LO1

Question 1

Key features and function of erythrocytes

Answer 1

• Large SA, red blood cells , no nucleus and constrain pigment haemoglobin which makes the red colour
  -transports oxygen and carbon dioxide around body disc shape.

Question 2

Key features and function of lymphocytes (b and t)

Answer 2

-B cells produce antibodies to destroy bacteria or viruses
-T cells destroy the the body’s own cells that have been taken over by viruses or have become cancerous

Question 3

Key features and function of neutrophils( infection)

Answer 3

-small and fast, the first types of cells to travel to the site of infection.
-protect body against bacterial infections

Question 4

Key features and function of monocytes

Answer 4

-the largest of the white blood cells
-formed in the bone marrow, released into the blood and tissue.

Question 5

Key features and function platelets

Answer 5

-produced in the bone
-They are disc shaped.
- help form blood clots by clumping together, to slow or stop bleeding and to help wounds heal.

Question 6

Key features and function of the plasma

Answer 6

-Is a clear yellow liquid.
-carries platelet, red blood cells and proteins.
-Helps blood clots and regular body temperature

Question 7

Structure of the human heart

There are 4 valves in the heart that permit blood to flow only one way what are they?

Answer 7

• Tricuspid: the first valve the blood encounters as it enters the heart. It allows blood flow I flow only from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

-bicuspid: allows blood to flow from left atrium to left ventricle.

-pulmonary: is the opening from the right ventricle and stops blood going back from the pulmonary artery intoheart.

-aortic valve: found at the exit of the left ventricle where the aorta begins

Question 8

Structure of the human heart
Each of the four heart chambers has a major blood vessel entering or leaving it which are?

Answer 8

-aorta: the main artery of the body it leaves the heart from the left ventricle

-pulmonary artery: carries the deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

-vena cava
-pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

Question 9

Function of the heart

What is the difference between deoxygenated and oxygenated blood?

Answer 9

Deoxygenated: blood that has little or no oxygen but does contain carbons dioxide
Oxygenated: blood that contains oxygen.

Question 10

The heart pumps blood through two separate circulatory systems what are they?

Answer 10

Pulmonary:
-the right side of the heart
-receives deoxygenated blood from the body
- pumps it to the lungs.

Systemic:
-on left side of the heart
-receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
- pumps it to the rest of the body .

Question 11

What are the stages of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 11

1) atrial systole: contraction of the right and left atria

2) ventricular systole: contractions of the ventricles

3) complete cardiac diastole: relaxation of the atria and ventricles.

Question 12

Location and role of the sinoatrial node?

Answer 12

-located in the upper wall of the right atrium of the heart.
-responsible for setting the rhythm of the heart
-ensuring both atria contract simultaneously.

Question 13

Location and role of the atrioventricular node?

Answer 13

• located at the bottom of the right atrium of the heart.
  -responsible for delaying electric impulses it recovers from (SA) node.
  -this delay allows for blood to empty out of the atria into the ventricles.

Question 14

Location and role of the purkinje fibers?

Answer 14

-Located at the inner ventricle walls of the heart just beneath the endocardium.
-conducts electrical impulse that enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion.

Question 15

What does a normal EGG trace show?

Answer 15

Shows the spread of the electrical signal generated by the SA (sinoatrial node) as it travels through the atria a normal EGG shows five waves.

Question 16

What are the 5 different waves that a normal ECG trace shows?

Answer 16

-P wave: shows atrial contraction
-QRS complex shows ventricular contraction.
T wave shows ventricles relaxing.

Question 17

What is the structure of the arteries?

Answer 17

Carry blood away from the heart. Heart walls consists of thick, elastic fibers and muscles

Question 18

What is the structure of the veins?

Answer 18

-Have thinner walls than arteries.
-blood flowing through them is not under pressure
-and so veins have valves through their length.
-Carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.

Question 19

What is the structure of the capillaries?

Answer 19

-thin walls allow exchange of water, O2, cO2 nutrients and waste between blood and the surrounding tissues.

Question 20

3 roles of the lymphatic system

Answer 20

-drainage and filtrations system
-removes excess fluid from body tissue.
-produces white blood cells, which produces antibodies.

Question 21

What are the symptoms and effects of high blood pressure?

Answer 21

-Normal blood pressure should be between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg
High blood pressure is 140/90mmHg or higher.

Question 22

Biological explanation of high blood pressure?

Answer 22

when the pressure in your blood vessels is unusually high. It can be serious if not treated.

Question 23

Causes of high blood pressure?

Answer 23

-Age: risk can increase with age.
-high salt intake
-lack of exercise

Question 24

Monitoring and treatment of high blood pressure?

Answer 24

-Blood pressure will need to be monitored(readings will be taken regularly)
-medication: ACE inhibitors which lower blood pressure and beta-blockers which slow the heart rate

Question 25

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 25

-Walls of the arteries Become blocked with fatty deposits.
-when arteries get blocked it can cause a heart attack which can damage the heart muscle

Question 26

Causes of coronary heart disease?

Answer 26

-Build up of fatty deposits in the walls of the arteries around the heart factors such as smoking, lack of exercise and obesity.
-age genes and gender.

Question 27

Symptoms of coronary heart disease?

Answer 27

Angina can have symptoms such as nausea, breathlessness, dizziness and chest pain
Heart attack: light headed feeling weak and shortness of breath.

Question 28

How is coronary heart disease treated?

Answer 28

Medication: cholesterol lowering medicines ACE inhibitors lowers blood pressure (used for after a heart attack)
-nitrates relax Corony arteries.
-surgery: angioplasty passes a tiny deflated balloon into a narrow artery and then inflates pushing the arteries open.

Question 29

How is coronary heart disease diagnosed?

Answer 29

-To check for low blood flow to heart muscles and ECG to test to monitor while you exercise.
-MRI detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart.

Question 30

Impacts of coronary heart disease on lifestyle?

Answer 30

Dietary change(diet with low cholesterol)
-less social interaction
-regular exercise.

Question 31

What does nitrates involve?

Answer 31

Dilate the arteries and the veins by dilating blood vessels of the heart nitrates can reduce stress of the heart.

Question 32

Advantages of nitrates?

Answer 32

Relieves angina symptoms as it improves blood flow to heart muscle

Question 33

Disadvantages of nitrates?

Answer 33

-Side affects can include headaches dizziness rebound.
-rebound angina may also occur from nitrate withdrawal.

Question 34

What does ACE inhibitors involve?

Answer 34

Used to treat and manage high blood pressure helps relax veins and arteries to lower blood pressure.

Question 35

ACE inhibitors advantages?

Answer 35

Helps relax blood vessels lowers blood pressure reduce stain on the heart.

Question 36

Disadvantages of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 36

Side effects such as cough dizziness, renal dysfunction.