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Biology 3 - Animal Physiology > Excretory Sytem > Flashcards

Excretory Sytem Flashcards

1
Q

What are the substances that animals accumulate ?

A 
Ammonia 
Urea 
Uric acid
CO2
Water 
Ions ( Na+ , K+, Cl- , phosphate , sulphate )
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2
Q

Animals accumulate substances like ammonia ,urea ,uric acid CO2 ,H2O and ions either by ___or by other means like _____.

A

Metabolic activities

Excess ingestion

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3
Q

Accumulated substances have to be removed _or ____.

A

Totally

Partially

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4
Q

Name some ions which are accumulated in our bodies and have to be removed -

A 
Na+
K+
Cl-
Phosphate 
Sulphate
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5
Q

Major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals -

A

3
Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid

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6
Q

_____is the most TOXIC form of N2 waste excreted by animals .

A

Ammonia

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7
Q

Ammonia requires _____ for its elimination .

A

Large amount of water ( becoz it us highly toxic )

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8
Q

_is the least toxic form of N2 waste .

A

Uric acid

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9
Q

____can be removed with a minimum loss of water . Why ?

A

Uric acid

Least toxic in nature

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10
Q

He process of excreting ammonia is called -

A

ammonotelism

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11
Q

Name some ammonotelic organisms -

A 
3
Bony fishes 
Aquatic amphibians 
Aquatic insects 
(All aquatic ones )
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12
Q

__, as it is readily soluble , is generally excreted by diffusion across body surfaces or through gill surfaces ( in fish ) as ____ .

A

Ammonia

Ammonium ions

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13
Q

How is ammonia excreted by aquatic amphibians , bony fishes and aquatic insects?

A

It is excreted by diffusion across the body surface or through gills surface as in fishes as ammonium ions because it is readily soluble.

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14
Q

____necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous waste like ___and ____ for_____.

A

Terrestrial adaptations
Urea
Uric acid
Conservation of water

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15
Q

Name some UREOTELIC organism -

A

Excrete urea - 3
Mammals
Many terrestrial amphibians
Marine fishes

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16
Q

__produced by metabolism is converted into ___ in the ___ of UREOTELIC animals and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by kidneys .

A

Ammonia
Urea
Liver

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17
Q

Some amount of urea may be retained in. The __of UREOTELIC animals .

A

Kidney matrix

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18
Q

Why some amount of urea retained in the kidney matrix of UREOTELIC animals ?

A

To maintain a desired OSMOLARITY

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19
Q

How is UREA excreted by UREOTELIC animals ?

A

1) ammonia is produced by metabolism
2) ammonia is converted into UREA in the liver
3) liver releases this urea into the blood
4) urea is filtered from the blood and excreted out by the KIDNEYS .

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20
Q

_is produced by metabolism in UREOTELIC organisms.

A

Ammonia

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21
Q

Name some organisms which excrete N2 wastes as URIC acid -

A 
Uricotelic -4
Reptiles
Birds 
Land snails 
Insects
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22
Q

Uricotelic organisms excrete uric acid in the form of _or ___ with a _____ of water .

A

Pellets
Paste
Minimum loss

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23
Q

In most of the invertebrates , excretory structures are _forms whereas vertebrates have ____.

A

Simple tubular forms

Complex tubular organs -kidneys

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24
Q

_are the excretory structures in Platyhelminthes ( flatworms).

A

PROTONEPHRIDIA / flame cells

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25
Q

Flame cells are the excretory structures of -

A

Flatworms . (Ex planarian )
Rotifers
Some annelids
Cephalochordata (ex-amphioxus)

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26
Q

PROTONEPHRIDIA /flame cells are primarily concerned with ___and ___regulation . This is called -

A

Ionic
Fluid volume
Osmoregulation

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27
Q

Amphioxus has __As its excretory structure .

A

PROTONEPHRIDIA / flame cells

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28
Q

__are the TUBULAR excretory structures of earthworms .

A

Nephridia

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29
Q

Annelids have _as their excretory structures .

A

Mainly - NEPHRIDIA

Some annelids - PROTONEPHRIDIA

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30
Q

Nephridia help to maintain a fluid and ionic balance . T/F

A

T

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31
Q

Malphigian tubules are the excretory structures of most of the ____.

A

Insects - including cockroaches

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32
Q

__or ___ perform the excretory function in CRUSTACEANS like PRAWNS 🦐.

A

Antennal glands

Green glands

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33
Q

In humans , the excretory system consists of what components ?

A

A pair of kidneys
One pair of ureters
A urinary bladder
A urethra

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34
Q

Kidneys are reddish -brown , bean shaped structures situated BTW the levels of __and ___ VERTEBRA .

A

Last thoracic

3rd lumbar

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35
Q

Exact location of kidneys -

A

Situated btw the levels of last thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra close to the dorsal inner wall of the abdominal cavity .

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36
Q

Each kidney in an adult human measures ___in length .

A

10-12 cm

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37
Q

Each kidney in an adult human measures ___in width .

A

5-7cm

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38
Q

Each kidney in an adult human measures ___in thickness

A

2-3 cm

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39
Q

Average weight of kidneys -

A

120-170 g

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40
Q

Towards the centre of the inner CONCAVE surface of the kidney is a ___.

A

Notch - called hilum

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41
Q

Through the HILUM , __,___and ____enter .

A

Ureter
Blood vessels
Nerves

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42
Q

Inner to the ___ is a brood funnel shaped space called RENAL PELVIS .

A

Hilum

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43
Q

____has PROJECTIONS called CALYCES

A

Renal pelvis

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44
Q

Renal pelvis is ___in shape and and is situated ____ and contains ____.

A

Funnel -shaped
Inner to the hilum
Projections -calyces

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45
Q

The OUTER LAYER of the kidney is a ___.

A

Tough capsule

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46
Q

Inside th kidney , there are _zones .name -

A

2
Outer- cortex
Inner- medulla

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47
Q

The medulla (inner zone of kidneys ) is divided into __

A

A few conical masses - MEDULLARY PYRAMIDS

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48
Q

Medullary pyramids are _in shape and they project into the ___.

A

Conical

Calyces ( projections of renal pelvises inner to hilum )

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49
Q

The cortex(outer part of kidney ) extends in btw ______.

A

Medullary pyramids

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50
Q

The cortex of the kidneys extends btw the MEDULLARY PYRAMIDS as ____ , called ____.

A

Renal columns

Columns of bertini

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51
Q

What are columns of BERTINI ?

A

The part of cortex extending btw the medullary pyramids as RENAL COLUMNS are called the columns of bertini

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52
Q

Each kidney has approx ______ complex tubular structures called NEPHRONS .

A

1 million

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53
Q

Nephrons are the ____units .

A

Functional (only )

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54
Q

Each nephron has ___parts . Name -

A

2
Glomerulus
Renal tubule

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55
Q

Glomerulus is a tuft of ____ formed by the __ .

A

Capillaries

Afferent arteriole

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56
Q

Afferent arteriole is a fine branch of __.

A

Renal artery

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57
Q

Blood from the glomerulus is carried away by an_____

A

Efferent arteriole

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58
Q

__is formed by the afferent arteriole .

A

Glomerulus

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59
Q

Parts of renal tubule ( 2nd part of nephron )_

A

Bowman’s capsule
PCT
Henle’s loop
DCT

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60
Q

The renal tubule begins with a _walled _like structure called _____.

A

Double walled
Cup like
Bowman’s capsule

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61
Q

Bowman’s capsule is _waled .

A

Double

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62
Q

Bowman’s capsule encloses the ___

A

Glomerulus

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63
Q

Glomerulus along with the bowman’s capsule is called the_or __.

A

Malphigian body

Renal corpuscle

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64
Q

The renal tubule after Bowman’s capsule continues further to form a ____ network called _

A

Highly coiled

PCT

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65
Q

The __shaped HENLE’S loop is the next part (after PCT) of the renal tubule which has a _and an __part .

A

Hairpin
Descending
Ascending limb

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66
Q

The _limb of Henle’s loop continues as another __called _.

A

Ascending
Highly coiled tubular region
DCT

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67
Q

The _ of many nephrons open into a straight tube called COLLECTING DUCT .

A

DCTs

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68
Q

Many __converge and open into the RENAL PELVIS .

A

Collecting ducts

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69
Q

Many collecting ducts converge and open into the __ through __ in the _____ .

A

Renal pelvis
Medullary pyramids
Calyces

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70
Q

The parts of nephrons situated in the CORTICAL part of the kidney are -

A

3
Malphigian corpuscle
PCT
DCT

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71
Q

_part of nephron DIPS into the medulla .

A

Loop of henle

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72
Q

In __of nephrons , the loop of henle is too short and extends ______.

A

Majority

Only very little into the medulla

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73
Q

In MAJORITY of nephrons the HENLE’s loop is too short and extends only very little into the medulla . These nephrons are called -

A

Cortical nephrons

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74
Q

What are the 2 kinds of nephrons ? On what basis are they classified ?

A

2
Cortical nephrons -majority
Juxta medullary nephrons -few
Based on the length of henle’s loop dipping into the medulla

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75
Q

In some nephrons , the henle’s loop is __and runs deep into the medulla .they are called -

A

Very long

Juxta medullary nephrons

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76
Q

The ___emerging from the glomerulus forms a fine network of CAPILLARIES around the ___ .

A

Efferent arteriole

Renal tubule

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77
Q

The fine network of capillaries around the RENAL TUBULE formed from efferent arteriole are called ____

A

Peritubular capillaries

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78
Q

A minute vessel of ___ network runs parallel to the henle’s loop .

A

Peritubular capillaries

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79
Q

A __ of peritubular capillary network runs parallel to the henle’s loop forming a _ shaped ___.

A

Minute vessel
U -shaped
VASA RECTA

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80
Q

_is absent or highly reduced in CORTICAL NEPHRONS .

A

Vasa recta( becoz it runs parallel to the henle’s loop , which is highly reduced in cortical nephrons )

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81
Q

Vasa reacts arises from ___

A

Peritubular capillaries

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82
Q

Urine formation involves ____processes .name-

A

3
Glomerular filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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83
Q

The 1st step in urine formation -

A

Filtration of blood

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84
Q

The 1st step of urine formation is carried out by -

A

Glomerulus , hence the name GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

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85
Q

On an average __ blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute .

A

1100-1200ml per min

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86
Q

Blood filtered by the kidneys per minute constitutes roughly ___ of the blood pumped out by ____ in a minute .

A

1/5th

Each ventricle of the heart

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87
Q

The _____causes filtration of the blood .

A

Glomerular capillary blood pressure

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88
Q

The glomerular capillary blood pressure causes filtration of blood through ____layers .name -

A

3
Endothelium - of glomerular blood vessels
Basement membrane -in btw
Epithelium - of Bowman’s capsule

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89
Q

The epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule are called -

A

Podocytes

90
Q

Podocytes are _cells of ___.

A

Epithelial cells

Bowman’s capsule

91
Q

Podocytes are arranged in an ____manner . Why ?

A

Intricate

To leave some minute spaces called - filtration slits or slit pores

92
Q

Blood is filtered so finely through the 3 membranes , that almost all the constituents of __ except ___ pass onto the ____.

A

Plasma
PROTEINS
Lumen of Bowman’s capsule

93
Q

Glomerular filtration is also called ____ . Why ?

A

Ultrafiltration
Becoz blood is filtered so finely through the 3 layers that all constitutes of plasma except proteins pass onto the lumen of Bowman’s capsule

94
Q

____are not filtered by ultrafiltration .

A

Proteins

95
Q

The amount of FILTRATE formed by the kidneys per minute is called -

A

Glomerular filtration rate

96
Q

GFR in a healthy individual is _______ ml / min .

A

125 ml/min

97
Q

GFR in an healthy individual is approx _____ litres /day .

A

180 litres / day

98
Q

The kidneys have built-in mechanism for the regulation of GFR .T/F

A

T

99
Q

An in-built mechanism for the regulation of GFR is Carrie out by the -

A

Juxta glomerular apparatus JGA

100
Q

JGA is a special ___formed by the ___ modifications in the DCT and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact .

A

Sensitive region

Cellular

101
Q

JGA is formed by the cellular modifications in the __and ___at the junction of their contact .

A

DCT
Afferent arteriole
(Therefore , JGA is found in the kidney itself )

102
Q

____activates the JG cell to release RENNIN .

A

FALL in GFR

103
Q

What is the role of RENIN ?

A

Stimulates the glomerular blood flow and thereby , the GFR back to normal .

104
Q

When is RENIN released and from where ?

A

When the GFR falls .

Released from JG cells -in the kidney

105
Q

The comparison of the volume of the filtrate formed per day (180 L/day) with that of the urine released (1.5 L) , suggest that -

A

Nearly 99% of the filtrate formed has to be reabsorbed by the RENAL TUBULES .

106
Q

Nearly 99% of the filtrate formed per day is reabsorbed . This process is called -

A

Reabsorption

107
Q

The __cells in diff parts of the nephron perform reabsorption .

A

Tubular epithelial cells

108
Q

The tubular epithelial cells in diff segments of the nephron perform reabsorption by _or _ mechanisms .

A

Active

Passive

109
Q

Name the substances in the filtrate which are reabsorbed actively -

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Na+

110
Q

Name the substances in the filtrate which are REABSORBED passively -

A

Nitrogenous wastes

Water ( in the initial segments of nephron )

111
Q

Water is reabsorbed __in the ___ of nephron .

A

Passively

Initial segments

112
Q

During urine formation , the tubular cells secrete substances like -__ , __and __into the FILTRATE .

A

H+
K+
Ammonia

113
Q

Tubular secretion is also an imp step in __ . why ?

A

Urine formation

Maintenance of ionic and acid -base balance of body fluids

114
Q

Tubular secretion maintains _ and __ balance of body fluids .

A

Ionic

Acid-base

115
Q

PCT is lined by ___ which inc the SA for _.

A

Simple cuboidal brush border epithelium

Reabsorption

116
Q

Which substances are reabsorbed by the PCT ?

A

Nearly all the essential nutrients
70 -80 % electrolytes
Water
(Max reabsorption )

117
Q

PCT also helps to maintain the _and ___ of the body fluids .

A

pH

Ionic balance

118
Q

PCT helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of body fluids by _ of __,_and __ into the filtrate and by __ of ___from it .

A 
Selective secretion 
H+ ions
Ammonia
K+ ions 
Absorption 
HCO3-
119
Q

Selective secretion by PCT is done ____and absorption is done _____

A

Into the filtrate

From it

120
Q

__is minimum in the ASCENDING LIMB of henle’s loop .

A

Reabsorption

121
Q

__region plays a significant role in the maintenance of high ormolarity of MEDULLARY INTERSTITIAL FLUID .

A

Ascending limb of henle’s loop

122
Q

Descending limb of henle’s loop is permeable to __and almost impermeable to ____.

A

Water

Electrolytes

123
Q

The ascending limb is impermeable to __ but allows transport of _ in __ ways .

A

Water
Electrolytes
Both -active and passive ways

124
Q

As the CONCENTRATED filtrate passes up the ascending limb , it gets _______ due to the _.

A

Diluted

Passage of electrolytes to the medullary fluid

125
Q

Ascending limb plays a significant role in maintenance of __ of ___.

A

HIGH osmolarity

Medullary interstitial fluid

126
Q

While moving down the descending limb , the filtrate is ____ . Reason -

A

Concentrated

Becoz water moves out ( not electrolytes )

127
Q

Conditional reabsorption of Na + and water takes place in this segment -

A

DCT

128
Q

DCT is capable of reabsorption of __and selective secretion of ___.

A

HCO3-

H+ , K+ , NH3

129
Q

DCT is capable of reabsorption of HCO3- and secretion of H+,K+ and NH3 to maintain the ___ and ___balance in blood

A

pH

Sodium-potassium

130
Q

_reabsorption of _and _ takes place in DCT .

A

Conditional
Na+
Water

131
Q

Collecting duct extends from __ of kidney to _.

A

Cortex

Inner parts of medulla

132
Q

Large amounts of water could be REABSORBED from __to produce a __.

A

Collecting duct

Conc urine

133
Q

___ allows passage of small amounts of UREA into the medullary interstitium to keep up osmolarity .

A

Collecting duct

134
Q

Collecting duct plays a role in the maintenance of ____ and __ of blood . How ?

A

pH
Ionic balance
By SELECTIVE SECRETION OF H+ and K+ ions

135
Q

Collecting duct allows passage of ___ into the ___to keep up osmolarity .

A

Urea

Medullary interstitium

136
Q

____have the ability to produce a CONC URINE .

A

Mammals

137
Q

The ____and ____ play a significant role in the CONC of URINE .

A

Henle’s loop

Vasa recta

138
Q

The flow of filtrate in the henle’s loop is in _____direction ,and thus forms a ____ .

A

Opposite

Counter current

139
Q

The flow of filtrate in the ____of vasa recta is also in a ___pattern .

A

2 limbs

Counter- current

140
Q

The proximity btw the henle’s loop and vasa recta , as well as the counter current in them help in maintaining an _____ towards the _____ .

A

Increasing osmolarity

Inner medullary interstitium

141
Q

The osmolarity i the CORTEX is _____ and i the INNER MEDULLA is _____ .

A

300 mOsmolL-1
1200 mOsmolL-1
Osmolarity increases towards inner medullary interstitium

142
Q

The main reason for th inc osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium -

A

1) proximity btw henle’s loop and vasa recta

2) counter current in them

143
Q

The gradient ( 300 osmolarity in cortex and 1200 osmolarity in medulla ) is mainly caused by -

A

NaCl

Urea

144
Q

____is transported by the ascending limb of henle’s loop which is exchanged with the __ limb of __.

A

NaCl
Descending limb
Vasa recta

145
Q

NaCl is returned to the interstitium by __.

A

Ascending portion of vasa recta

146
Q

Small amounts of UREA enter the____ which is transported back to the interstitium by the ______ .

A

THIN segment of ASCENDING limb of henle’s loop

Collecting tubule

147
Q

The transport of substances fascinated by special arrangement of henle’s loop and vasa recta is called -

A

Counter current mechanism

148
Q

Counter current mechanism helps to -

A

Maintain a CONC gradient in the medullary interstitium

149
Q

The presence of the conc gradient in the medullary interstitium helps in -

A

easy passage of water from the COLLECTING TUBULE , thereby CONCENTRATING the filtrate ( urine )

150
Q

Human kidneys can produce urine nearly __ times conc than the initial filtrate formed . How ?

A

4

Becoz of the conc gradient in the medullary interstitium due to the counter -current mechanism .

151
Q

Osmolarity in the outer medulla -

A

600 mOsmolL-1

152
Q

Counter current mechanism helps in the transport of which substances and how ?

A

NaCl and urea

1) NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of henle’s and is exchanged with the descending limb of vasa recta . NaCl is returned to the interstitium by the ascending limb of vasa .
2) small amount of urea enters the thin segment of the ascending limb of henle’s and is transported back to the interstitium by COLLECTING tubule .

153
Q

The functioninof kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by ___ .

A

Hormonal feedback mechanism

154
Q

The hormonal feedback mechanisms regulating kidney function involve ___, ____and to some extent , the____.

A

Hypothalamus
JGA
Heart

155
Q

_in the blood are activated by changes in blood volume , body fliud vol or ionic conc .

A

Osmoreceptors

156
Q

An ______ can stimulate osmoreceptors which stimulate the ____ to release ADH or vasopressin from the __.

A

Excessive loss of fluid from the body
Hypothalamus
Neurohypophysis

157
Q

ADH facilitates ____ form __parts of the TUBULE , thereby preventing ___.

A

Water reabsorption
Latter parts (DCT , collecting duct )
Diuresis

158
Q

What suppresse the ADH release to complete the feedback (which started with the release of ADH ) ?

A

An inc in body fluid vol can switch off the osmoreceptors ans suppress ADH release .

159
Q

ADH can also affect the kidney function by its ____effects on ___.

A

Constrictors effects

Blood vessels

160
Q

ADH causes ____in BLOOD PRESSURE . How ?

A

Increase

Due to its contractors activity on blood vessels

161
Q

ADH inc / dec the GFR .

A

Inc

162
Q

Becoz of the inc in constrictory activity of ADH , an increase in ___ can inc the___ and thereby the GFR .

A

Blood pressure

Glomerular blood flow

163
Q

How can OSMORECEPTORS be activated ?

A

Changes in blood vol
Changes in body fluid vol
Changes in ionic conc

164
Q

What happens when there is excessive loss of fluid form the body ?

A

1) Osmoreceptors are activated
2) they stimulate hypothalamus to release ADH from neurohypophysis .
3) ADH facilitates water reabsorption from the latter parts of tubule , preventing diuresis .

165
Q

The JGA plays a ______role .

A

Complex regulatory role

166
Q

What activates the JG cells to release RENIN ?

A

Fall in glomerular blood flow Or
Fall in glomerular blood pressure Or
Fall in GFR

167
Q

JG cells are activated to release renin to inc / dec GFR ?

A

Inc

168
Q

ADH is secreted hen GFR falls / rises ?

A

Falls

169
Q

Renin converts ____ in blood to __ an further to ____.

A

Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 2

170
Q

Aniotensinogen is released from the _____.

A

Blood

171
Q

Angiotensin 2 is a powerful ____.

A

Vasoconstrictor

172
Q

Function of angiotensin 2 -

A

1) Angiotensin 2 being a powerful vasoconstrictor, inc the glomerular blood pressure and thereby the GFR
2) activates the adrenal cortex to release ALDOSTERONE .

173
Q

Angiotensin 2 activates the ___ to release ALDOSTERONE .

A

Adrenal cortex

174
Q

Aldosterone causes reabsorption of ___and ___ from the ____ parts of the tubule .

A

Na+
H2O
Distal parts

175
Q

Aldosterone dec / inc GFR .

A

Inc

176
Q

Function of ALDOSTERONE released with the help of angiotensin 2 -

A

Causes reabsorption of Na+ and H2O from distal parts of the tubule .
It’s leads to an inc in blood pressure and GFR .

177
Q

The complex mechanism that starts with JG cells is called -

A

Renin-angiotensin mechanism

178
Q

How does renin -angiotensin mechanism inc GFR ?m

A

1) renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 and angiotensin 2 . Angiotensin causes vasoconstriction and inc GFR
2) angiotensin2 activated release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex . Aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na + and H2O .

179
Q

An inc in GFR ( blood flow ) to the ____of the heart can cause the release of ____ .

A

Atria

ANF ( atrial natriuretic factor )

180
Q

ANF causes ______.

A

Vasodilation ( dilation of blood vessels )

181
Q

ANF inc / dec blood pressure .

A

Dec

dec GFR

182
Q

____acts as a check on renin- angiotensin mechanism .

A

ANF mechanism

183
Q

Urine formed by the nephrons is ultimately carried to the ____ where it is stored till a ____ signal is given by the ___.

A

Urinary bladder
Voluntary
CNS

184
Q

The voluntary signal by the CNS is initiated by -

A

Stretching of the urinary bladder as it gets filled with urine .

185
Q

When the urinary bladder is stretched __send signals to the CNS .

A

Stretch receptors on the walls of the bladder

186
Q

The CNS passes on ____to initiate the CONTRACTION of _____ of the bladder .

A

Motor messages

Smooth muscles

187
Q

______of smooth muscles of bladder and simultaneous _____of the URETHRAL SPHINCTER causing the release of urine .

A

Conc

Relaxation

188
Q

Release of urine is called ____ and the neural mechanism causing it is called ______ .

A

Micturition

Micturition reflex

189
Q

An adult human excretes on an average ______ urine per day .

A

1 - 1.5 L /day

190
Q

The urine formed is a light yellow coloured watery fluid which is slightly ___ and has a characteristic odour .

A

Acidic ( pH - 6 )

Odour

191
Q

On an average , ____ of UREA is excreted out per day .

A

25 - 30 gm

192
Q

Various conditions can affect the ____ of urine .

A

Characteristics

193
Q

Analysis of urine helps in clinical diagnosis of many ____ as well as ____ .

A

Metabolic disorders

Malfunctioning of the kidneys

194
Q

Presence of ___ and ___ in urine are indicative of DIABETES MELLITUS .

A

Glucose - glycosuria

Ketone bodies - ketonuria

195
Q

Relaxation of _____ causes micturition .

A

Urethral sphincter

196
Q

Other than kidneys , __ , ___and ____ also help in elimination of excretory wastes .

A

Lungs
Liver
Skin

197
Q

Our lungs remove large amounts of co2 ( approx ____ /min ) and also significant quantities of _____.

A

200ml / min

Water every day

198
Q

Liver secretes. -____ containing substances like ____

A 
Bile 
Bilirubin 
Biliverdin 
Cholesterol 
Degraded steroid hormones 
Vitamins 
Drugs
199
Q

The bile containing substances secreted by liver are removed from the body by -

A

Passed out along with digestive wastes

200
Q

____and ___glands in the SKIN can eliminate certain substances through their secretions .

A

Sweat

Sebaceous

201
Q

Sweat produced is a watery fluid containing -

A

NaCl
Small amt of UREA
Lactic acid

202
Q

Primary function of sweat -

A

Facilitate a cooling effect on the body surface

But it also helps in the removal of some wastes

203
Q

Sebaceous glands eliminate certain substances like __ ,__ and ___ through ____.

A

Sterols
Hydrocarbons
Waxes

Sebum

204
Q

____provides a protective oily covering for the skin .

A

Secretions of sebaceous glands released through sebum

205
Q

Small amounts of ___could be eliminated through SALIVA too .

A

Nitrogenous wastes

206
Q

Malfunctioning of kidneys can lead to -

A

Accumulation of urea in the blood 🩸

207
Q

Accumulation of urea in the blood is called _____ , which is highly harmful and may lead to _____.

A

Uraemia

Kidney failure

208
Q

In case of uraemia , urea can be removed by a process called -

A

hemoDialysis

209
Q

During the process of haemodialysis , the blood drained from a ___ is pumped into a _____ called ___.

A

Convenient artery
Dialysing unit
Artificial kidney

210
Q

Blood drained from a convenient artery is pumped into a dialysing unit after adding __.

A

An anticoagulant. Like HEPARIN

211
Q

The dialysing unit contain a ____surrounded by a ____ having the same composition as that of ___.

A

Coiled cellophane tube
Fluid ( dialysing fluid )
Plasma

212
Q

The dialysing fluid has the same composition as that of plasma except te ___.

A

Nitrogenous wastes

213
Q

The ___ cellophane membrane of the tube allows the passage of molecules based on _____.

A

Porous

Conc gradient

214
Q

As ___are absent in the dialysing fluid , these substances freely move out ,thereby clearing the blood .

A

Nitrogenous wastes

215
Q

The cleared blood is pumped back to the body through a ___ after adding _____.

A

VEIN

Anti-heparin

216
Q

__is the ultimate method in the correction of ACUTE RENAL FAILURES (kidney failures )

A

Kidney transplant

217
Q

A functional kidney is used in transplantation from a donor , preferably a_____, to minimise chances of _________ of the host .

A

Close relative

Rejection by the immune system

218
Q

Name the disorder in which a STONE or INSOLUBLE mass of crystallised salts are formed within the kidney .

A

Renal calculi

219
Q

Renal calculi is caused by the formation of ____ within the kidney .

A

OXALATES ( calcium oxalate crystals ) -stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts

220
Q

Inflammation of GLOMERULI of kidney -

A

Glomerulonephritis

Biology 3 - Animal Physiology (8 decks)

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