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Biology 3 - Animal Physiology > Chemical Coordination > Flashcards

Chemical Coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

As the nerve fibres do not ______ all the cells of the body , and the cellular functions need to be continuously regulated , a special kind of integration and coordination is provided by _______.

A

Innervate

Hormones

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2
Q

The neural system and endocrine system jointly coordinate and regulate the ____in the body .

A

Physiological functions

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3
Q

Endocrine glands are also called ____becoz they _____ducts .

A

Ductless glands

Lack

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4
Q

The ____of endocrine glands are called HORMONES .

A

Secretions

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5
Q

Hormone is a chemical produced by the endocrine glands and released into ____ and transported to a ____ .

A

Blood

Distantly located target organ

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6
Q

Hormones are ____chemicals which act as ______and are produced in ____amounts .

A

Non-nutrient
Intercellular messengers
Trace amounts

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7
Q

What does the new definition of hormones cover ?

A

A number of new molecules in addition to the hormones secreted by the organised endocrine glands

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8
Q

__possess a very simple endocrine system with a few hormones .

A

Invertebrates

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9
Q

The endocrine glands and hormone producing _______ located in diff parts of our body constitute the endocrine system .

A

Diffused tissues /cells

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10
Q

In addition to main glands , some other organs also produce hormones . Name -

A

GIT -gastrointestinal tract
Liver
Kidneys
Heart

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11
Q

Name the main endocrine glands -

A 
Pituitary 
Pineal 
thyroid 
Adrenal
Pancreas
Thymus
Gonads 
Parathyroid
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12
Q

Hypothalamus is the _part of the ____.

A

Basal

Forebrain /diencephalon

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13
Q

__regulates. Wide spectrum of body functions .

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

Hypothalamus contains several groups of ____cells called _____.

A

Neurosecretory cells

Nuclei

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15
Q

Function of nuclei (neurosecretory cells ) in hypothalamus -

A

Produce hormones

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16
Q

What are the types of hormones produced by hypothalamus ? Name -

A

2
Releasing - stimulate secretion of pituitary
Inhibiting -inhibit secretions of pituitary

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17
Q

Example of stimulation hormone from hypothalamus -

A

GnRH - gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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18
Q

Function of GnRH -

A

Stimulates the PITUITARY synthesis and release of gonadotrophins .

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19
Q

____from _____ inhibits the release of growth hormone from pituitary .

A

Somatostatin

Hypothalamus

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20
Q

The hormones released from hypothalamus neurons , pass through ____and are released from their ____.

A

Axons

Nerve ending

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21
Q

The inhibiting and releasing hormones from the hypothalamus reach the pituitary through a ________ and regulate the functions of ____.

A

Portal circulatory system

Anterior pituitary

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22
Q

The posterior pituitary is under ______of hypothalamus .

A

Direct neural regulation

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23
Q

The hypothalamus regulates the activities of ______ through a portal circulatory system .

A

ANTERIOR pituitary

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24
Q

Function of SOMATOSTATIN -

A

Inhibits the release of growth hormone from pituitary

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25
Q

The pituitary gland is located in a ___cavity called ____ .

A

Bony cavity

Sella tursica

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26
Q

The pituitary gland is attached to ___by a ____ .

A

Hypothalamus

Stalk

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27
Q

The pituitary gland is divided anatomically into -

A

2
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis

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28
Q

The ADENOHYPOPHYSIS of pituitary consists of ___ portions . Name -

A

2
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia

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29
Q

The ___ region ofpituitary is commonly called ANTERIOR pituitary .

A 
Pars distalis ( part of adenohypophysis of pituitary )
                           ( another part pars- intermedia )
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30
Q

The hormones like GH ,ACTH ,LH are produced by which part of pituitary ?

A

Pars distalis /anterior pituitary ( anterior part of adenohypophysis )

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31
Q

Name a few hormones produced from PARS DISTALIS .

A 
GH- growth hormone 
PRL -prolactin 
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone 
ACTH -adrenocorticotrophic hormone 
LH
FSH
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32
Q

Pars intermedia (another part of adenohypophysis )secretes ____hormones . Name -

A

Only 1

MSH -melanocyte stimulating hormone

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33
Q

In humans , the _____is almost merged with the pars distalis .

A

Pars intermedia

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34
Q

___is also known as posterior pituitary .

A

Neurohypophysis

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35
Q

The neurohypophysis ____and ____ 2 hormones .

A

Stores

Releases

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36
Q

The hormones released and stored by posterior pituitary -

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin

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37
Q

Oxytocin and vasopressin are actually synthesised by the _____ and are transported ____ to _______.

A

Hypothalamus
Axonally
Neurohypophysis

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38
Q

Over secretion of GH stimulates __leading to gigantism and low secretion results in ___ resulting in pituitary dwarfism .

A

Abnormal growth of body

Stunted growth

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39
Q

Excessive secretion of GH in adults especially in _____ age can result in ______ called _____.

A

Middle
Severe disfigurement ( especially of the face )
Acromegaly

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40
Q

Acromegaly may lead to _and __ if unchecked .

A

Serious complications

Premature death

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41
Q

The disease is hard to diagnose and goes undetected for many years , until changes in EXTERNAL FEATURES become noticeable . Which ?

A

Acromegaly

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42
Q

Prolactin regulates __and ___. .

A

Growth of mammary glands

Formation of milk in them

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43
Q

TSH stimulates ___ and ____of thyroid hormones from _____ .

A

Synthesis
Secretion
Thyroid hormones

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44
Q

ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of _____ called ______ from ______.

A

Steroid hormones
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Adrenal cortex

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45
Q

LH and FSH stimulate _____ and hence are called _____.

A

Gonadal activity

Gonadotrophins

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46
Q

In males , LH stimulates synthesis and secretion of _____.

A

Androgens from testis

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47
Q

In males , __and ____regulate SPERMATOGENESIS .

A

FSH

Androgens

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48
Q

Function of FSH in males .

A

Along with androgens ( released by LH ) , FSH regulates spermatogenesis .

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49
Q

Functions of LH in females -

A

Induces ovulation of fully mature follicles (Graafian follicles ) and maintains the corpus luteum .

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50
Q

Function fo FSH in females -

A

Stimulates growth and development of the ovarian follicles in females .

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51
Q

MSH acts on ______and regulates ____ .

A

Melanocytes ( melanin containing cells )

Pigmentation of the skin

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52
Q

Oxytocin acts on __muscles of body and stimulates their __.

A

Smooth muscles

Contraction

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53
Q

Functions of oxytocin in females -

A

1) stimulates vigorous contractions of uterus at the time of childbirth
2) milk ejection from mammary gland

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54
Q

Vasopressin acts at the kidneys and stimulates __of __and ____ by the ___ and thereby reduces water loss through urine (diuresis ) .

A

Resorption
Water
Electrolytes
Distal tubules

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55
Q

An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in a diminished ability of kidney to conserve water leading to _____and ______ . This condition is called ______.

A

Water loss
Dehydration
Diabetes insipidus

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56
Q

Location of PINEAL gland .

A

Dorsal side of forebrain

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57
Q

Pineal secretes a hormones called ______ .

A

Melatonin

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58
Q

Melatonin plays a very imp role n the ________.

A

Regulation of a 24 -hour ( diurnal )rhythm of our body

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59
Q

The thyroid gland is composed of __lobes .

A

2

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60
Q

The thyroid gland is composed of 2 lobes which are located on______ .

A

Either side of the trachea

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61
Q

Both the lobes of the thyroid gland are _______ with a _____ called ______.

A

Interconnected
Thin flap of connective tissue
Isthmus

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62
Q

The thyroid gland is composed of _____.

A

2
Follicles
STROMA tissue

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63
Q

Each thyroid ______ is composed of ______ , enclosing a cavity .

A

follicle

Follicular cells

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64
Q

The ___Cells of thyroid synthesise hormones .

A

Follicular

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65
Q

The follicular cells of thyroid synthesise which hormones ?

A

2
Tetraiodothyronine /) THYROXINE (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

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66
Q

____is essential for the NORMAL RATE of HORMONE SYNTHESIS in the thyroid .

A

Iodine

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67
Q

Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in ____ and ______ , commonly called _____.

A

Hypothyroidism
Enlargement of thyroid glands
Goitre

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68
Q

Other name for the hormone THYROXINE -

A

tetraiodothyronine (T4)

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69
Q

__during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the baby .

A

Hypothyroidism ( deficiency of iodine )

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70
Q

What are the effects of hypothyroidism during pregnancy seen in the baby -

A

defective development and maturation leading to -

1) stunted growth ( cretinism )
2) mental retardation
3) low intelligence quotient
4) abnormal skin
5) deaf-mutism

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71
Q

In adult woman , HYPOTHYROIDISM causes ____.

A

Menstrual cycle to become irregular

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72
Q

Cretinism is caused by -

A

Caused in the baby when the HYPOTHYROIDISM occurs during pregnancy .
Cretinism =stunted growth

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73
Q

The rate of synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones is increased to abnormally high levels DUE TO -

A

1) cancer of the thyroid gland

2) development of nodules of the thyroid glands

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74
Q

Cancer or nodule development in thyroid glands causes ______ which adversely affects the BODY PHYSIOLOGY .

A

Hyperthyroidism - high synthesis

whereas -hypothyroidism was caused due to deficiency of iodine

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75
Q

Exophthalmic goitre is a form of hyperthyroidism characterised by -

A

1) enlargement of the thyroid gland
2) protrusion of eyeballs
3) increased basal metabolic rate
4) weight loss

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76
Q

Exophthalmic goitre is also called-

A

Grave’s disease

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77
Q

Thyroid play an imp role in -

A

Regulation of basal metabolic rate

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78
Q

____hormones support the process of RBC formation .

A

Thyroid

79
Q

Thyroid hormones control the metabolism of -

A

3
Carbs
Proteins
Fats

80
Q

Maintenance of __and ____is also influenced by thyroid hormones .

A

Water

Electrolyte balance

81
Q

Thyroid hormones secrete a protein hormone called _______.

A

TCT -thyrocalcitonin

82
Q

TCT is secreted from ___ . It is a __hormone . It’s function _____ .

A

(thyrocalcitonin)
Thyroid glands
Protein
Regulates blood calcium levels

83
Q

In humans ,__parathyroid glands are present on ______.

A

4

Back side of the thyroid gland , one pair each in the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland

84
Q

The parathyroid glands secrete a __hormone called _____.

A 
Peptide
Parathyroid hormone ( PTH )
85
Q

The secretion of PTH from parathyroid g;ands is regulated by -

A

The circulating levels of Ca2+ ions

86
Q

Parathyroid hormone ___ the Ca2+ levels in the BLOOD .

A

Increases

87
Q

PTH acts on ___and stimulated the process of ______.

A 
Bones 
Bone resorption (dissolution/demineralisation)

(To inc blood Ca levels)

88
Q

PTH stimulates _____ by renal tubules and _____from digested food .

A

Reabsorption of Ca

Inc Ca absorption

89
Q

State a few ways in which PTH inc Ca levels in the blood -

A

1) stimulates bone resorption ( demineralisation /dissolution )
2) stimulates Ca reabsorption from renal tubules
3) inc Ca absorption from digested food

90
Q

PTH is a __hormone , which means it inc Ca levels in the blood .

A

Hypercalcaemic

91
Q

Name a HYPOCALCAEMIC hormone -

A

TCT -thyrocalcitonin -dec Ca levels in the blood

92
Q

____and ____play a significant role in Ca balance in the body .

A

TCT -dec Ca levels - hypocalcaemic -(thyroid)

PTH -inc Ca levels -hypercalcaemic -(parathyroid)

93
Q

The thymus gland is a ___Structure .

A

Lobular

94
Q

Exact location of thymus -

A

Btw the lungs
Behind the sternum
Ventral side of aorta

95
Q

The thymus plays a major role in -

A

Development of the immune system

96
Q

Thymus secretes __hormones called ____.

A

Peptide

Thymosins

97
Q

Role of THYMOSIN -

A

Differentiation of T-lymphocytes , which provide cell-mediated immunity .

98
Q

THYMOSIN also promotes production of ____

A

Antibodies -to provide hum oral immunity

99
Q

Thymus is ______in old individuals resulting in a ___.

A

Degeneration

Dec production of THYMOSINS

100
Q

The ___of old persons become weak due to degeneration of THYMUS .

A

Immune responses

101
Q

Our body has ____adrenal glands , located _____.

A

One pair

One at the anterior part of each kidney

102
Q

The adrenal gland is composed of ____ types of tissue . Name -

A

2
Adrenal medulla -centrally located
Adrenal cortex -periphery

103
Q

Underproduction of hormones of ADRENAL CORTEX leads to a disease called -

A

Addison’s disease

104
Q

Cause and symptoms of ADDISON’S DISEASE -

A

Underproduction of hormones by adrenal cortex -

alters carbohydrate metabolism causing acute weakness and fatigue .

105
Q

The adrenal medulla secrets _____hormones . name -

A

2
Adrenaline / epinephrine
Noradrenaline / norepinephrine

106
Q

Underproduction of hormones by the ___alters ____causing And .

A

Adrenal cortex
Carbohydrate metabolism
Acute weakness
Fatigue

107
Q

____are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind and during emergency situation .

A

Adrenal medullary hormones

Both Adrenaline and noradrenaline

108
Q

Adrenal medullary hormones (2) re also called -

A

Fight or flight hormones

Emergency hormones

109
Q

What does adrenal medullary hormones do -

A

Inc alertness
Pupillary dilation
Piloerection ( raising of hairs)
Sweating

110
Q

__hormone inc heart beat , the strength of heart contraction and rate of respiration .

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline - both the medullary hormones do adrenal glands

111
Q

Noradrenaline -____the rate of respiration and _____ the heart beat and contraction .

A

Inc

Inc

112
Q

Common name for adrenal medullary hormones -

A

Catecholamines (adrenaline + noradrenaline )

113
Q

Catecholamines stimulate the -

A

Breakdown of glycogen

Breakdown of lipids and PROTEINS

114
Q

The adrenal cortex can be divided into __layers . Name -

A

3
Zona reticularis -inner
Zona fasciculata -middle
Zona glomerulosa -outer

115
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes __hormones called as ___.

A

Many

Corticoids

116
Q

Which adrenal hormone stimulates the breakdown of GLYCOGEN ?

A

Catecholamines ( adrenaline and noradrenaline ) - from adrenal medulla
(Inc the glucose conc in blood )

117
Q

The hormones secreted by adrenal cortex are of _____types . Name .

A

2
Glucocorticoid - involved in carbohydrate metabolism
mineralocorticoid -

118
Q

In our body , ___is the main glucocorticoid .

A

CORTISOL

119
Q

Glucocorticoids are involved in _____

A

Carb metabolism

120
Q

Glucocorticoids stimulate ____,___and ____ and inhibits _______and ______ .

A

Stimulates - gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Proteolysis
Inhibits - cellular uptake and utilisation of AMINO ACIDS

121
Q

Corticoids which regulate ___and ___are called mineralocorticoids .

A

Balance of water and electrolytes

122
Q

__is the main mineralocorticoid in our body .

A

Aldosterone

123
Q

_____is involved in maintaining the cardio-vascular system and kidney functions .

A

Cortisol ( adrenal cortical )- main GLUCOCORTICOID

124
Q

Glucocorticoids , particularly cortisol produces ___reactions and suppresses _____.

A

Anti-inflammatory rxns

Immune response

125
Q

__Stimulates RBC production . ( glucocorticoid /mineralocorticoid / catecholamines)

A

Glucocorticoids -CORTISOL

126
Q

Hormone of adrenal glands which acts mainly at the renal tubules .

A

Aldosterone - mineralocorticoid ( from cortex)

127
Q

Aldosterone acts mainly at the _____ and stimulates the reabsorption of____ and EXCRETION of _____.

A

Renal tubules
Na+ and H20
K+ and phosphate ions

128
Q

Aldosterone helps in maintenance of -

A

1) electrolytes
2) body FLIUD vol
3) osmotic pressure
4) blood pressure

129
Q

Small amount of ANDROGENIC STEROIDS are also secreted by the ____.

A

Adrenal cortex

130
Q

Androgenic steroids secreted by ADRENAL CORTEX play a role in _____during ______.

A

Growth of AXIAL HAIR , PUBIC HAIR , FACIAL HAIR

During puberty

131
Q

State all the functions of glucocorticoids -

A

1) stimulate gluconeogenesis , lipolysis , proteolysis .
2) inhibits cellular uptake and utilisation of AMINO ACIDS
3) maintaining cardio-vascular system
4) maintaining kidney function
5) produce ANTI-INFLAMMATORY RXNS
6) suppress IMMUNE RESPONSES .
7) stimulate RBC production

132
Q

Which hormone of the adrenal cortex is similar in functions to the medullary hormones ?

A

Glucocorticoids -cortisol
Both catecholamines and cortisol inc conc of glucose in the blood but by diff methods .
Both stimulate breakdown of proteins and lipids .

133
Q

The process which inc conc of glucose in the blood is -
______ by catecholamines
_______by glucocorticoids

A

Glycogenolysis ( breakdown of glycogen )

Gluconeogenesis ( formation of glucose by other means )

134
Q

Pancreas is a _______ gland .

A

Composite - both exo and endocrine

135
Q

The endocrine pancreas consists of ____and represents only _% of pancreatic tissue .

A

Islets of langerhans

1-2%

136
Q

There are about ____islet of langerhans in a normal human pancreas representing only ____% of pancreatic tissue .

A

1-2 million

1-2%

137
Q

The alpha cells of langerhans secrete ___and beta cells secrete _____.

A

Glucagon

Insulin

138
Q

Glucagon is a __hormone and plays an imp role in maintains normal blood glucose levels .

A

Peptide

139
Q

Glucagon mainly acts on the _____ cells and stimulates ____ .

A 
Liver cells ( hepatocytes )
Glycogenolysis
140
Q

Glucagon causes ______.

A

Hyperglycaemia

141
Q

Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis .T/F

A

T

It stimulates both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis , by glycogenolysis occurs in the liver

142
Q

Glucagon reduces ______.

A

Cellular uptake and utilisation of glucose

143
Q

Insulin is a ___hormone which plays a major role in glucose homeostasis .

A

Peptide

144
Q

Insulin acts mainly on ____and _______ . It ___glucose uptake and utilisation .

A

Hepatocytes (liver cells )
Adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue )
Enhances

145
Q

Glucose is hypo /hyper glycemic . Why ?

A

Hypoglycaemic

It causes rapid movement of glucose from blood to hepatocytes and adipocytes resulting in dec blood glucose levels .

146
Q

Insulin stimulates the process of _______ in the target cells .

A

Glycogenesis ( glucose to glycogen )

147
Q

___leads to a complex disorder called DIABETES MELLITUS .

A

Prolonged hyperglycaemia

148
Q

Diabetes mellitus is associated with ______and _______ .

A

Loss of glucose through urine

Formation of harmful compounds -ketone bodies

149
Q

Diabetic patients are treated successfully with ______.

A

Insulin therapy

150
Q

Ketone bodies are harmful .T/F

A

T

151
Q

Testis performs a dual function , as a ______and ___.

A

Prim sex organ

Endocrine gland

152
Q

Testis is composed of -__and _____.

A

Seminiferous tubules

Stromal or interstitial tissue

153
Q

The ____cells which are present in the ____ produce a group of hormones called ANDROGENS , mainly _____.

A

Leyding /interstitial cells
intertubular spaces
Testosterone

154
Q

Females have a pair of ovaries located in the _____.

A

Abdomen

155
Q

The hormones produced by ovary are __in nature .

A

Steroid - progesterone and estrogen

156
Q

Ovary is composed of -

A

Ovarian follicles

Stromal tissue

157
Q

Estrogen is SYNTHESISED AND SECRETED by ____

A

Growing ovarian follicles

158
Q

_____supports pregnancy .

A

Progesterone

159
Q

_____acts on the mammary glands and stimulates the formation of alveoli ( sac-like structures which store milk ) and milk secretion .

A

Progesterone

160
Q

The ____ of the heart secretes a very imp______ hormone called ___.

A

Atrial wall
Peptide
ANF

161
Q

ANF _________blood pressure .

A

Dec

162
Q

The __cells of the kidney produce a ___hormone called ____.

A

JG cells
Peptide
Erythropoietin

163
Q

Role of erythropoietin secreted from JG cells -

A

Stimulates erythropoiesis ( formation of RBCs )

164
Q

Endocrine cells present in diff parts of GIT (gasto intestinal tract ) secrete ____ major ____ hormones . Name -

A 
4
Peptide  
Gastrin 
Secretin 
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
165
Q

Gastrin acts on ____and stimulates ______.

A

Gastric glands

Secretion of HCL and pepsinogen `

166
Q

Secretion acts on _____ and stimulates _______.

A

EXOCRINE pancreas

Secretion of water and bicarbonate ions

167
Q

CCK acts on ___and stimulates _____.

A

Both pancreas and gall bladder

Secretion of pancreatic juice and bile juice

168
Q

_____inhibits gastric secretion and motility .

A

GIP

169
Q

Several other ___tissues secrete hormones called GROWTH FACTORS .

A

Non-endocrine

170
Q

Growth factors secreted by non-endocrine tissues are essential for -

A

Normal growth of tissues and their repairing /regeneration

171
Q

Secretion acts on __pancreas .

A

Exocrine

172
Q

Heart , kidneys and gastric tract can also act as endocrine glands .T/F

A

F . They are non-endocrine glands which secrete hormones

173
Q

Hormones produce their effects on target tissues by binding to specific _____ called ______ located in _______ ONLY .

A

Proteins
Hormone receptors
Target tissues

174
Q

Hormone receptors present on _____of __are called membrane bound receptors .

A

Cell membrane

Target cells

175
Q

The receptors present inside the target cells are called ______.

A

Intracellular receptors

176
Q

Intracellular receptors are mostly _____becoz they are present in the ____.

A

Nuclear receptors

Nucleus

177
Q

Binding of a hormone to its receptor leads to the formation of a _____ .

A

Hormone-receptor complex

178
Q

Receptors are __in nature .

A

Specific

each receptor is specific to one hormone only

179
Q

Hormone-receptor complex formation leads to certain _____ in the target tissues .

A

Biochemical changes

180
Q

____metabolism and hence ____functions are regulated by hormones .

A

Target tissue metabolism

Physiological

181
Q

On the basis of their _nature , hormones can be divided into __groups . Name -

A 
CHEMICAL 
4
Peptide,polypeptide,protein
Steroid
Iodothyronines
Amino-acid derivatives
182
Q

Hormone which interact with __normally do not enter the target cells , but generate ______.

A

Membrane-bound receptors

Second messengers

183
Q

Name some 2nd messengers -

A

Cyclic AMP
IP3
Ca 2+

184
Q

Hormones that interact with Membrane bound receptors regulate -

A

Cellular metabolism

185
Q

Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors mostly regulate _____ or ____ .

A

Gene expression

Chromosome function

186
Q

In case of intracellular receptors , hormone-receptor complex interacts with the -

A

Genome

187
Q

Cumulative biochemical actions of intracellular- hormone receptor results in -

A

Physiology and developmental effects , ( such as tissue growth and differentiation )

188
Q

Name some peptide , polypeptide or protein hormones -

A

Insulin
Glucagon
PITUITARY hormones
HYPOTHALMIC hormones

189
Q

Name some steroid hormones -

A

Cortisol
Testosterone
Estradiol
Progesterone

190
Q

Thyroid hormone comes under which grp -

A

Iodothyronines

191
Q

Name a hormone which is an AMINO-ACID DERIVATIVE .

A

Epinephrine /adrenaline

192
Q

FSH produces what kind of response after forming hormone -receptor complex -
OR
FSH forms what kind of hormone -receptor complex

A

FSH is a peptide hormone ( produces from pituitary )
Therefore it is a membrane-bound receptor
Involved in ovarian growth ,etc

193
Q

Mostly hormones that interact with intracellular receptors are __in nature .

A

Steroid (ex- estrogen)

Iodothyronines

194
Q

Hormones that interact with me range bound receptors are _nature .

A

Protein , peptide , polypeptide

Biology 3 - Animal Physiology (8 decks)

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