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Biology 3 - Animal Physiology > Digestiive System > Flashcards

Digestiive System Flashcards

1
Q

________ in food cannot be utilised by our body in their ORIGINAL form .

A

BIOMACROMOLECULES

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2
Q

In 1851 , ___ published a paper describing a structure located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea containing hair cells that convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses .

A

Alfonso corti

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3
Q

BIOMACROMOLECULES in our food have to be broken down into simple _______ forms . This is called digestion .

A

Absorbable

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4
Q

Digestion is carried out by our digestive system by _____and ____ method .

A

Mechanical

Biochemical

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5
Q

The human digestive system consists of the ____ and the ______.

A

Alimentary canal

Associated glands

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6
Q

The alimentary canal begins with the _____opening -the ____ and it opens _____ through the anuss .

A

Anterior
Mouth 👄
Posteriorly

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7
Q

The mouth leads to the ____ or _____.

A

Buccal cavity

Oral cavity

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8
Q

The _____cavity has a number of teeth .

A

Oral cavity

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9
Q

The oral cavity consists of ___and ____.

A

Teeth

muscular Tongue

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10
Q

Each tooth is embedded in a _____of ____.

A

Socket

Jaw bone 🦴

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11
Q

Each tooth is attached in a socket of jaw bone , this type of arrangement is called -

A

Thecodont

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12
Q

Majority of ______form 2 sets of teeth in their life .

A

Mammals including humans

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13
Q

The type of dentition in which a set of temp milk teeth or deciduous teeth is replaced by a set of permanent teeth or adult teeth , is called -

A

Diphyodont

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14
Q

An adult human has 32 permanent teeth which are of 4 diff teeth , this dentition is called -

A

Heterodont

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15
Q

Dental formula of an. Adult human teeth -

A

2123
——
2123

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16
Q

The hard chewing surface of teeth made up of _____ helps in the ______ of food .

A

Enamel

Mastication

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17
Q

The tongue is a _____ muscular organ attached to the _____ of ____ by the FRENULUM .

A

Freely movable
Floor
Oral cavity

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18
Q

The _____ surface of the tongue has small PROJECTIONS called ______

A

Upper

Papillae

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19
Q

Some ___bear taste buds .

A

Papillae

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20
Q

The oral cavity leads into a short _______.

A

Pharynx

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21
Q

___serves as a common passage for food and air .

A

Pharynx

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22
Q

The ___ and ____ open into the pharynx

A

Oesophagus

Trachea

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23
Q

A cartilaginous flap , EPIGLOTTIS prevents the entry of food 🥘 into the ______ during swallowing.

A

Glottis -opening of wind pipe (trachea )

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24
Q

The ______ is a thin tube extending posteriorly passing through the neck ,thorax and diaphragm .

A

Oesophagus

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25
Oesophagus leads to a ___ shaped structure called stomach .
J
26
A muscular sphincter - _______ regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach .
Gastro-oesophageal sphincter
27
The stomach located in the _______ portion of the abdominal cavity .
Upper left
28
What are the parts of the stomach ?
``` 4 Cardiac -into which oesophagus opens Fundus - Body -main central region Pyloric -opens into the intestines ```
29
_____ pat of stomach opens into the small intestines .
Pyrolic
30
Small intestine is distinguishable regions - a _____ shaped duodenum , middle ____ jejunum , and a _____ coiled ileum .
C Long coiled Highly
31
The opening of the stomach into the duodenum ids guarded by -
Pyloric sphincter
32
__ opens into the large intestines .
Ileum
33
Large intestine consists of ____,____and ____.
Caecum Colon Rectum
34
_____is a blind sac that hosts some _____ microorganisms .
Caecum | Symbiotic
35
A narrow finger-like tubular projection , the ______ which is a vestigial organ arises from the. ______.
Vermiform appendix | Caecum
36
The ___opens into the colon .
Caecum
37
The colon is divided into how many parts ,what ?
``` 4 Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon ```
38
The _____ part of the large intestine opens into the rectum , which opens out through the anus .
Descending | not sigmoid -though it is the last part
39
The wal of the alimentary canal from ___ to _____ possesses 4 layers .
Oesophagus | Rectum
40
___ is the outermost layer of the alimentary canal and is made up of a _________ with some _______ .
Serosa Thin mesothelium ( epithelium of visceral organs ) Connective tissue
41
___ is the epithelium of visceral organs ( like alimentary canal )
Mesothelium | In serosa
42
Muscularis layer is made up of ______ .
Smooth muscles .
43
The muscularis is layer has 2 parts : inner ____layer and outer ____layer .
Circular Longitudinal (An oblique muscle layer may be present in some regions )
44
An oblique muscle may be present in which layer of alimentary canal .
Muscularis
45
The sub-mucosal layer is formed of _____tissues containing __,_____and ____ .
Loose connective tissues Nerves Blood 🩸 lymph vessels
46
In duodenum , gland are present in the ________
Sub-mucosa
47
The innermost layer lining the lumen of the alimentary canal is the -
Mucosa
48
Which layer forms irregular folds in the stomach .
Mucosa
49
The mucosa forms irregular folds- ____ in the stomach and small finger-like foldings called - ____in the small intestine .
Rugae | Villi
50
The cells lining the villi produce numerous ,microscopic projections called _____ giving a ______appearance.
Microvilli | Brush-border
51
The villi and microvilli inc the ______ ENORMOUSLY .
SA
52
__ are supplied with a network of capillaries and the lacteal ( large lymph vessel )
Villi
53
Mucosal epithelium has ______ cells , which secrete mucus that help in lubrication .
Goblet | Mainly intestinal mucosa has goblet cells
54
Villi are supplied with _____ and _____.
Network of capillaries | Large lymph vessel -lacteal
55
______ also forms gland in the stomach .which gland ?
Mucosa | Gastric gland
56
Mucosa forms __ int he stomach and ____ in between the bases of villi in intestine .
Glands | Crypts ( crypts of lieberkuhn)
57
All the 4 layers show modifications in diff parts of the alimentary canal .T/F
T
58
____layer of alimentary canal has goblet cells .
``` Mucosal epithelium (Mainly intestinal mucosa has goblet cells ) ```
59
__ hosts some symbiotic microorganisms 🦠 .
Caecum (not vermiform appendix - it is just a part of caecum ) (Caecum- 1st part of large intestine )
60
___ layer of alimentary canal is made of thin ,ESOTHELIUM
Serosa | With some connective tissue
61
____ layer is formed of loose connective tissue contain nerves ,blood ,lymph vessels .
Sub-Mucosa
62
In ______ glands are present in sub-mucosa | and mucosa forms glands in _____.
Duodenum | Stomach
63
The digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal include-
Salivary glands Liver Pancreas
64
Saliva is produced by ______of salivary glands .
3 pair
65
The __ glands are present in the cheek .(salivary )
Parotid
66
The ____are present in the LOWER JAW .(salivary glands)
Sub-maxillary/ sub-mandibular
67
The ______are present BELOW THE TONGUE .(salivary glands )
Sub-linguals
68
Where are the salivary glands situated ? Where do they secrete saliva ?
Just Outside the buccal cavity | Secrete salivary juice into the buccal cavity
69
_____ is the largest GLAND of the body weighing about _______ in an adult human .
Liver | 1.2 -1.5 kg
70
Location of liver ?
In the abdominal cavity , just below the diaphragm
71
The liver has __ lobes .
2
72
The _____are the structural and functional units of liver containing ______ arranged in the form of ______.
Hepatic lobules Hepatic cells Cords
73
Each hepatic lobule is covered by a ________ sheath called ______.
Thin connective tissue sheath | Glisson’s capsule
74
The bile is secreted by the _____ cells and it passes through the _______ ducts to get stored in the gall bladder .
Hepatic | Hepatic
75
Bile is ____and ____ in a thin muscular sac -gall bladder .
Stored | Concentrated
76
The ______ duct along with ____ duct forms the common BILE DUCT .
Duct of gall bladder (CYSTIC DUCT ) | Hepatic duct - from liver
77
The ____and ____duct open together into the DUODENUM as the COMMON ________ duct
Bile duct (common) Pancreatic duct Common HEPATO-PANCREATIC duct
78
The opening of HEPATO-PANCREATIC duct into the _____is guarded by the _____sphincter
Duodenum | Sphincter of ODDI
79
The pancreas is a _____organ situated btw the ____of the C-shaped duodenum
Compound(both exo and endo ) | Limbs
80
What does the exo and endo crine parts of pancreas secrete -
Exocrine -alkaline pancreatic juice containing enzymes | Endocrine -hormones ,insulin, glucagon
81
The main functions performed by BUCCAL CAVITY -
2 Mastication of food Facilitation of swallowing
82
The __and the ___ with the help of ___ , masticate and mix the food thoroughly .
Teeth 🦷 Tongue 👅 Saliva
83
MUCUS in SALIVA helps in ___and___ the masticated food particles into a BOLUS .
Lubricating | Adhering
84
The bolus is conveyed into the pharynx and then into the oesophagus by ___or ____ .
Swallowing | Deglutition
85
The bolus further passes through the oesophagus by successive waves of ____ called _____.
Muscular contractions | Peristalsis
86
The ___controls the passage of food into the stomach .
Gastro-oesophageal sphincter
87
The saliva secreted into the ORAL CAVITY contains ELECTROLYTES like ___,____,___ and __ .
Na + K+ Cl- HCO3-
88
The enzymes contained in SALIVA are -
salivary amylase | Lysozyme
89
The _____process of digestion is initiated in the oral cavity by the _____ action of salivary amylase .
Hydrolytic | Chemical
90
Salivary amylase is a _______enzyme whose ______action initiates digestion .
Carbohydrate splitting | Hydrolytic
91
About _____% of STARCH is hydrolysed in the oral cavity .
30%
92
Salivary amylase is active at a pH _______ present in the oral cavity.
6.8 | Slightly acidic
93
____present in the saliva acts as an antibacterial agent that prevents infections .
Lysozyme
94
About 30 % starch is hydrolysed in the oral cavity by salivary amylase (optimum pH6.8 ) into a _____-____ .
Disaccharide | Maltose
95
The ______of stomach has GASTRIC GLANDS
Mucosa
96
Gastric glands have how many major types of cells ? Name them -
3 Mucus neck cells. Peptic/chief cells Parietal /oxyntic cells
97
______cells of the gastric gland secrete MUCUS .
Mucus neck cells
98
Peptic cells of gastric glands of stomach secrete ______ .
Proenzyme pepsinogen | Gastric lipase
99
Parietal cells of gastric gland in the stomach secrete ____and_____.
``` HCL Intrinsic factor (responsible for absorption of vit B12) ```
100
Proenzyme pepsinogen is secreted by _____ cells .
Peptic / chief
101
Factor essential for the absorption of B12 is secreted by -
Oxyntic /parietal cells of gastric glands
102
The stomach stores the food for ______ hours .
4-5
103
The food mixes thoroughly with the ______ of the stomach by the ____ movement of its ___walls and is called the CHYME .
Acidic gastric juice Churning Muscular walls
104
The _____on exposure to HCL gets converted to the active enzyme PEPSIN of the ______.
Proenzyme pepsinogen | Stomach (pepsin is the active enzyme of the stomach )
105
Pepsin coverts ___into _and _____.
Proteins Proteoses Peptones(peptides)
106
The ____and _____in the gastric juice play an imp role in lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium (from highly conc HCL)
Mucus | Bicarbonates
107
HCL provides ____ pH optimal for ____.
Acidic =pH 1.8 | Pepsins
108
Rennin is a _____enzyme found in the __of infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins .
Proteolytic (protein breaking ) | Gastric juice
109
What is the function of mucus and bicarbonates in the GASTRIC JUICE ?
Imp role in lubrication , and protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by the highly conc HCL.
110
Small amounts of _____are also secreted by the gastric glands .
Lipases
111
Various types of movements are generated by the ___layer of the small intestines .
Muscularis
112
The __, ____ and ____are the are the secretions released into the SMALL INTESTINES .
BILE Pancreatic juice Intestinal juice
113
Give a brief account of the process of digestion taking place in the STOMACH -
HCl concerts proenzyme pepsinogen into pepsin Pepsin converts proteins into proteoses and peptones(peptides ) Rennin is the proteolytic (similar to pepsin ) in infants Lipases are also present here
114
____and ___ are released through the HEPATOPANCREATIC DUCT in the small intestines ( duodenum ).
Pancreatic juice | Bile
115
The pancreatic juice (released into the duodenum ) contains INACTIVE enzymes - ______________
``` 6 Trypinogen Chymotrypsinogen PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASE Amylases Lipases Nucleases ```
116
The pancreatic juice has ______enzymes .(active/inactive )
Inactive
117
_____is activated by an enzyme ENTEROKINASE secreted by ______.
Trypsinogen | Intestinal mucosa
118
Types in is converted into its active form ,which is ______ (by enterokinase ) which in turn activates other enzymes present in the ______.
Trypsin Pancreatic juice (Trypsinogen—->trypsin—>activates other enzymes ) This takes place in the small intestines (duodenum )
119
ENTEROKINASE is secreted by the ______.
Intestinal mucosa
120
The bile released into the DUODENUM contains ______,____,____and _____ .
Bile pigments (bilirubin ,biliverdin) Bile salts Cholesterol Phospholipids
121
Bile secreted into duodenum (through hepaatopancretic duct ) does not contain _____
Enzymes | Bile has no enzymes
122
Function of bile -
1) Helps in emulsification of fats ( breakdown of fats into small micelles ) 2) Activates LIPASES
123
___activates lipases in the small intestines (duodenum )
Bile
124
Emulsification of fats is the breakdown of fats into ___
Small micelles
125
The _________has GOBLET CELLS.
INTESTINAL MUCOSA
126
In the intestine , __cells secrete mucus , and in the stomach ____cells secrete mucus .
``` Goblet cells (in the mucosal epithelium of intestines) Mucus neck cells ( in the mucosa of stomach ) ```
127
The secretions of the brunch-border cells of the mucosa along with the secretions of the GOBLET CELLS constitute ______.
Intestinal juice /succus entericus
128
What constitutes the intestinal juice/succus entericus ?
Secretions of brush border cells of mucosa +secretions of goblet cells (of mucosa )
129
Which enzymes does succus entericus contain ?
``` Variety of enzymes like- Disaccharidases (maltase) Dipeptidases Lipases Nucleosidases ```
130
The functions of MUCUS and BICARBONATES in the small intestines -
1) Protect the intestinal mucosa from acid | 2) provide an alkaline medium (pH 7.8)for enzymatic activities
131
The bicarbonates released into the small intestines ( to provide alkalinity ) are from -
Pancreas
132
Which pH does mucus and bicarbonates provide in the small intestines ?
Alkaline - pH 7.8
133
____ ,____and __ provide the intestinal mucosa from acid and also provide alkalinity (pH7.8) .
MUCUS Bicarbonates BRUNNER’S GLAND (sub-mucosal )
134
A SUB-MUCOSAL gland which functions along with mucus and bicarbonates -
BRUNNER’S gland
135
____,__and __Are partially hydrolysed proteins in the chyme .
Proteins Proteoses Peptones
136
Partially hydrolysed proteins reaching the small intestines are acted upon by the _____enzymes of _____.
``` Proteolytic enzymes (protein breaking ) PANCREATIC JUICE 🥤 ```
137
Partially hydrolysed proteins (proteins ,proteoses and peptones ) are converted to ____ in the ______ .
diPeptides | Small intestines
138
Proteins ,peptones and proteoses are converted to diPeptides in the small intestine by the action of which enzymes ?
Trypsin Chymotrypsin CARBOXYPEPTIDASE (1st of all , enterokinase converted trypsinogen into active trypsin , thin trypsin further converted chymotyrpsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into ACTIVE chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase )
139
Carbohydrates in the chyme are hydrolysed by ________ into _____.
Pancreatic amylase Disaccharides (In the small intestines )
140
In the __,fats are broken down by ___with the help of ___ into DI and MONO -GLYCERIDES .
Small intestines Lipases Bile
141
Is any amount of fat digested in the stomach also ?
Lipases are present in the stomach, but not bile | So maybe some of it is partially hydrolysed*
142
Fats are broken down into __and ___ in the small intestines .
Di-glycerides Mono-glycerides (By the action of lipase along with bile )
143
What role does AMYLASE play in the small intestines ?
It converts polysaccharides(starch) into disaccharides (maltose ) It plays almost the same role as it does in the mouth
144
______ in the pancreatic juice act on NUCLEIC ACIDS to form _____and _____ .(in small intestines )
Nucleases Nucleotides Nucleosides
145
Does the small intestine secrete any enzyme or al enzymes i it come from pancreas ?
Both Intestinal juice And Pancreatic juice both act in the small intestines (After the pancreatic juices have acted on the chyme , the succus entericus plays its part and acts on the breakdown products of the enzymes of pancreatic juices )
146
The enzymes in the ______ act on the end products of the rxns catalysed by pancreatic enzymes (amylase ,lipase ,nucleases ,trypsin ,chymotypsin and carboxypaptidase )to form the respective simple ___forms .
Succus entericus | Absorbable
147
What are the final steps in digestion ?
Rxns catalysed by enzymes of succus entericus (dipeptidase , maltase , lactase , nucleotidases ,nucleosidases ,sucrose ,lactase
148
The final steps in digestion occur very close to the ______ of the _____ .
Mucosal epithelial cells | Intestine
149
The breakdown of the BIOMACROMOLECULES ( by the enzymes of the succus entericus , the final steps of digestion ) occur in the ___region of the small intestines .
Duodenum
150
The simple substances formed in the last steps of digestion in the duodenum region are absorbed in the ____and ____ regions of the small intestines .
Jejunum | Ileum
151
In the final steps of digestion (in duodenum) , DIPEPTIDES are converted to _____by ___ .
Amino acids | Dipeptidases (ofsuccus entericus )
152
Maltose(disaccharide )formed from starch (polysaccharide ) is converted to ________ by _____ in the last step .
Glucose+glucose | Maltase ( of succus entericus )
153
Lactose is converted to __ and ___ by the action of enzymes of_____.
Glucose Galactose Intestinal juice ( succus entericus )—- lactase
154
Sucrose left is finally converted to _____and ____ by ____.
Glucose Fructose Sucrase (of succus entericus )
155
In the final steps of digestion occurring in the duodenum , NUCLEOTIDES are converted to ______ by ______ , which are in turn converted to ____ by______.
Nucleosides Nucleotidases Sugars+bases Nucleosidases
156
The final product of nucleic acids is -
Sugars + bases Nucleic acids ————>nucleotides and nucleosides (pancreatic juice-nucleases ) Nucleotides ————> nucleosides——> sugars+bases (intestinal juice -nucleotidases,nucleosidases)
157
No significant digestive activity occurs in the large intestines .T/F
T
158
Functions of large intestines -
1) absorption of some water , minerals and certain drugs | 2) secretion of mucus (which helps in adhering the waste-undigested together and lubrications it for easy passage )
159
Drugs are absorbed in the -
Large intestines
160
The undigested , unabsorbed substances enter into the CAECUM through the ______which prevents back flow of faecal matter .
ILeo-caecal VALVE
161
The faecal matter are temporarily stored in the _____till defaecation .
Rectum
162
The activities of GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT are under __and ___control for proper coordination .
Hormonal | Neural
163
the muscular movements of diff parts of the alimentary canal can also be moderated by NEURAL MECHANISM ,both _____and through ___.
Local | CNS
164
Hormonal control of the secretion of digestive juices is carried out by ____hormones produced by ___ and ____ .
Local Gastric mucosa Intestinal mucosa
165
The sight ,smell or the presence of food in ORAL CAVITY can stimulate the secretion of saliva .T/F
T | Under neural control , similar to gastric and intestinal secretions
166
Gross calorific value of carbs-
4.1 kcal/g
167
Gross calorific value of proteins -
5.65 kcal/g
168
Gross calorific value of fats -
9.45 kcal/g
169
Physiological value of carbs -
4 kcal/g
170
Physiological value of proteins -
4.0 kcal/g
171
Physiological value of fats-
9.0 kcal/g
172
Absorption is the process by which the end products of digestion pass through the ______into the ____or____ .
Intestinal mucosa Blood Lymph
173
Absorption of food is carried out by __,___ or ____ mechanisms .
Active transport Passive transport Facilitated transport
174
SMALL AMOUNTS of monosaccharides ,like GLUCOSE ,AMINO ACIDS and some electrolytes (like CHLORIDE IONS ) are generally absorbed by -
Simple diffusion *
175
The passage of monosaccharides (glucose, aa ) and some electrolytes(Cl-) depends on ________. Why?
Conc gradients | Becoz they are absorbed by simple diffusion
176
Some substances like __and ___Are absorbed with the help of CARRIER PROTEINS .
Glucose | Amino acids
177
Glucose is mainly absorbed through the process of -
Facilitated diffusion ( carrier proteins )
178
Amino acids are mainly absorbed into the blood by -
Facilitated transport (carrier proteins)
179
Transport of water depends upon the _____ .
Osmotic gradient
180
Various nutrients like amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose ,electrolytes like Na+ are absorbed into the blood by -
Active transport
181
Glucose and amino acids are absorbed by how many mechanisms -
Passive transport -small amount Active transport -various Facilitated -some
182
Electrolytes like Na+ are absorbed into the blood stream by -
Active transport
183
____and __being insoluble cannot be absorbed into the blood .
Fatty acids | Glycerol
184
Fatty acids and glycerol (for absorption)are first incorporated into small droplets called _____ which move into the _____.
Micelles | Intestinal mucosa
185
fatty acids and glycerol are first incorporated into micelles and then RE-FORMED into very small ______ .
Protein coated fat globules -chylomicrons
186
_______are transported into the lymph vessels (LACTEALS) in the villi .
Chylomicrons
187
What are chylomicrons ?
Very small protein -coated fat globules | Final products of fatty acids and glycerol , which are transported into lacteals in the villi
188
Chylomicrons are transported into the _____ in the ____ .
Lymph vessels -lacteals | Villi
189
Micelles are transported into lacteals .T/F
F
190
The ___ultimately release the absorbed substances (of chylomicrons {fatty acids and glycerol}) into the _______ .
Lymph vessels | Blood stream
191
____of substances takes place in diff parts of the alimentary canal like mouth ,stomach, small intestine and large intestine .
Absorption
192
Maximum absorption takes place in the _____.
Small intestine
193
Certain drugs coming in contact with the ___of __and _____ of ____ are absorbed into the blood capillaries lining them .
``` Mucosa Mouth 👄 Lower side Tongue 👅 (some amt of Drugs are absorbed in the mouth ) ```
194
Alcohol is absorbed in the ____.
Stomach
195
Absorption of water ,simple sugars and alcohol takes lace here -
Stomach
196
Principle organ for the ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS is-
Small intestine
197
The digestion is completed here and the fall products of digestion such as glucose ,fructose ,fatty acids ,glycerol and amino acids are absorbed through the mucosa into the blood stream and lymph -
Small intestine
198
Absorption of water ,some minerals and drugs takes place here -
Large intestine
199
The absorbed substances finally reach the tissues which utilise them for their activities . This is called -
Assimilation
200
The egestion of faeces to the outside through defaecation is a ___process and is carried out by a ___movement .
Voluntary | Mass peristaltic
201
The __of intestinal tract is the most common ailment due to BACTERIAL or VIRAL infections .
Inflammation
202
The infection of intestinal tract are also caused by the parasites of intestine like -
``` Tapeworm Roundworm Threadworm Bookworm Pinworm ```
203
In jaundice , the ____is affected .
Liver
204
In jaundice , the liver is affected , ____ and __turn yellow due to _____.
Skin Eyes Deposition of bile pigments
205
Ejection of __ contents through the mouth is called VOMITING .
Stomach contents
206
Vomiting is a _____ action controlled by the _____centre in the _____.
Reflex Vomit centre Medulla
207
The abnormal frequency of bowel movements and increased liquidity of faecal discharge is known as ___.
Diarrhoea
208
______ reduces the absorption of food .
Diarrhoea
209
In constipation , the faeces are retained within the ____ .
Colon
210
Why are faeces retained in the colon during constipation ?
As the bowel movements occur irregularly
211
In ____ , the food is not digested properly leading to a feeling of FULLNESS .
Indigestion
212
What are the causes of indigestion ?
1) Inadequate enzyme secretion 2) Anxiety 3) Food poisoning 4) Over eating 5) Spicy food
213
Dietary deficiencies of proteins and total food calories are widespread in many underdeveloped countries of ___,___and ____ .
South and south-east ASIA South America West and central Africa
214
_____ may affect large sections of population during drought , famine and political turmoil .
PEM
215
PEM happened in ___ during the liberation war and in ___ during the severe drought in MID-EIGHTIES .
Bangladesh 🇧🇩 | Ethiopia 🇪🇹
216
___ is produced by the simultaneous deficiency of proteins and calories .
Marasmus
217
Marasmus if found in ___ , if mother’s milk is replaced too early by other foods which are poor in both proteins and calorific value .
Infants 👶 -less than a year in age
218
When is mother’s milk replaced by other foods which ultimately leads to marasmus ?
If the mother has 2nd pregnancy 🤰 or childbirth when the older infant is still too young .
219
In Marasmus , PROTEIN DEFICIENCY impairs __and ____.
growth | replacement of tissue proteins
220
What are the symptoms of MARASMUS -
Extreme emancipation of the body Thinning of limbs Skin becomes dry ,thin and wrinkled Growth rate and body weight decline considerably Growth and development of brain 🧠 and mental faculties are impaired
221
Kwashiorkor is caused by ___.
Protein deficiency only
222
Kwashiorkor is caused by _____deficiency unaccompanied by ____ deficiency .
Protein | Calorie
223
Kwashiorkor is caused in a child _______.
More than one year in age
224
What is the cause of kwashiorkor ?
Replacement of mother’s milk by HIGH CALORIE -LOW PROTEIN diet in a child less than 1 year .
225
What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor which are like marasmus -
Wasting of muscles Thinning of limbs Failure of growth and brain development
226
Symptoms of kwashiorkor ,which are unlike marasmus -
Some fat is still left under the skin Extensive oedema Swelling of body parts
227
The digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal include-
Salivary glands Liver Pancreas
228
Saliva is produced by ______of salivary glands .
3 pair
229
The __ glands are present in the cheek .(salivary )
Parotid
230
The ____are present in the LOWER JAW .(salivary glands)
Sub-maxillary/ sub-mandibular
231
The ______are present BELOW THE TONGUE .(salivary glands )
Sub-linguals
232
Where are the salivary glands situated ? Where do they secrete saliva ?
Just Outside the buccal cavity | Secrete salivary juice into the buccal cavity
233
_____ is the largest GLAND of the body weighing about _______ in an adult human .
Liver | 1.2 -1.5 kg
234
Location of liver ?
In the abdominal cavity , just below the diaphragm
235
The liver has __ lobes .
2
236
The _____are the structural and functional units of liver containing ______ arranged in the form of ______.
Hepatic lobules Hepatic cells Cords
237
Each hepatic lobule is covered by a ________ sheath called ______.
Thin connective tissue sheath | Glisson’s capsule
238
The bile is secreted by the _____ cells and it passes through the _______ ducts to get stored in the gall bladder .
Hepatic | Hepatic
239
Bile is ____and ____ in a thin muscular sac -gall bladder .
Stored | Concentrated
240
The ______ duct along with ____ duct forms the common BILE DUCT .
Duct of gall bladder (CYSTIC DUCT ) | Hepatic duct - from liver
241
The ____and ____duct open together into the DUODENUM as the COMMON ________ duct
Bile duct (common) Pancreatic duct Common HEPATO-PANCREATIC duct
242
The opening of HEPATO-PANCREATIC duct into the _____is guarded by the _____sphincter
Duodenum | Sphincter of ODDI
243
The pancreas is a _____organ situated btw the ____of the C-shaped duodenum
Compound(both exo and endo ) | Limbs
244
What does the exo and endo crine parts of pancreas secrete -
Exocrine -alkaline pancreatic juice containing enzymes | Endocrine -hormones ,insulin, glucagon
245
The main functions performed by BUCCAL CAVITY -
2 Mastication of food Facilitation of swallowing
246
The __and the ___ with the help of ___ , masticate and mix the food thoroughly .
Teeth 🦷 Tongue 👅 Saliva
247
MUCUS in SALIVA helps in ___and___ the masticated food particles into a BOLUS .
Lubricating | Adhering
248
The bolus is conveyed into the pharynx and then into the oesophagus by ___or ____ .
Swallowing | Deglutition
249
The bolus further passes through the oesophagus by successive waves of ____ called _____.
Muscular contractions | Peristalsis
250
The ___controls the passage of food into the stomach .
Gastro-oesophageal sphincter
251
The saliva secreted into the ORAL CAVITY contains ELECTROLYTES like ___,____,___ and __ .
Na + K+ Cl- HCO3-
252
The enzymes contained in SALIVA are -
salivary amylase | Lysozyme
253
The _____process of digestion is initiated in the oral cavity by the _____ action of salivary amylase .
Hydrolytic | Chemical
254
Salivary amylase is a _______enzyme whose ______action initiates digestion .
Carbohydrate splitting | Hydrolytic
255
About _____% of STARCH is hydrolysed in the oral cavity .
30%
256
Salivary amylase is active at a pH _______ present in the oral cavity.
6.8 | Slightly acidic
257
____present in the saliva acts as an antibacterial agent that prevents infections .
Lysozyme
258
About 30 % starch is hydrolysed in the oral cavity by salivary amylase (optimum pH6.8 ) into a _____-____ .
Disaccharide | Maltose
259
The ______of stomach has GASTRIC GLANDS
Mucosa
260
Gastric glands have how many major types of cells ? Name them -
3 Mucus neck cells. Peptic/chief cells Parietal /oxyntic cells
261
______cells of the gastric gland secrete MUCUS .
Mucus neck cells
262
Peptic cells of gastric glands of stomach secrete ______ .
Proenzyme pepsinogen | Gastric lipase
263
Parietal cells of gastric gland in the stomach secrete ____and_____.
``` HCL Intrinsic factor (responsible for absorption of vit B12) ```
264
Proenzyme pepsinogen is secreted by _____ cells .
Peptic / chief
265
Factor essential for the absorption of B12 is secreted by -
Oxyntic /parietal cells of gastric glands
266
The stomach stores the food for ______ hours .
4-5
267
The food mixes thoroughly with the ______ of the stomach by the ____ movement of its ___walls and is called the CHYME .
Acidic gastric juice Churning Muscular walls
268
The _____on exposure to HCL gets converted to the active enzyme PEPSIN of the ______.
Proenzyme pepsinogen | Stomach (pepsin is the active enzyme of the stomach )
269
Pepsin coverts ___into _and _____.
Proteins Proteoses Peptones(peptides)
270
The ____and _____in the gastric juice play an imp role in lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium (from highly conc HCL)
Mucus | Bicarbonates
271
HCL provides ____ pH optimal for ____.
Acidic =pH 1.8 | Pepsins
272
Rennin is a _____enzyme found in the __of infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins .
Proteolytic (protein breaking ) | Gastric juice
273
What is the function of mucus and bicarbonates in the GASTRIC JUICE ?
Imp role in lubrication , and protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by the highly conc HCL.
274
Small amounts of _____are also secreted by the gastric glands .
Lipases
275
Various types of movements are generated by the ___layer of the small intestines .
Muscularis
276
The __, ____ and ____are the are the secretions released into the SMALL INTESTINES .
BILE Pancreatic juice Intestinal juice
277
Give a brief account of the process of digestion taking place in the STOMACH -
HCl concerts proenzyme pepsinogen into pepsin Pepsin converts proteins into proteoses and peptones(peptides ) Rennin is the proteolytic (similar to pepsin ) in infants Lipases are also present here
278
____and ___ are released through the HEPATOPANCREATIC DUCT in the small intestines ( duodenum ).
Pancreatic juice | Bile
279
The pancreatic juice (released into the duodenum ) contains INACTIVE enzymes - ______________
``` 6 Trypinogen Chymotrypsinogen PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASE Amylases Lipases Nucleases ```
280
The pancreatic juice has ______enzymes .(active/inactive )
Inactive
281
_____is activated by an enzyme ENTEROKINASE secreted by ______.
Trypsinogen | Intestinal mucosa
282
Types in is converted into its active form ,which is ______ (by enterokinase ) which in turn activates other enzymes present in the ______.
Trypsin Pancreatic juice (Trypsinogen—->trypsin—>activates other enzymes ) This takes place in the small intestines (duodenum )
283
ENTEROKINASE is secreted by the ______.
Intestinal mucosa
284
The bile released into the DUODENUM contains ______,____,____and _____ .
Bile pigments (bilirubin ,biliverdin) Bile salts Cholesterol Phospholipids
285
Bile secreted into duodenum (through hepaatopancretic duct ) does not contain _____
Enzymes | Bile has no enzymes
286
Function of bile -
1) Helps in emulsification of fats ( breakdown of fats into small micelles ) 2) Activates LIPASES
287
___activates lipases in the small intestines (duodenum )
Bile
288
Emulsification of fats is the breakdown of fats into ___
Small micelles
289
The _________has GOBLET CELLS.
INTESTINAL MUCOSA
290
In the intestine , __cells secrete mucus , and in the stomach ____cells secrete mucus .
``` Goblet cells (in the mucosal epithelium of intestines) Mucus neck cells ( in the mucosa of stomach ) ```
291
The secretions of the brunch-border cells of the mucosa along with the secretions of the GOBLET CELLS constitute ______.
Intestinal juice /succus entericus
292
What constitutes the intestinal juice/succus entericus ?
Secretions of brush border cells of mucosa +secretions of goblet cells (of mucosa )
293
Which enzymes does succus entericus contain ?
``` Variety of enzymes like- Disaccharidases (maltase) Dipeptidases Lipases Nucleosidases ```
294
The functions of MUCUS and BICARBONATES in the small intestines -
1) Protect the intestinal mucosa from acid | 2) provide an alkaline medium (pH 7.8)for enzymatic activities
295
The bicarbonates released into the small intestines ( to provide alkalinity ) are from -
Pancreas
296
Which pH does mucus and bicarbonates provide in the small intestines ?
Alkaline - pH 7.8
297
____ ,____and __ provide the intestinal mucosa from acid and also provide alkalinity (pH7.8) .
MUCUS Bicarbonates BRUNNER’S GLAND (sub-mucosal )
298
A SUB-MUCOSAL gland which functions along with mucus and bicarbonates -
BRUNNER’S gland
299
____,__and __Are partially hydrolysed proteins in the chyme .
Proteins Proteoses Peptones
300
Partially hydrolysed proteins reaching the small intestines are acted upon by the _____enzymes of _____.
``` Proteolytic enzymes (protein breaking ) PANCREATIC JUICE 🥤 ```
301
Partially hydrolysed proteins (proteins ,proteoses and peptones ) are converted to ____ in the ______ .
diPeptides | Small intestines
302
Proteins ,peptones and proteoses are converted to diPeptides in the small intestine by the action of which enzymes ?
Trypsin Chymotrypsin CARBOXYPEPTIDASE (1st of all , enterokinase converted trypsinogen into active trypsin , thin trypsin further converted chymotyrpsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into ACTIVE chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase )
303
Carbohydrates in the chyme are hydrolysed by ________ into _____.
Pancreatic amylase Disaccharides (In the small intestines )
304
In the __,fats are broken down by ___with the help of ___ into DI and MONO -GLYCERIDES .
Small intestines Lipases Bile
305
Is any amount of fat digested in the stomach also ?
Lipases are present in the stomach, but not bile | So maybe some of it is partially hydrolysed*
306
Fats are broken down into __and ___ in the small intestines .
Di-glycerides Mono-glycerides (By the action of lipase along with bile )
307
What role does AMYLASE play in the small intestines ?
It converts polysaccharides(starch) into disaccharides (maltose ) It plays almost the same role as it does in the mouth
308
______ in the pancreatic juice act on NUCLEIC ACIDS to form _____and _____ .(in small intestines )
Nucleases Nucleotides Nucleosides
309
Does the small intestine secrete any enzyme or al enzymes i it come from pancreas ?
Both Intestinal juice And Pancreatic juice both act in the small intestines (After the pancreatic juices have acted on the chyme , the succus entericus plays its part and acts on the breakdown products of the enzymes of pancreatic juices )
310
The enzymes in the ______ act on the end products of the rxns catalysed by pancreatic enzymes (amylase ,lipase ,nucleases ,trypsin ,chymotypsin and carboxypaptidase )to form the respective simple ___forms .
Succus entericus | Absorbable
311
What are the final steps in digestion ?
Rxns catalysed by enzymes of succus entericus (dipeptidase , maltase , lactase , nucleotidases ,nucleosidases ,sucrose ,lactase
312
The final steps in digestion occur very close to the ______ of the _____ .
Mucosal epithelial cells | Intestine
313
The breakdown of the BIOMACROMOLECULES ( by the enzymes of the succus entericus , the final steps of digestion ) occur in the ___region of the small intestines .
Duodenum
314
The simple substances formed in the last steps of digestion in the duodenum region are absorbed in the ____and ____ regions of the small intestines .
Jejunum | Ileum
315
In the final steps of digestion (in duodenum) , DIPEPTIDES are converted to _____by ___ .
Amino acids | Dipeptidases (ofsuccus entericus )
316
Maltose(disaccharide )formed from starch (polysaccharide ) is converted to ________ by _____ in the last step .
Glucose+glucose | Maltase ( of succus entericus )
317
Lactose is converted to __ and ___ by the action of enzymes of_____.
Glucose Galactose Intestinal juice ( succus entericus )—- lactase
318
Sucrose left is finally converted to _____and ____ by ____.
Glucose Fructose Sucrase (of succus entericus )
319
In the final steps of digestion occurring in the duodenum , NUCLEOTIDES are converted to ______ by ______ , which are in turn converted to ____ by______.
Nucleosides Nucleotidases Sugars+bases Nucleosidases
320
The final product of nucleic acids is -
Sugars + bases Nucleic acids ————>nucleotides and nucleosides (pancreatic juice-nucleases ) Nucleotides ————> nucleosides——> sugars+bases (intestinal juice -nucleotidases,nucleosidases)
321
No significant digestive activity occurs in the large intestines .T/F
T
322
Functions of large intestines -
1) absorption of some water , minerals and certain drugs | 2) secretion of mucus (which helps in adhering the waste-undigested together and lubrications it for easy passage )
323
Drugs are absorbed in the -
Large intestines
324
The undigested , unabsorbed substances enter into the CAECUM through the ______which prevents back flow of faecal matter .
ILeo-caecal VALVE
325
The faecal matter are temporarily stored in the _____till defaecation .
Rectum
326
The activities of GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT are under __and ___control for proper coordination .
Hormonal | Neural
327
the muscular movements of diff parts of the alimentary canal can also be moderated by NEURAL MECHANISM ,both _____and through ___.
Local | CNS
328
Hormonal control of the secretion of digestive juices is carried out by ____hormones produced by ___ and ____ .
Local Gastric mucosa Intestinal mucosa
329
The sight ,smell or the presence of food in ORAL CAVITY can stimulate the secretion of saliva .T/F
T | Under neural control , similar to gastric and intestinal secretions
330
Gross calorific value of carbs-
4.1 kcal/g
331
Gross calorific value of proteins -
5.65 kcal/g
332
Gross calorific value of fats -
9.45 kcal/g
333
Physiological value of carbs -
4 kcal/g
334
Physiological value of proteins -
4.0 kcal/g
335
Physiological value of fats-
9.0 kcal/g
336
Absorption is the process by which the end products of digestion pass through the ______into the ____or____ .
Intestinal mucosa Blood Lymph
337
Absorption of food is carried out by __,___ or ____ mechanisms .
Active transport Passive transport Facilitated transport
338
SMALL AMOUNTS of monosaccharides ,like GLUCOSE ,AMINO ACIDS and some electrolytes (like CHLORIDE IONS ) are generally absorbed by -
Simple diffusion *
339
The passage of monosaccharides (glucose, aa ) and some electrolytes(Cl-) depends on ________. Why?
Conc gradients | Becoz they are absorbed by simple diffusion
340
Some substances like __and ___Are absorbed with the help of CARRIER PROTEINS .
Glucose | Amino acids
341
Glucose is mainly absorbed through the process of -
Facilitated diffusion ( carrier proteins )
342
Amino acids are mainly absorbed into the blood by -
Facilitated transport (carrier proteins)
343
Transport of water depends upon the _____ .
Osmotic gradient
344
Various nutrients like amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose ,electrolytes like Na+ are absorbed into the blood by -
Active transport
345
Glucose and amino acids are absorbed by how many mechanisms -
Passive transport -small amount Active transport -various Facilitated -some
346
Electrolytes like Na+ are absorbed into the blood stream by -
Active transport
347
____and __being insoluble cannot be absorbed into the blood .
Fatty acids | Glycerol
348
Fatty acids and glycerol (for absorption)are first incorporated into small droplets called _____ which move into the _____.
Micelles | Intestinal mucosa
349
fatty acids and glycerol are first incorporated into micelles and then RE-FORMED into very small ______ .
Protein coated fat globules -chylomicrons
350
_______are transported into the lymph vessels (LACTEALS) in the villi .
Chylomicrons
351
What are chylomicrons ?
Very small protein -coated fat globules | Final products of fatty acids and glycerol , which are transported into lacteals in the villi
352
Chylomicrons are transported into the _____ in the ____ .
Lymph vessels -lacteals | Villi
353
Micelles are transported into lacteals .T/F
F
354
The ___ultimately release the absorbed substances (of chylomicrons {fatty acids and glycerol}) into the _______ .
Lymph vessels | Blood stream
355
____of substances takes place in diff parts of the alimentary canal like mouth ,stomach, small intestine and large intestine .
Absorption
356
Maximum absorption takes place in the _____.
Small intestine
357
Certain drugs coming in contact with the ___of __and _____ of ____ are absorbed into the blood capillaries lining them .
``` Mucosa Mouth 👄 Lower side Tongue 👅 (some amt of Drugs are absorbed in the mouth ) ```
358
Alcohol is absorbed in the ____.
Stomach
359
Absorption of water ,simple sugars and alcohol takes lace here -
Stomach
360
Principle organ for the ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS is-
Small intestine
361
The digestion is completed here and the fall products of digestion such as glucose ,fructose ,fatty acids ,glycerol and amino acids are absorbed through the mucosa into the blood stream and lymph -
Small intestine
362
Absorption of water ,some minerals and drugs takes place here -
Large intestine
363
The absorbed substances finally reach the tissues which utilise them for their activities . This is called -
Assimilation
364
The egestion of faeces to the outside through defaecation is a ___process and is carried out by a ___movement .
Voluntary | Mass peristaltic
365
The __of intestinal tract is the most common ailment due to BACTERIAL or VIRAL infections .
Inflammation
366
The infection of intestinal tract are also caused by the parasites of intestine like -
``` Tapeworm Roundworm Threadworm Bookworm Pinworm ```
367
In jaundice , the ____is affected .
Liver
368
In jaundice , the liver is affected , ____ and __turn yellow due to _____.
Skin Eyes Deposition of bile pigments
369
Ejection of __ contents through the mouth is called VOMITING .
Stomach contents
370
Vomiting is a _____ action controlled by the _____centre in the _____.
Reflex Vomit centre Medulla
371
The abnormal frequency of bowel movements and increased liquidity of faecal discharge is known as ___.
Diarrhoea
372
______ reduces the absorption of food .
Diarrhoea
373
In constipation , the faeces are retained within the ____ .
Colon
374
Why are faeces retained in the colon during constipation ?
As the bowel movements occur irregularly
375
In ____ , the food is not digested properly leading to a feeling of FULLNESS .
Indigestion
376
What are the causes of indigestion ?
1) Inadequate enzyme secretion 2) Anxiety 3) Food poisoning 4) Over eating 5) Spicy food
377
Dietary deficiencies of proteins and total food calories are widespread in many underdeveloped countries of ___,___and ____ .
South and south-east ASIA South America West and central Africa
378
_____ may affect large sections of population during drought , famine and political turmoil .
PEM
379
PEM happened in ___ during the liberation war and in ___ during the severe drought in MID-EIGHTIES .
Bangladesh 🇧🇩 | Ethiopia 🇪🇹
380
___ is produced by the simultaneous deficiency of proteins and calories .
Marasmus
381
Marasmus if found in ___ , if mother’s milk is replaced too early by other foods which are poor in both proteins and calorific value .
Infants 👶 -less than a year in age
382
When is mother’s milk replaced by other foods which ultimately leads to marasmus ?
If the mother has 2nd pregnancy 🤰 or childbirth when the older infant is still too young .
383
In Marasmus , PROTEIN DEFICIENCY impairs __and ____.
growth | replacement of tissue proteins
384
What are the symptoms of MARASMUS -
Extreme emancipation of the body Thinning of limbs Skin becomes dry ,thin and wrinkled Growth rate and body weight decline considerably Growth and development of brain 🧠 and mental faculties are impaired
385
Kwashiorkor is caused by ___.
Protein deficiency only
386
Kwashiorkor is caused by _____deficiency unaccompanied by ____ deficiency .
Protein | Calorie
387
Kwashiorkor is caused in a child _______.
More than one year in age
388
What is the cause of kwashiorkor ?
Replacement of mother’s milk by HIGH CALORIE -LOW PROTEIN diet in a child less than 1 year .
389
What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor which are like marasmus -
Wasting of muscles Thinning of limbs Failure of growth and brain development
390
Symptoms of kwashiorkor ,which are unlike marasmus -
Some fat is still left under the skin Extensive oedema Swelling of body parts

Biology 3 - Animal Physiology (8 decks)

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