Chemical Coordination Flashcards
As the nerve fibres do not ______ all the cells of the body , and the cellular functions need to be continuously regulated , a special kind of integration and coordination is provided by _______.
Innervate
Hormones
The neural system and endocrine system jointly coordinate and regulate the ____in the body .
Physiological functions
Endocrine glands are also called ____becoz they _____ducts .
Ductless glands
Lack
The ____of endocrine glands are called HORMONES .
Secretions
Hormone is a chemical produced by the endocrine glands and released into ____ and transported to a ____ .
Blood
Distantly located target organ
Hormones are ____chemicals which act as ______and are produced in ____amounts .
Non-nutrient
Intercellular messengers
Trace amounts
What does the new definition of hormones cover ?
A number of new molecules in addition to the hormones secreted by the organised endocrine glands
__possess a very simple endocrine system with a few hormones .
Invertebrates
The endocrine glands and hormone producing _______ located in diff parts of our body constitute the endocrine system .
Diffused tissues /cells
In addition to main glands , some other organs also produce hormones . Name -
GIT -gastrointestinal tract
Liver
Kidneys
Heart
Name the main endocrine glands -
Pituitary Pineal thyroid Adrenal Pancreas Thymus Gonads Parathyroid
Hypothalamus is the _part of the ____.
Basal
Forebrain /diencephalon
__regulates. Wide spectrum of body functions .
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus contains several groups of ____cells called _____.
Neurosecretory cells
Nuclei
Function of nuclei (neurosecretory cells ) in hypothalamus -
Produce hormones
What are the types of hormones produced by hypothalamus ? Name -
2
Releasing - stimulate secretion of pituitary
Inhibiting -inhibit secretions of pituitary
Example of stimulation hormone from hypothalamus -
GnRH - gonadotrophin releasing hormone
Function of GnRH -
Stimulates the PITUITARY synthesis and release of gonadotrophins .
____from _____ inhibits the release of growth hormone from pituitary .
Somatostatin
Hypothalamus
The hormones released from hypothalamus neurons , pass through ____and are released from their ____.
Axons
Nerve ending
The inhibiting and releasing hormones from the hypothalamus reach the pituitary through a ________ and regulate the functions of ____.
Portal circulatory system
Anterior pituitary
The posterior pituitary is under ______of hypothalamus .
Direct neural regulation
The hypothalamus regulates the activities of ______ through a portal circulatory system .
ANTERIOR pituitary
Function of SOMATOSTATIN -
Inhibits the release of growth hormone from pituitary
The pituitary gland is located in a ___cavity called ____ .
Bony cavity
Sella tursica
The pituitary gland is attached to ___by a ____ .
Hypothalamus
Stalk
The pituitary gland is divided anatomically into -
2
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
The ADENOHYPOPHYSIS of pituitary consists of ___ portions . Name -
2
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
The ___ region ofpituitary is commonly called ANTERIOR pituitary .
Pars distalis ( part of adenohypophysis of pituitary )
( another part pars- intermedia )The hormones like GH ,ACTH ,LH are produced by which part of pituitary ?
Pars distalis /anterior pituitary ( anterior part of adenohypophysis )
Name a few hormones produced from PARS DISTALIS .
GH- growth hormone PRL -prolactin TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone ACTH -adrenocorticotrophic hormone LH FSH
Pars intermedia (another part of adenohypophysis )secretes ____hormones . Name -
Only 1
MSH -melanocyte stimulating hormone
In humans , the _____is almost merged with the pars distalis .
Pars intermedia
___is also known as posterior pituitary .
Neurohypophysis
The neurohypophysis ____and ____ 2 hormones .
Stores
Releases
The hormones released and stored by posterior pituitary -
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Oxytocin and vasopressin are actually synthesised by the _____ and are transported ____ to _______.
Hypothalamus
Axonally
Neurohypophysis
Over secretion of GH stimulates __leading to gigantism and low secretion results in ___ resulting in pituitary dwarfism .
Abnormal growth of body
Stunted growth
Excessive secretion of GH in adults especially in _____ age can result in ______ called _____.
Middle
Severe disfigurement ( especially of the face )
Acromegaly
Acromegaly may lead to _and __ if unchecked .
Serious complications
Premature death
The disease is hard to diagnose and goes undetected for many years , until changes in EXTERNAL FEATURES become noticeable . Which ?
Acromegaly
Prolactin regulates __and ___. .
Growth of mammary glands
Formation of milk in them
TSH stimulates ___ and ____of thyroid hormones from _____ .
Synthesis
Secretion
Thyroid hormones
ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of _____ called ______ from ______.
Steroid hormones
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Adrenal cortex
LH and FSH stimulate _____ and hence are called _____.
Gonadal activity
Gonadotrophins
In males , LH stimulates synthesis and secretion of _____.
Androgens from testis
In males , __and ____regulate SPERMATOGENESIS .
FSH
Androgens
Function of FSH in males .
Along with androgens ( released by LH ) , FSH regulates spermatogenesis .
Functions of LH in females -
Induces ovulation of fully mature follicles (Graafian follicles ) and maintains the corpus luteum .
Function fo FSH in females -
Stimulates growth and development of the ovarian follicles in females .
MSH acts on ______and regulates ____ .
Melanocytes ( melanin containing cells )
Pigmentation of the skin
Oxytocin acts on __muscles of body and stimulates their __.
Smooth muscles
Contraction
Functions of oxytocin in females -
1) stimulates vigorous contractions of uterus at the time of childbirth
2) milk ejection from mammary gland
Vasopressin acts at the kidneys and stimulates __of __and ____ by the ___ and thereby reduces water loss through urine (diuresis ) .
Resorption
Water
Electrolytes
Distal tubules
An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in a diminished ability of kidney to conserve water leading to _____and ______ . This condition is called ______.
Water loss
Dehydration
Diabetes insipidus
Location of PINEAL gland .
Dorsal side of forebrain
Pineal secretes a hormones called ______ .
Melatonin
Melatonin plays a very imp role n the ________.
Regulation of a 24 -hour ( diurnal )rhythm of our body
The thyroid gland is composed of __lobes .
2
The thyroid gland is composed of 2 lobes which are located on______ .
Either side of the trachea
Both the lobes of the thyroid gland are _______ with a _____ called ______.
Interconnected
Thin flap of connective tissue
Isthmus
The thyroid gland is composed of _____.
2
Follicles
STROMA tissue
Each thyroid ______ is composed of ______ , enclosing a cavity .
follicle
Follicular cells
The ___Cells of thyroid synthesise hormones .
Follicular
The follicular cells of thyroid synthesise which hormones ?
2
Tetraiodothyronine /) THYROXINE (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
____is essential for the NORMAL RATE of HORMONE SYNTHESIS in the thyroid .
Iodine
Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in ____ and ______ , commonly called _____.
Hypothyroidism
Enlargement of thyroid glands
Goitre
Other name for the hormone THYROXINE -
tetraiodothyronine (T4)
__during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the baby .
Hypothyroidism ( deficiency of iodine )
What are the effects of hypothyroidism during pregnancy seen in the baby -
defective development and maturation leading to -
1) stunted growth ( cretinism )
2) mental retardation
3) low intelligence quotient
4) abnormal skin
5) deaf-mutism
In adult woman , HYPOTHYROIDISM causes ____.
Menstrual cycle to become irregular
Cretinism is caused by -
Caused in the baby when the HYPOTHYROIDISM occurs during pregnancy .
Cretinism =stunted growth
The rate of synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones is increased to abnormally high levels DUE TO -
1) cancer of the thyroid gland
2) development of nodules of the thyroid glands
Cancer or nodule development in thyroid glands causes ______ which adversely affects the BODY PHYSIOLOGY .
Hyperthyroidism - high synthesis
whereas -hypothyroidism was caused due to deficiency of iodine
Exophthalmic goitre is a form of hyperthyroidism characterised by -
1) enlargement of the thyroid gland
2) protrusion of eyeballs
3) increased basal metabolic rate
4) weight loss
Exophthalmic goitre is also called-
Grave’s disease
Thyroid play an imp role in -
Regulation of basal metabolic rate
____hormones support the process of RBC formation .
Thyroid
Thyroid hormones control the metabolism of -
3
Carbs
Proteins
Fats
Maintenance of __and ____is also influenced by thyroid hormones .
Water
Electrolyte balance
Thyroid hormones secrete a protein hormone called _______.
TCT -thyrocalcitonin
TCT is secreted from ___ . It is a __hormone . It’s function _____ .
(thyrocalcitonin)
Thyroid glands
Protein
Regulates blood calcium levels
In humans ,__parathyroid glands are present on ______.
4
Back side of the thyroid gland , one pair each in the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland
The parathyroid glands secrete a __hormone called _____.
Peptide Parathyroid hormone ( PTH )
The secretion of PTH from parathyroid g;ands is regulated by -
The circulating levels of Ca2+ ions
Parathyroid hormone ___ the Ca2+ levels in the BLOOD .
Increases
PTH acts on ___and stimulated the process of ______.
Bones Bone resorption (dissolution/demineralisation)
(To inc blood Ca levels)
PTH stimulates _____ by renal tubules and _____from digested food .
Reabsorption of Ca
Inc Ca absorption
State a few ways in which PTH inc Ca levels in the blood -
1) stimulates bone resorption ( demineralisation /dissolution )
2) stimulates Ca reabsorption from renal tubules
3) inc Ca absorption from digested food
PTH is a __hormone , which means it inc Ca levels in the blood .
Hypercalcaemic
Name a HYPOCALCAEMIC hormone -
TCT -thyrocalcitonin -dec Ca levels in the blood
____and ____play a significant role in Ca balance in the body .
TCT -dec Ca levels - hypocalcaemic -(thyroid)
PTH -inc Ca levels -hypercalcaemic -(parathyroid)
The thymus gland is a ___Structure .
Lobular
Exact location of thymus -
Btw the lungs
Behind the sternum
Ventral side of aorta
The thymus plays a major role in -
Development of the immune system
Thymus secretes __hormones called ____.
Peptide
Thymosins
Role of THYMOSIN -
Differentiation of T-lymphocytes , which provide cell-mediated immunity .
THYMOSIN also promotes production of ____
Antibodies -to provide hum oral immunity
Thymus is ______in old individuals resulting in a ___.
Degeneration
Dec production of THYMOSINS
The ___of old persons become weak due to degeneration of THYMUS .
Immune responses
Our body has ____adrenal glands , located _____.
One pair
One at the anterior part of each kidney
The adrenal gland is composed of ____ types of tissue . Name -
2
Adrenal medulla -centrally located
Adrenal cortex -periphery
Underproduction of hormones of ADRENAL CORTEX leads to a disease called -
Addison’s disease
Cause and symptoms of ADDISON’S DISEASE -
Underproduction of hormones by adrenal cortex -
alters carbohydrate metabolism causing acute weakness and fatigue .
The adrenal medulla secrets _____hormones . name -
2
Adrenaline / epinephrine
Noradrenaline / norepinephrine
Underproduction of hormones by the ___alters ____causing And .
Adrenal cortex
Carbohydrate metabolism
Acute weakness
Fatigue
____are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind and during emergency situation .
Adrenal medullary hormones
Both Adrenaline and noradrenaline
Adrenal medullary hormones (2) re also called -
Fight or flight hormones
Emergency hormones
What does adrenal medullary hormones do -
Inc alertness
Pupillary dilation
Piloerection ( raising of hairs)
Sweating
__hormone inc heart beat , the strength of heart contraction and rate of respiration .
Adrenaline and noradrenaline - both the medullary hormones do adrenal glands
Noradrenaline -____the rate of respiration and _____ the heart beat and contraction .
Inc
Inc
Common name for adrenal medullary hormones -
Catecholamines (adrenaline + noradrenaline )
Catecholamines stimulate the -
Breakdown of glycogen
Breakdown of lipids and PROTEINS
The adrenal cortex can be divided into __layers . Name -
3
Zona reticularis -inner
Zona fasciculata -middle
Zona glomerulosa -outer
The adrenal cortex secretes __hormones called as ___.
Many
Corticoids
Which adrenal hormone stimulates the breakdown of GLYCOGEN ?
Catecholamines ( adrenaline and noradrenaline ) - from adrenal medulla
(Inc the glucose conc in blood )
The hormones secreted by adrenal cortex are of _____types . Name .
2
Glucocorticoid - involved in carbohydrate metabolism
mineralocorticoid -
In our body , ___is the main glucocorticoid .
CORTISOL
Glucocorticoids are involved in _____
Carb metabolism
Glucocorticoids stimulate ____,___and ____ and inhibits _______and ______ .
Stimulates - gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Proteolysis
Inhibits - cellular uptake and utilisation of AMINO ACIDS
Corticoids which regulate ___and ___are called mineralocorticoids .
Balance of water and electrolytes
__is the main mineralocorticoid in our body .
Aldosterone
_____is involved in maintaining the cardio-vascular system and kidney functions .
Cortisol ( adrenal cortical )- main GLUCOCORTICOID
Glucocorticoids , particularly cortisol produces ___reactions and suppresses _____.
Anti-inflammatory rxns
Immune response
__Stimulates RBC production . ( glucocorticoid /mineralocorticoid / catecholamines)
Glucocorticoids -CORTISOL
Hormone of adrenal glands which acts mainly at the renal tubules .
Aldosterone - mineralocorticoid ( from cortex)
Aldosterone acts mainly at the _____ and stimulates the reabsorption of____ and EXCRETION of _____.
Renal tubules
Na+ and H20
K+ and phosphate ions
Aldosterone helps in maintenance of -
1) electrolytes
2) body FLIUD vol
3) osmotic pressure
4) blood pressure
Small amount of ANDROGENIC STEROIDS are also secreted by the ____.
Adrenal cortex
Androgenic steroids secreted by ADRENAL CORTEX play a role in _____during ______.
Growth of AXIAL HAIR , PUBIC HAIR , FACIAL HAIR
During puberty
State all the functions of glucocorticoids -
1) stimulate gluconeogenesis , lipolysis , proteolysis .
2) inhibits cellular uptake and utilisation of AMINO ACIDS
3) maintaining cardio-vascular system
4) maintaining kidney function
5) produce ANTI-INFLAMMATORY RXNS
6) suppress IMMUNE RESPONSES .
7) stimulate RBC production
Which hormone of the adrenal cortex is similar in functions to the medullary hormones ?
Glucocorticoids -cortisol
Both catecholamines and cortisol inc conc of glucose in the blood but by diff methods .
Both stimulate breakdown of proteins and lipids .
The process which inc conc of glucose in the blood is -
______ by catecholamines
_______by glucocorticoids
Glycogenolysis ( breakdown of glycogen )
Gluconeogenesis ( formation of glucose by other means )
Pancreas is a _______ gland .
Composite - both exo and endocrine
The endocrine pancreas consists of ____and represents only _% of pancreatic tissue .
Islets of langerhans
1-2%
There are about ____islet of langerhans in a normal human pancreas representing only ____% of pancreatic tissue .
1-2 million
1-2%
The alpha cells of langerhans secrete ___and beta cells secrete _____.
Glucagon
Insulin
Glucagon is a __hormone and plays an imp role in maintains normal blood glucose levels .
Peptide
Glucagon mainly acts on the _____ cells and stimulates ____ .
Liver cells ( hepatocytes ) Glycogenolysis
Glucagon causes ______.
Hyperglycaemia
Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis .T/F
T
It stimulates both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis , by glycogenolysis occurs in the liver
Glucagon reduces ______.
Cellular uptake and utilisation of glucose
Insulin is a ___hormone which plays a major role in glucose homeostasis .
Peptide
Insulin acts mainly on ____and _______ . It ___glucose uptake and utilisation .
Hepatocytes (liver cells )
Adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue )
Enhances
Glucose is hypo /hyper glycemic . Why ?
Hypoglycaemic
It causes rapid movement of glucose from blood to hepatocytes and adipocytes resulting in dec blood glucose levels .
Insulin stimulates the process of _______ in the target cells .
Glycogenesis ( glucose to glycogen )
___leads to a complex disorder called DIABETES MELLITUS .
Prolonged hyperglycaemia
Diabetes mellitus is associated with ______and _______ .
Loss of glucose through urine
Formation of harmful compounds -ketone bodies
Diabetic patients are treated successfully with ______.
Insulin therapy
Ketone bodies are harmful .T/F
T
Testis performs a dual function , as a ______and ___.
Prim sex organ
Endocrine gland
Testis is composed of -__and _____.
Seminiferous tubules
Stromal or interstitial tissue
The ____cells which are present in the ____ produce a group of hormones called ANDROGENS , mainly _____.
Leyding /interstitial cells
intertubular spaces
Testosterone
Females have a pair of ovaries located in the _____.
Abdomen
The hormones produced by ovary are __in nature .
Steroid - progesterone and estrogen
Ovary is composed of -
Ovarian follicles
Stromal tissue
Estrogen is SYNTHESISED AND SECRETED by ____
Growing ovarian follicles
_____supports pregnancy .
Progesterone
_____acts on the mammary glands and stimulates the formation of alveoli ( sac-like structures which store milk ) and milk secretion .
Progesterone
The ____ of the heart secretes a very imp______ hormone called ___.
Atrial wall
Peptide
ANF
ANF _________blood pressure .
Dec
The __cells of the kidney produce a ___hormone called ____.
JG cells
Peptide
Erythropoietin
Role of erythropoietin secreted from JG cells -
Stimulates erythropoiesis ( formation of RBCs )
Endocrine cells present in diff parts of GIT (gasto intestinal tract ) secrete ____ major ____ hormones . Name -
4 Peptide Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin (CCK) GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
Gastrin acts on ____and stimulates ______.
Gastric glands
Secretion of HCL and pepsinogen `
Secretion acts on _____ and stimulates _______.
EXOCRINE pancreas
Secretion of water and bicarbonate ions
CCK acts on ___and stimulates _____.
Both pancreas and gall bladder
Secretion of pancreatic juice and bile juice
_____inhibits gastric secretion and motility .
GIP
Several other ___tissues secrete hormones called GROWTH FACTORS .
Non-endocrine
Growth factors secreted by non-endocrine tissues are essential for -
Normal growth of tissues and their repairing /regeneration
Secretion acts on __pancreas .
Exocrine
Heart , kidneys and gastric tract can also act as endocrine glands .T/F
F . They are non-endocrine glands which secrete hormones
Hormones produce their effects on target tissues by binding to specific _____ called ______ located in _______ ONLY .
Proteins
Hormone receptors
Target tissues
Hormone receptors present on _____of __are called membrane bound receptors .
Cell membrane
Target cells
The receptors present inside the target cells are called ______.
Intracellular receptors
Intracellular receptors are mostly _____becoz they are present in the ____.
Nuclear receptors
Nucleus
Binding of a hormone to its receptor leads to the formation of a _____ .
Hormone-receptor complex
Receptors are __in nature .
Specific
each receptor is specific to one hormone only
Hormone-receptor complex formation leads to certain _____ in the target tissues .
Biochemical changes
____metabolism and hence ____functions are regulated by hormones .
Target tissue metabolism
Physiological
On the basis of their _nature , hormones can be divided into __groups . Name -
CHEMICAL 4 Peptide,polypeptide,protein Steroid Iodothyronines Amino-acid derivatives
Hormone which interact with __normally do not enter the target cells , but generate ______.
Membrane-bound receptors
Second messengers
Name some 2nd messengers -
Cyclic AMP
IP3
Ca 2+
Hormones that interact with Membrane bound receptors regulate -
Cellular metabolism
Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors mostly regulate _____ or ____ .
Gene expression
Chromosome function
In case of intracellular receptors , hormone-receptor complex interacts with the -
Genome
Cumulative biochemical actions of intracellular- hormone receptor results in -
Physiology and developmental effects , ( such as tissue growth and differentiation )
Name some peptide , polypeptide or protein hormones -
Insulin
Glucagon
PITUITARY hormones
HYPOTHALMIC hormones
Name some steroid hormones -
Cortisol
Testosterone
Estradiol
Progesterone
Thyroid hormone comes under which grp -
Iodothyronines
Name a hormone which is an AMINO-ACID DERIVATIVE .
Epinephrine /adrenaline
FSH produces what kind of response after forming hormone -receptor complex -
OR
FSH forms what kind of hormone -receptor complex
FSH is a peptide hormone ( produces from pituitary )
Therefore it is a membrane-bound receptor
Involved in ovarian growth ,etc
Mostly hormones that interact with intracellular receptors are __in nature .
Steroid (ex- estrogen)
Iodothyronines
Hormones that interact with me range bound receptors are _nature .
Protein , peptide , polypeptide
