Conslidation Consolidation

Question 1

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Question 2

What is the name of the condition that involves an increase in calcium setpoint in the body? What drugs can we treat it with?

Answer 2

• Condition is called Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalaemic (last two prefixes are opposite)
• Treated w/ bisphosphinates, denosumab (reduce bone resorption), and with cinacalcet to decrease the body’s calcium set point

Question 3

Hypocalcaemia symptoms

Answer 3

• Increased excitability: paraesthesia, muscle cramps, seizures
• Long QT syndrome

Question 4

Hypercalcaemia symptoms

Answer 4

• Decreased excitability: weakness, kidney stones, vomiting/nausea (why?), coma (why?)
• Short QT syndrome

Question 5

Describe the histology of all three layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 5

• Glomerulosa: arranged in ball-like groups (glomeruli)
• Fasciculata: long, straight (arms of the fascists)
• Reticularis: small, many vessels between, forming net-like structure

Question 6

List the four kinds of diarrhoea

Answer 6

1. Secretory
2. Osmotic
3. Inflammatory
4. Altered motility

Question 7

Risk factors for Acute Tubular Necrosis (break it down)

Answer 7

• Ischaemia (shock, RAS, any cause of pre-renal AKI)
• Toxins (drugs, heavy metals, snake venom etc.)

Question 8

Treatment of ANCA associated vasculitis includes…

Answer 8

• High does steroids given during induction, along w/ rituxmiab or cyclophosphamide
• Steroid dose can be decreased during maintenance

Question 9

What antibodies do we test for in SLE?

Answer 9

• Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA)
• Anti Double Stranded DNA (Anti-dsDNA)
• Extractable Nuclear Antigen (ENA)

(ANA, ENA, dsDNA)

Question 10

What kind of bacteria most commonly causes shock?

Answer 10

Gram Negative

Question 11

Whose criteria can be used to diagnose PKD?

Answer 11

Ravine’s (imagine a ravine forming inside a cyst on the kidney)

Question 12

The equation for assessing “impact of renal impairment on medications” is…

Answer 12

Cockroft-Gault. (This term makes no sense, but we’ll go with it)

Question 13

What are the daily fluid volumes taken in through the mouth and excreted in FAECES specifically?

Answer 13

• Oral intake: 2L
• Anal output: 200mL

Question 14

What is the primary function of the complement system

Answer 14

• Opsonize pathogen (fork analogy)
• Recruit immune cells
• Attack with the MAC

Question 15

List 3 diseases that involve inactivity of the complement system

Answer 15

• Lupus
• C3 glomerulonephropathy
• Alzheimer’s (neurodegenerative generally)

Question 16

List the three complement pathways

Answer 16

• Classical
• Leptin
• Alternative

Question 17

What can cause complement mediated diseases? How do complement fixing autoantibodies do it too?

Answer 17

• Can be caused by genetic, environmental factors
• Complement fixing autoantibodies bind to self tissues, and recruit complement