Body Fluids And Circulation Flashcards
All living cells have to be provided with ____,____and ____.
Nutrients
O2
Other essential substances
Simple organisms like ____and ___ circulate water from the surroundings through their body cavities to facilitate the cells to exchange these essential substances .
Sponges
Coelenterates
_use special fluids to transport such. Essential materials .
More complex organisms
___is the most commonly used body fluid .
Blood
Tissue fluid -
Lymph
Blood 🩸 is a ____tissue consisting of _,__and ____.
Fluid matrix
Plasma
Formed elements
Plasma is a __coloured , _____fluid
Straw-coloured
Viscous
Plasma constitutes nearly ___%of the blood .
55%
Water constitutes ___% of plasma .
90-92%
Proteins contribute __ % of plasma .
6-8%
What are the major proteins found in PLASMA -
3
Fibrinogens
Globulins
Albumins
Constituents of plasma -
Water -90-92% Proteins -6-8% Minerals -small amounts Glucose Among acids Lipids
_____are needed for clotting or coagulation of blood .
Fibrinogens
____are involved in the defence mechanism of the body .
Globulins ( part of proteins in plasma )
____ help in OSMOTIC BALANCE .
Albumins ( part of proteins in plasma )
Plasma also contains small amounts of minerals like -
Na+ Ca++ Mg++ HCO3- Cl-
_,__and__are also present in plasma AS THEY ARE ALWAYS IN TRANSIT IN THE BODY .
Glucose
Amino acids
Lipids
Factors for __or ___of blood are also present in the plasma .
Clotting
Coagulation
Factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are also present in the plasma in an __form .
Inactive
______ without _____is called SERUM .
Plasma
Clotting factors
__,____and ____are collectively called formed elements .
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Formed elements constitute nearly ____% of the blood .
45%
_are the most abundant of all the cells in the blood 🩸
RBCs / erythrocytes
A healthy adult person on an average has ___RBCs mm-3 of blood 🩸.
5 -5.5 million mm-3
RBCs are formed in the ____ in the adults
Bone marrow
RBCs are devoid of nucleus in most of the ___and are ____in shape .
Mammals
Biconcave
RBCs have a red -coloured ,____containing ___ called _____.hence the colour and name of these cells .
Iron
Complex protein
Haemoglobin
A healthy individual has ______ of Hb in every 100ml of BLOOD 🩸.
12-16 gms
These molecules play a significant role in transport of respiratory gases - which ?
Hb molecules
RBCs have an average life-span of -
120 days
After 120 days ,RBCs are destroyed in the _____.
Spleen -graveyard of the RBCs
__Are also called WBCs as they are ______
Leucocytes
Colourless
WBCs are colourless due to -
Lack of Hb
WBCs are ______and ______in number (unlike RBCs )
Nucleated
Relatively Lesser
No of WBCs averages _______mm-3 of blood 🩸
6000-8000 mm-3
Leucocytes are generally _____lived .
Short
Categories of WBCs -
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
How many types of WBCs come under GRANULOCYTES -name
3
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
How many WBCs come under AGRANULOCYTES -
2
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
______are the most abundant cells of the total WBCs . They comprise __% of WBCs .
Neutrophils
60-65%
__Are the least abundant . They comprise __% of the total WBCs .
Basophils
0.5-1%
Monocytes comprise ____% of WBCs .
6-8%
Eosinophils comprise __% of WBCs .
2-3%
Lymphocytes comprise _% of WBCs .
20-25%
____and _____are PHAGOCYTIC cells which destroy foreign organisms entering the body .
Neutrophils
Monocytes
____are involved in INFLAMMATORY reactions
Basophils
Basophils secrete ____,____and_____.
Histamine
Serotonin
Heparin
(Involved in inflammatory rxns )
___Are associated with ALLERGIC rxns (among WBCs )
Eosinophils
Eosinophils resist ____and are associated with _____.
Infections
Allergic rxns
Lymphocytes are of how many types ? What is their function?
2 - T and B
Responsible for immune responses of the body
Name 2 blood groupings -
ABO
Rh
ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of _______on the RBCs .
2 surface ANTIGENS -A and B
What are ANTIGENS ?
Chemicals that can induce immune response .
Present on the surface of RBCs
____of different individuals contain 2 natural ANTIBODIES .
Plasma
Antibodies are proteins produced in response to ____ .
Antigens
Antibodies-present in the plasma
Name the antibodies and antigens -
Antibodies -anti A ,anti B ,anti AB ,nil
Antigens -A , B ,AB ,nil
(O is neither an antigen nor any antibody , its a blood group )
During transfusions , blood of the donor must match the blood of the recipient to avoid -
Severe problems of clumping (destruction of RBCs )
For blood transfusions ,__is checked .
Donor’s compatibility
Blood grp O has which ANTIGEN and which ANTIBODY ?
Antigen on RBC -nil
Antibody in plasma -anti-A,B
Blood grp AB has which antigen and which antibody ?
Antigen on RBC - A ,B
Antibody in plasma - nil
What should be the donor’s grp for blood grp B ?
B
O
____is universal donor .
O -ve
____is universal acceptor /recipients .
AB +ve
Another ____ , similar to the one present in rhesus monkey is also observed on ______ of humans .
Antigen -Rh antigen
On the surface of RBCs
Rh antigen is present on the surface of RBCs of _____% of humans .
Nearly 80%
majority
What are the individuals called in which Rh antigen is absent -
Rh -ve
Rh group should also be matched before transfusions ,T/F
T
An Rh -ve person if exposed to Rh+ve blood will form -
Specific antibodies against the Rh antigen
A special case of Rh incompatibility has been observed btw the Rh-ve blood of ______ with Rh+ve blood of _____.
Pregnant mother
Foetus
Rh antigens of the foetus do not get exposed to the Rh-ve blood of the mother in the ____pregnancy becoz -
1st
The 2 bloods are well-separated by the placenta
During the delivery of the _____ child ,there is possibility of exposure of the maternal blood to small amounts of ____blood from the ___.
1st
Rh +ve
Foetus
If the maternal blood is exposed to small amounts of Rh-ve blood of blood during delivery of 1st child , what happens then ?
Mother (maternal blood )starts preparing ANTIBODIES against Rh (+ve) ANTIGENS in her blood .
In case of subsequent pregnancies , the ___ from the mother can leak into the blood of the foetus and destroy the FOETAL RBCs .
Rh antibodies ( which were formed earlier ) If the foetus is Rh+ve , then antibodies ( which were formed against Rh+ve )destroy these Rh+ve RBCs of blood
Rh incompatibility in case of Rh-ve mother and Rh+ve child can be __to the foetus and can cause _____and ______to the baby .
Fatal
Severe anaemia
Jaundice
Severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby in case of Rh incompatibility is called -
Erythroblastosis foetalis
Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering ___to ____ after _____.
Anti-Rh antibodies
Mother
Immediately after delivery of 1st child
Blood exhibits _____or _____ in response to injury or trauma .
Coagulation
Clotting
Coagulation or clotting is the mechanism to avoid _____.
Excessive loss of blood from the body
The dark reddish brown sum formed at the site of a cut or an injury over a period of time is a ___or ____ formed mainly of a network of THREADS called ______.
Clot
Coagulam
Fibrins
In fibrins , ___are trapped .
Dead and damaged formed elements of blood 🩸
Fibrins are formed by the conversion of ___in the ___by the enzyme _____.
Inactive fibrinogens
Plasma
Thrombin
Fibrinogens are present in the plasma is an ______state .
Inactive
Thrombins are formed from another inactive substance present in the ___ called _______.
Plasma
Prothrombin
An enzyme complex ____is req for the confusion of prothrombin into thrombin .
Thrombokinase
_______is formed by a series of linked enzymic reactions (cascade process) involving a number of factors present in the plasma in an inactive state .
Enzyme thrombokinase
An injury or trauma stimulates the ___ in the ____ to release ____which activate the mechanism of COAGULATION .
Platelets
Blood 🩸
Certain factors
Certain __released AT _______ also can initiate coagulation .
Factors
The site of injury
____play a very imp role in clotting .
Ca2+
As the blood passes through the he capillaries in tissues , some ___along with many _____ move out into the spaces between the cells of ___.
Water
Small water soluble substances
Tissues
When water along with many water soluble substances move out into the spaces btw the cells of tissues , they leave -______in the _____.
Larger proteins and most of the formed elements
Blood vessels
The fluid released out from capillaries is called -
Interstitial fluid /tissue fluid
Tissue fluid /interstitial fluid has the same MINERAL DISTRIBUTION as in ______.
Plasma
Exchange of nutrients ,gases etc., between blood and the cells always occurs through the_____.
Interstitial fluid /tissue fluid
An elaborate network of ____called the _____collects the tissue fluid /interstitial fluid and drains it back to the ____.
Vessels
Lymphatic system
Major veins
Lymph is a colourless fluid containing _____.
Specialised lymphocytes
Function of interstitial fluid /tissue fluid -
Exchange of nutrients / gases etc btw the blood and the cells always occurs through this fluid .
The fluid present in the lymphatic system is called -
Lymph
Lymph contains specialised lymphocytes which are responsible for -
Immune responses of the body
Lymph is also an important carrier for _____,__etc .
Nutrients
Hormones
Fats are absorbed through ___in the ___present in the ______.
Lymph
Lacteals
Intestinal villi
The circulatory patterns are of 2 types -___and __.
Open
Closed
Open circulatory system is present in ____and ____.
Arthropods
Molluscs
In open type of blood circulation , blood pumped by the heart passes through ____into _____called______ .
Large vessels
Open spaces /body cavities
Sinuses
____and ______have a closed circulatory system .
Annelids
Chordates
Blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a closed network of blood vessels . This happens in open /closed type -
Closed circulation
Which circulation is more advantageous ? Why ?
Closed
As the flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated
All _____possess a MUSCULAR chambered heart .
Vertebrates
Fishes have a __chambered heart .
2
1 auricle +1 ventricle
3 chambered heart 💖 is present in-
Amphibians 🐸
Reptiles 🦎(except crocodiles 🐊)
(2 atria +1 ventricle )
4 chambered heart 💓 is present in -
Crocodiles 🐊
Birds 🐦
Mammals 🐘
Single circulation is present in -
Fishes
In fishes , the heart pumps out deoxygenated blood 🩸 which is oxygenated by the _____ ,and supplied to the body parts from where deoxygenated blood is pumped back to the heart 💔. This is called ___
Gills
Single circulation
INCOMPLETE DOUBLE CIRCULATION is present in -
Amphibians
Reptiles
In amphibians and reptiles , the __receives oxygenated blood from the ____and the ______gets deoxygenated blood from other body parts .
Left atrium
Gills /lungs /skin
Right atrium
In amphibians and reptiles , __kind of circulation is present .why ?
Incomplete double
Oxygenated blood from left atrium and deoxygenated blood from right atrium gets mixed up in the single ventricle which pumps out mixed blood .
Double circulation (complete )is possessed by -
Birds
Mammals
(No mixing occurs )
Human circulatory system ,also called the ____ consists of a muscular chambered heart , a ____ and ____.
Blood vascular system
Network of closed branching blood vessels
Blood 🩸
Heart is a ____ derived organ .
Mesodermally
Heart is situated in the ___ , in BETWEEN the ___slightly tilted to the ____.
Thoracic cavity
2 lungs
Left
The heart is protected by a __walled _____ .
Double walled
Membranous bag , PERICARDIUM
The PERICARDIUM is a double walled ___enclosing the _____.
Membranous bag 💼
Pericardial fluid
4 chambers of heart 💓 are 2 upper ____ atria and 2 lower ____ ventricles .
Small
Large
_____separates the right and left atria .____separates the right and left ventricles .
Inter-atrial septum
Inter-ventricular septum
The inter-atrial septum is __walled whereas the inter-ventricular septum is __Walled .
Thin muscular
Thick
The atrium and ventricle of the same side are separated by _____, which is a _____.
A trio-ventricular septum
Thick fibrous tissue
The cartilagenous rings covering the trachea and initial bronchioles are made of _____cartilage
Hyaline
The valve present btw right and left ventricle is famed of -
3 muscular flaps /cusps
The opening of the __ into the pulmonary artery is provided with semilunar valves .
Right ventricle
The opening of the _____into the aorta is guarded by semilunar valve .
Left ventricle
Valves prevent ___.
Backward flow
The valves in the heart allow the flow of blood in ______. Directions
Only in 1D
The entire heart is made of _____.
Cardiac muscles
The walls of _____are much thicker than that of _____.
Ventricles
Atria
A specialised _____ called the _____tissue is also distributed in the heart .
Cardiac musculature
Nodal
A patch of _____is present in the RIGHT UPPER CORNER OF THE RIGTH ATRIA and is called _____.
Nodal tissue
SAN sino-atrial node
SAN and AVN are parts of ____.
Nodal tissue
AVN is present in the ______of _______ , close to the ___.
Lower left corner
Right atrium
Atrio-ventricular septum .
Location of SAN -
Right upper corner of the right atrium
A bundle of nodal fibres arises from the -
AVN
A bundle. Of nodal fibres called ____ continues from. The AVN which passes through the ______ to emerge on top of the ______ and immediately divides .
AV bundle (atrio -ventricular bundle)
Atrio-ventricular septa
Inter-ventricular septum
Bundle of his a continuation of _____ . Where is it located ?
AV bundle - which passes through the atrio-ventricular septa and runs parallel to inter-ventricular septum to emerge on top of it .
Located parallel to inter-ventricular septum and at its bottom ,divides into right and left bundles -purkinje fibres
The branches of AV bundle which divide on top of inter-ventricular septum give rise to MINUTE FIBRES throughout the ____ of the respective sides and are called _____.
Ventricular musculature
Purkinje fibres
The ____has the ability to generate ACTION POTENTIALS without any external stimuli .
Nodal musculature
The nodal musculature is _____.
Autoexcitable - can generate action potentials without any external stimuli .
The number of ____vary at diff parts of the nodal system .
Action potentials that could be generated in a minute
The _____can generate the max number of ACTION POTENTIALS .
SAN (part of nodal tissue )
__is. Responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart .
SAN
SAN can generate ___action potentials .
70-75 min-1
Why is SAN also called the PACEMAKER ?
It is responsible for INITIATING and MAINTAINING the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart .
Our heart normally beats ___times in a minute .
70-75 times
72 beats min-1 (average)
To begin the cardiac cycle , all the 4 chambers of the heart are in a __state called ______.
Relaxed
JOINT DIASTOLE
Which valves are open during the joint diastole -the 1st step of cardiac cycle ?
Tricuspid and bicuspid
Semilunar valves are closed at this time
What happens during the joint diastole ?
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open , blood from the pulmonary and vena cava flow into the left and the right ventricles resp through the atria .
The ___valves are closed during the beginning of the cardiac cycle .
Semilunar
The SAN now generates an action potential which stimulates _______.
Atrial systole
Stimulates the atria to undergo simultaneous contraction
The generation of action potential by SAN increases the floe o blood into the ___by about __%
Ventricles
30%
The action potential (generated by SAN ) is conducted to the ventricular side by the ___and ___ .
AVN
AV bundle
The ___transmits the action potential though the entire ventricular musculature .
Bundle of his
After atrial systole , what causes the ventricular systole ?
The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by the AVN and AV bundle from where the bundle of His transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature
When the ventricular muscles contract , the atria undergoes __
Relaxation (atrial diastole )
Ventricular systole increases _____causing the closure of _______due to _____.
Ventricular pressure
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves
Due to attempted backflow of blood into the atria
As theventricular pressure further inc (during ventricular systole ) , the ____are forced open .
Semilunar valves ( guarding pulmonary artery and aorta ) (Allowing the blood from the ventricles to flow through these vessels into the circulatory pathways )
When the ventricles relax , the ventricular pressure ____ causing the ____.
Falls
Closure of semilunar valves
(Prevents backflow of blood into ventricles )
As the ventricularpressure declines further (during ventricular diastole ) , the ___Are pushed open by the ____.
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves
By the pressure in the atria exerted by the blood was being emptied into them by the veins (vena cava and pulmonary vein )
The sequential event which is cyclically repeated is called the radial cycle and it consisted of systole and diastole of ___
Both the atria and the ventricles
He number of heart beats per minute is equal to the number of ____performed per minute .
Cardiac cycles
Duration of a cardiac cycle is -
0.8 s
During a cardiac cycle , each ventricle pumps out approx ____ml blood.
70 mL
During a cardiac cycle , each ____pumps out approx 70 mL of blood which is called the ______.
Ventricle
Stroke volume
Stroke volume * heart rate (beats per min) +
Cardiac output
Value and definition of cardiac output -
5000 mL / 5L
Vol of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute
The body has the ability to alter the CARDIAC OUT PUT .T/F . How ?
T
Becoz the body can alter the stroke vol as well as the heart rate
The cardiac output of an athlete will be _____than that of an ordinary man .
Much higher
He pulmonary artery carries blood from the __ventricle
Right
The the vena cava opens into the __.
Right atrium
The pulmonary veins open into the __
Left atria
The vena cava and pulmonary veins are provided with valves . T/F
Opening of vena cava into right atrium is provided with a valve - eustachian valve
Opening of pulmonary veins into left atrium - is not provided with any valves . 4 pulmonary veins open into left atrium
Formula of cardiac output =
Cardiac output =stroke vol * heart rate
5000mL. 70ml. 72/min
The __of an athlete is much higher than that of an ordinary man .
Cardiac output
The 2 prominent sounds produced during each cardiac cycle can be easily heard using -
Stethoscope
He first heart sound is ____
Lub
2nd -dub
The first heart sound is associated with the closure of ___
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves (lub)
The 2nd heart sound is associated with the closure of _____.
Semilunar valves (dub)
Lub and dub sounds are of _____significance .
Clinical diagnostic
Full form of ECG -
Electro cardio graph
The ECG machine is called -
Electro cardio graph
The ECG machine is used to obtain _____
ECG -electro cardio GRAM
_____is a graph paper (graphical representation) of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle .
Electro cardio gram (ECG)
Electrocardiograph is a _____and electrocardiogram is a ____.
Machine
Graphical representation
In an ECG , the patient is connected to the machine with __ electrical leads that continuously monitor the heart activity . How ?
3
One to each wrist (2)
1 to the left ankle
For a detailed evaluation of the heart’s function using an ECG , what is done ?
Multiple electrical leads are attached to the CHEST region
Each peak in the ECG is identified with a letter from _to __that corresponds to a specific activity of the heart .
P
T
The P wave represents ______.
Electrical excitation of atria = depolarisation of atria
The P wave represents depolarisation of atria which leads to __
Contraction of both the atria
The ____represents the depolarisation of VENTRICLES .
QRS complex
The ventricular contraction starts shortly after ____ (wave) and marks the beginning of _______
Q
Systole
(Depolarisation of ventricles initiates ventricular contraction )
The T wave represents ______.
Return of ventricles from excited to normal state ( repolarisation )
Repolarisation of ventricles is marked by _wave
T
Repolarisation of atria does not occur
The ___marks the end of VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE .
End of T-wave
By counting the number of QRS complex , one can determine the ____ of an individual .
Heart beat rate
ECGs obtained from diff individuals have roughly the same ___ for a given ____.
Shape
Lead configuration
Any deviation from the normal shape of ECG indicated -
Abnormality or disease
ECG is of great ___.
Clinical significance
The blood flows STRICTLY by a fixed route through _____
Blood vessels -arteries and veins
Basically , each ARTERY and VEIN consists of __layers .
3
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels (arteries and veins )?
Tunica intima -inner (squamous endothelium )
Tunica media -middle(smooth muscles and lactic fibres )
Tunica externa -outer (fibrous connective tissue )
The TUNICA INTIMA layer of arteries/veins is an inner lining of ___
Squamous ENDOTHELIUM
The tunica meda of blood vessels is a middle layer of __and _____.
Smooth muscles
Elastic fibres
The __is comparatively THIN in the VEINS(out of the 3 layers )
Tunica media
The tunica externa is an external layer of ______with ____.
Fibrous connective tissue
Collagen fibres
The blood pumped by the right ventricle enters the __., whereas the left ventricle pumps blood into the _____ .
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
The deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is passed on to the lungs from where the oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium . This pathway constitutes the _____
Pulmonary circulation
What is SYSTEMIC circulation ?
The oxygenated blood entering the aorta is carried by a network of arteries ,arterioles , and capillaries to the tissues from where the deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava and emptied into the right atrium .
The SYSTEMIC circulation provides _,__ and __ to the __and takes _and ___away for elimination .
Nutrients O2 Other essential substance Tissues CO2 Other harmful substances
There exists a unique ____connection btw the digestive tract and liver .
Vascular connection
The unique vascular connection btw the digestive tract and liver is called ______.
Hepatic portal system
The ______ carries blood from the intestines to the liver before it is delivered to the systemic circulation .
Hepatic portal vein
A special _____system of blood vessels is present in our body exclusively for the circulation of blood 🩸 to and from the _______.
Coronary
Cardiac musculature
The hepatic portal vein carries blood from ___to the ____before it is delivered to the ____. ‘This is called -
Intestine
Liver
Systemic circulation
Hepatic portal system
Normal activities of the heart are regulated _______ .
Intrinsically i.e.,auto regulated
Normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically i.e., autoregulated by ____hence the heart is called _____.
Specialised muscles (nodal tissue ) MYOGENIC
A special neural centre in the ___can moderate the cardiac function through ____.
Medulla oblongata
ANS (autonomic nervous system )
Neural signals through the ______ can increase the rate of heart beat .
Sympathetic nerves (part o ANS )
Neural signals through the sympathetic nerves (part of ANS )can increase the ____, the strength of ______and thereby the _____.
Rate of heart beat
Ventricular contractions
Cardiac output
Parasympathetic (part of ANS ) neural signals _____the rate of heart beat , decrease the SPEED OF _____and thereby the _____.
Dec
Conduction of action potential
Cardiac output
______hormones can also increase the cardiac output .
Adrenal medullary
____is the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal (120/80)
Hypertension
Normal BP =
High BP =
120/80
140/90
In the measurement of blood pressure , 120 mm Hg(higher side ) is the ___or _____ pressure .
Systolic
Pumping
In the measurement of BP , 80mm Hg is the _or __pressure .
Diastolic
Resting
If repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual is __ or higher , it shows hypertension .
140 / 90
High blood pressure leads to heart diseases and also affects __and ___.
Vital organs like brain and kidney
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is often referred to as -
Atheroscelrosis
CAD affects the _____.
Vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle
Atherosclerosis
CAD (atherosclerosis) is caused by deposits of -
4 Ca Fat Cholesterol Fibrous tissue
Deposits of Ca , fat , cholesterol and fibrous tissues in atherosclerosis causes ____.
Makes the lumen of ARTERIES narrower
Angina is also called -
Angina pectoris
CAD makes the _of ___narrower .
Lumen
Arteries
A symptoms of ____ appears when no OXYGEN is reaching the heart muscles . The disorder is called -
Acute chest pain
Angina pectoris
Angina can occur among women and men of ___age but it is more common among ____and ___.
Any age
Middle -aged
Elderly
_____ occurs due to conditions that AFFECT THE BLOOD FLOW .
Angina
What happens in angina ?
No enough O2 is reaching the heart muscle
Cause of angina -
Occurs due to conditions that affect the blood flow
__ means the sate of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body .
Heart failure
Heart failure is sometimes called CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE because -
Congestion of lungs is one of the main symptoms of the disease
In ______, the heart stops beating .
Cardiac arrest
_____ occurs when the heart muscle is damaged by an INADEQUATE blood supply .
Heart attack
Heart failure is not the same as __ or___.
Cardiac arrest
Heart attack
Main SYMPTOM of heart failure -
Congestion of lungs
What happens in cardiac arrest and heart attack ?
Cardiac arrest -heart stops beating
Heart attack -heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply
Briefly describe pulmonary circulation -
Right ventricle —>pulmonary artery —->lungs—->pulmonary vein—-> left atrium
Briefly describe systemic circulation -
Left ventricle —>aorta—>tissues —>vena cava —-> right atrium
Difference btw cardiac output and stroke vol -
Stroke vol- vol pumped out by each ventricle during 1 cardiac cycle
Cardiac output - vol pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute .
