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Medical Studies 2B > LO Consolidation > Flashcards

LO Consolidation Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Which hormone(s) does inhibin reduce the production of?

A
  • Just one: FSH
  • Produced by sperm and follicular cells in response to FSH (makes sense)
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2
Q

How does PTH affect phosphate levels? Why might this be?

A
  • PTH decreases renal reabsorption of phosphate
  • Hyperphosphataemia causes decreased Vitamin D synthesis (remember osteodystrophy in CKD), so if PTH wants increase calcium, this makes sense
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3
Q

Does IBS typically cause blood in stool?

A

No

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4
Q

List some common causes of pancreatitis, and specify which is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis in adults

A
  • Alcohol (most common chronic in adults)
  • Gallstones obstructing pancreatic duct
  • Hypertriglyceridaemia
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5
Q

What is the most common transmission route of Hepatitis C; what is one setting in which this transmission is increasingly likely

A
  • Hepatitis C is commonly transmitted through contaminated needles
  • Much more common in prisons
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6
Q

What is a pseudoaneurysm? What inflammatory digestive condition can cause it?

A
  • Pseudoaneurysm is a collection of blood outside a ruptured blood vessel
  • Can occur in pancreatitis
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7
Q

Primary vs secondary bile acids vs bile salts

A
  • Primary: main constituent of bile; synthesised from cholesterol
  • Secondary: bile acids that’ve undergone intestinal bacterial metabolism
  • Bile salts: bile acids that’ve been conjugated with amino acids
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8
Q

Why is oxycodone preferred over morphine in renal impairment? Link this to a memory trick about kidney stone composition

A
  • Morphine’s metabolites are renally cleared. If they build up, they’re toxic
  • Oxycodone does not have renally cleared metabolites

(Oxy is good for kidneys; link to calcium OXalate in kidney stones; ox in kidney would be painful; sharp horns)

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9
Q

From anterior to posterior, what is the memory trick for the order of structures in the renal hilum?

A
  • Vein, artery, pelvis

(VAP)

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10
Q

Storage vs voiding LUTS

A

Voiding: anything that happens while you’re TRYING to piss (hesitancy, weak stream, incomplete bladder emptying)

Storage: everything else (nocturia, urgency, frequency)

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11
Q

Recall Reynold’s pentad. What does it indicate?

A

Indicates obstructive ascending cholangitis.

Symptoms:
1. Fever
2. Jaundice
3. RUQ pain (these three are Charcot’s triad)
4. Hypotension
5. Altered mental status

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12
Q

How is the pancreas innervated?

A

Only autonomic

Para: Vagus nerve
Sympa: sup mes and coeliac ganglion

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13
Q

HNPCC/Lynch Syndrome and FAP have the same genetic transmission mechanism. What is it?

A

One affected gene, and another normal. Normal chromosome is knocked out, and disease occurs as a result.

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14
Q

Chronic diarrhoea time threshold

A

4 weeks.

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15
Q

Considerations in management of chronic diarrhoea

A
  • Rehydration is the top priority
  • Treat underlying cause wherever possible
  • Consider probiotics to restore gut microbiota
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16
Q

Describe deamination and transamination, and which amino acid(s) use which

A
  • Deamination: remove the amine from the molecule as ammonia (only with glutamate; excited)
  • Transamination; transport the amine group onto another molecule (all other amino acids use this; don’t want to waste it)
17
Q

Thyroid innervation

A

Autonomic only

Sympa: cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
Para: vagus nerve

18
Q

MAFLD symptoms

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Can cause malaise, jaundice, RUQ pain, fatigue, spider naevi
19
Q

Pre-hepatic vs hepatic vs post-hepatic jaundice

A

Jaundice occurs due to disruption in bilirubin metabolism.

Pre-hepatic: high unconj
Hepatic: error occurs within liver (high conj + high unconj)
Post-hepaic: occurs after liver, such as tumour/gallstone obstruction (high conj)

20
Q

How can certain forms of liver disease cause pale stools and dark urine?

A
  • Occurs when there is high unconjugated bilirubin, but can’t be cleared (hepatic/post-hepatic jaundice)
  • This means there is lots of water soluble bilirubin that is cleared in urine (dark urine), but none can reach the GI tract where it’s excreted in stool (pale stools)
21
Q

Symptoms of IBD (GI-related)

A
  • Abdo pain/cramping
  • Diarrhoea
  • Blood in stool
  • Unintended weight loss
22
Q

Systemic symptoms of IBD

A
  • Arthritis
  • Anterior uveitis
  • Synovitis
  • Iron deficiency anaemia (palpitations, postural hypotension, weakness/fatigue)
  • Osteoporosis
23
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s Disease

A
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Areas of hyperpigmentation
  • Hypotension/syncope/presyncope
  • Abdominal pain
24
Q

List some causes of ileus

A
  • Peritonitis
  • Surgery
  • Haemorrhage
25
Q

Hereditary haemochromatosis pathogenesis

A
  • Reduced production of hepcidin, a hormone which reduces the absorption/mobilisation of iron
  • Leads to high levels of iron
26
Q

Genetic inheritance pattern of hereditary haemochromatosis is…

A

Autosomal recessive.

27
Q

Treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis

A
  • Steroids (e.g. prednisolone)
  • Alkylating agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide)
28
Q

The nature of treatment of Polycystic Kidney disease is…

A

Completely supportive.

29
Q

Cushing’s syndrome vs disease

A

Disease: hypersecretion of ACTH
Syndrome: symptoms that occur in a state of cortisol excess

Medical Studies 2B (88 decks)

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