obtain _____

A

ECG -electro cardio GRAM

188
Q

_____is a graph paper (graphical representation) of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle .

A

Electro cardio gram (ECG)

189
Q

Electrocardiograph is a _____and electrocardiogram is a ____.

A

Machine

Graphical representation

190
Q

In an ECG , the patient is connected to the machine with __ electrical leads that continuously monitor the heart activity . How ?

A

3
One to each wrist (2)
1 to the left ankle

191
Q

For a detailed evaluation of the heart’s function using an ECG , what is done ?

A

Multiple electrical leads are attached to the CHEST region

192
Q

Each peak in the ECG is identified with a letter from _to __that corresponds to a specific activity of the heart .

A

P

T

193
Q

The P wave represents ______.

A

Electrical excitation of atria = depolarisation of atria

194
Q

The P wave represents depolarisation of atria which leads to __

A

Contraction of both the atria

195
Q

The ____represents the depolarisation of VENTRICLES .

A

QRS complex

196
Q

The ventricular contraction starts shortly after ____ (wave) and marks the beginning of _______

A

Q
Systole
(Depolarisation of ventricles initiates ventricular contraction )

197
Q

The T wave represents ______.

A

Return of ventricles from excited to normal state ( repolarisation )

198
Q

Repolarisation of ventricles is marked by _wave

A

T

Repolarisation of atria does not occur

199
Q

The ___marks the end of VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE .

A

End of T-wave

200
Q

By counting the number of QRS complex , one can determine the ____ of an individual .

A

Heart beat rate

201
Q

ECGs obtained from diff individuals have roughly the same ___ for a given ____.

A

Shape

Lead configuration

202
Q

Any deviation from the normal shape of ECG indicated -

A

Abnormality or disease

203
Q

ECG is of great ___.

A

Clinical significance

204
Q

The blood flows STRICTLY by a fixed route through _____

A

Blood vessels -arteries and veins

205
Q

Basically , each ARTERY and VEIN consists of __layers .

A

3

206
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels (arteries and veins )?

A

Tunica intima -inner (squamous endothelium )
Tunica media -middle(smooth muscles and lactic fibres )
Tunica externa -outer (fibrous connective tissue )

207
Q

The TUNICA INTIMA layer of arteries/veins is an inner lining of ___

A

Squamous ENDOTHELIUM

208
Q

The tunica meda of blood vessels is a middle layer of __and _____.

A

Smooth muscles

Elastic fibres

209
Q

The __is comparatively THIN in the VEINS(out of the 3 layers )

A

Tunica media

210
Q

The tunica externa is an external layer of ______with ____.

A

Fibrous connective tissue

Collagen fibres

211
Q

The blood pumped by the right ventricle enters the __., whereas the left ventricle pumps blood into the _____ .

A

Pulmonary artery

Aorta

212
Q

The deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is passed on to the lungs from where the oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium . This pathway constitutes the _____

A

Pulmonary circulation

213
Q

What is SYSTEMIC circulation ?

A

The oxygenated blood entering the aorta is carried by a network of arteries ,arterioles , and capillaries to the tissues from where the deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava and emptied into the right atrium .

214
Q

The SYSTEMIC circulation provides _,__ and __ to the __and takes _and ___away for elimination .

A 
Nutrients 
O2
Other essential substance 
Tissues 
CO2 
Other harmful substances
215
Q

There exists a unique ____connection btw the digestive tract and liver .

A

Vascular connection

216
Q

The unique vascular connection btw the digestive tract and liver is called ______.

A

Hepatic portal system

217
Q

The ______ carries blood from the intestines to the liver before it is delivered to the systemic circulation .

A

Hepatic portal vein

218
Q

A special _____system of blood vessels is present in our body exclusively for the circulation of blood 🩸 to and from the _______.

A

Coronary

Cardiac musculature

219
Q

The hepatic portal vein carries blood from ___to the ____before it is delivered to the ____. ‘This is called -

A

Intestine
Liver
Systemic circulation
Hepatic portal system

220
Q

Normal activities of the heart are regulated _______ .

A

Intrinsically i.e.,auto regulated

221
Q

Normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically i.e., autoregulated by ____hence the heart is called _____.

A 
Specialised muscles (nodal tissue )
MYOGENIC
222
Q

A special neural centre in the ___can moderate the cardiac function through ____.

A

Medulla oblongata

ANS (autonomic nervous system )

223
Q

Neural signals through the ______ can increase the rate of heart beat .

A

Sympathetic nerves (part o ANS )

224
Q

Neural signals through the sympathetic nerves (part of ANS )can increase the ____, the strength of ______and thereby the _____.

A

Rate of heart beat
Ventricular contractions
Cardiac output

225
Q

Parasympathetic (part of ANS ) neural signals _____the rate of heart beat , decrease the SPEED OF _____and thereby the _____.

A

Dec
Conduction of action potential
Cardiac output

226
Q

______hormones can also increase the cardiac output .

A

Adrenal medullary

227
Q

____is the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal (120/80)

A

Hypertension

228
Q

Normal BP =

High BP =

A

120/80

140/90

229
Q

In the measurement of blood pressure , 120 mm Hg(higher side ) is the ___or _____ pressure .

A

Systolic

Pumping

230
Q

In the measurement of BP , 80mm Hg is the _or __pressure .

A

Diastolic

Resting

231
Q

If repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual is __ or higher , it shows hypertension .

A

140 / 90

232
Q

High blood pressure leads to heart diseases and also affects __and ___.

A

Vital organs like brain and kidney

233
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is often referred to as -

A

Atheroscelrosis

234
Q

CAD affects the _____.

A

Vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle

Atherosclerosis

235
Q

CAD (atherosclerosis) is caused by deposits of -

A 
4
Ca 
Fat 
Cholesterol 
Fibrous tissue
236
Q

Deposits of Ca , fat , cholesterol and fibrous tissues in atherosclerosis causes ____.

A

Makes the lumen of ARTERIES narrower

237
Q

Angina is also called -

A

Angina pectoris

238
Q

CAD makes the _of ___narrower .

A

Lumen

Arteries

239
Q

A symptoms of ____ appears when no OXYGEN is reaching the heart muscles . The disorder is called -

A

Acute chest pain

Angina pectoris

240
Q

Angina can occur among women and men of ___age but it is more common among ____and ___.

A

Any age
Middle -aged
Elderly

241
Q

_____ occurs due to conditions that AFFECT THE BLOOD FLOW .

A

Angina

242
Q

What happens in angina ?

A

No enough O2 is reaching the heart muscle

243
Q

Cause of angina -

A

Occurs due to conditions that affect the blood flow

244
Q

__ means the sate of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body .

A

Heart failure

245
Q

Heart failure is sometimes called CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE because -

A

Congestion of lungs is one of the main symptoms of the disease

246
Q

In ______, the heart stops beating .

A

Cardiac arrest

247
Q

_____ occurs when the heart muscle is damaged by an INADEQUATE blood supply .

A

Heart attack

248
Q

Heart failure is not the same as __ or___.

A

Cardiac arrest

Heart attack

249
Q

Main SYMPTOM of heart failure -

A

Congestion of lungs

250
Q

What happens in cardiac arrest and heart attack ?

A

Cardiac arrest -heart stops beating

Heart attack -heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply

251
Q

Briefly describe pulmonary circulation -

A

Right ventricle —>pulmonary artery —->lungs—->pulmonary vein—-> left atrium

252
Q

Briefly describe systemic circulation -

A

Left ventricle —>aorta—>tissues —>vena cava —-> right atrium

253
Q

Difference btw cardiac output and stroke vol -

A

Stroke vol- vol pumped out by each ventricle during 1 cardiac cycle
Cardiac output - vol pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute .

Biology 3 - Animal Physiology (8 decks)

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