LO5 Flashcards
What is the structure and function of the central nervous system?
- the control centre for the body
- consists of the brain and the spinal cord
- the spinal cord connects the brain, by long lines of nerve cells to every area of the body.
What is the structure and function of the spinal cord?
-protected by specialist bones
- these bones have a hollow centre through which the spinal cord runs
-it transmits information to and from the brain through structures called nerves
What is the structure and function of the autonomic system?
Controls and regulated processes such as heart rate.
-these actions are automatic - unconsciously controlled
What is the function and structure of the sensory and motor neurones?
Sensory nerve transmits information from the senses(eyes, ears) to the brain.
-motor nerves transmit information to the muscles from the brain
-the sensory and motor nerve work together.
What is the structure and function of the peripheral nervous system?
All nerves outside the central nervous system make up the peripheral nervous system
-it relays information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
Structure and function of the cerebral cortex?
Outermost layer of the brain,
-responsible for thinking and processing sensory information
-4 lobes each responsible for processing different types of information.
Structure and function of the cerebellum?
-Positioned at the back of the skull
-coordinates and regulates muscle activity eg gross and fine motor skills for eg. Walking.
Structure and function of the frontal lobes?
Carry out higher level mental processes eg. Decision making and thinking.
Structure and function of the corpus callosum?
-Bridge of nerve tissue that connects the two halves of the brain.
-enables communication between the two
Structure and function of the hypothalamus?
Responsible for maintenance of body temperature.
Structure and function of the medulla?
Automatically carries out and regulates life sustaining functions eg. Breathing.
Structure and function of the meninges?
-Three layers of membranes surrounding the brain and the spinal cord.
-Provide a barrier from the rest of the body and provide protection against infections.
Structure and function of the neuron?
Are specialised nerve cells that transmits electrical impulses (information) from one part of the body to the other.
Structure and function of the axons?
-Long threat like part of a nerve cell -along which impulses are conducted away from the cell to other cells .
Structure and function of the Dendron?
Short branch structures on the neuron that receive electrical impulses and carry them towards the cell body.
Structure and function of the myelin sheath?
-Fatty white substance that surrounds the axon.
-forms a protective layer and enables electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently.
What is the medulla?
Contains thousands of nephrons
What is the renal artery
-Carries blood from the heart to the kidneys.
-branch directly from aorta on either side and extend to each kidney.
-the arteries take a big volume of blood to the kidneys to be filtered.
What is the renal vein?
Carries the blood that has been filtered to the kidney
What is the calyx?
-chambers through which urine passes.
-its fibrous white region collects urine and passes it on to the urethra
What is the urethra?
Tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder?
What is the cortex?
Part of the kidney where ultrafiltration occurs
What is ultrafiltration?
When a metabolic wastes are separated from the blood and urine is formed. It occurs in the glomerular capsule in the nephron.
What is a nephron?
Filtering units each includes a filter called glomerulus and a tubule.
The tubule removes waste and the glomerulus filters the blood.
What is the proximal tubule?
Responsible for reabsorbing filtered load, amino acids glucose solutes etc.
What is the substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver?
Urea
What is homeostasis in the kidney?
Self regulating process to maintain internal and stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.
What is the loop of nerve?
Conducts urine within each nephron recovery of water and from urine.
What is deamination? Liver
Occurs in the liver during protein metabolism (breakdown) it results in the production of ammonia (a toxic waste)
What is Detoxification?
Liver converts the ammonia produced by deamination into urea; this is still waste but less toxic
Urea is transported in the blood and removed by kidney in the urine.
What is the endocrine system
-Works alongside nervous system to control vital organs in the body.
-collection of glands that produce hormones to regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction and sleep.
What are hormones?
A chemical substance that helps regulate processes in the body eg.
-insulin controls blood glucose.
-adrenaline presets your body for fight or flight.
What and where is the thyroid
Located in the lower part of the neck and produces thyroxide which sustains metabolism.
What and where is the adrenal gland
2types both located above the kidney and produces adrenaline which prepares the body for fight or flight.
What and where is the pancreas?
Gland is situated near the stomach and produces insulin which is needed to control blood sugar levels
Where is the Pituitary gland and what is it ?
Located in the base of the brain “master gland” that regulates all other endocrine glands.
