H&S: End Of Sem

Question 1

What is planetary health?

Answer 1

• Balance between nature and human society
• Stability of ecosystems, climate etc.

Question 2

What is climate change?

Answer 2

• Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather and temperature over time
• There is evidence to suggest that a non-insignificant portion of increases in temperature that have occurred over the last 50 years are related to human activity

Question 3

How does climate change affect foodborne disease transmission

Answer 3

• Higher temp and changing precipitation patterns allow for easier transmission of foodborne pathogens, leading to higher rates of these diseases

Question 4

Climate change mitigation vs adaptation

Answer 4

Mitigation: stopping
Adaptation: adjusting

Question 5

List some climate change mitigation vs adaptation strategies

Answer 5

• Mitigation: reduction in emissions (?renewable), reforestation
• Adaptation: add refrigeration instructions to food, better cooking education

Question 6

List, from most to least common, the three aetiologies of inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 6

1. Adenoma-carcinoma progression (accumulation of mutations)
2. Progression from serrated adenoma (different kind of adenoma, grow differently to regular polyps, but can still be pre-cancerous)
3. Inflammatory (similar to how cirrhosis can predispose to HCC; this is why IBD predisposes to bowel cancer)

Question 7

The three major treatment options for colorectal cancer are?

Answer 7

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy

Question 8

CRC is the ___ most common cause of cancer in the world

Answer 8

Third.

Question 9

List some demographic, environmental, lifestyle, and genetic predispositions to CRC

Answer 9

Demographic: older men
Environmental: Mercury, asbestos
Lifestyle: processed meats, high red meat consumption, low fibre intake
Genetic: HNPCC (Lynch Syndrome), FAP

Question 10

What screening test is most commonly used to detect colorectal carcinoma?

Answer 10

Foecal occult blood test.

Question 11

Derive the formulae of specificity, sensitivity, NPV and PPV

Answer 11

Specificity (exlusion): #Negative testys/#people that don’t have
Sensitivity: #positive tests/#people that have
NPV: #TN/#All negatives
PPV: #TP/#All positives

Question 12

What are clinical registries?

Answer 12

Systematic databases that collect health-related information for analysis.

Question 13

Risk factors for CKD

Answer 13

• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Previous AKI
• FHx of CKD
• Smoking

Question 14

What are the three components of a kidney health check?

Answer 14

• Urine ACR
• eGFR from creatinine blood test
• Blood pressure monitoring