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Histology > Liver & Gall Bladder > Flashcards

Liver & Gall Bladder Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of liver?

A

-Exocrine -> secretes bile into duodenum - to digest fats & eliminate wastes - bilirubin & excess cholesterol
-Endocrine -> synthesises plasma prots: fibrinogen, lipoprots, albumins -> into blood!
-Metabolism & detoxification
–> breaks down: prots, toxic substances, drugs & oxidises & conjugates toxins & other hormones - eliminates via bile or urine
-Storage -> glycogen, iron, blood, triglycs, vit A

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2
Q

Name the 3 components of portal triad?

A

-Hepatic artery
-(Hepatic) Portal vein
-Bile duct

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3
Q

Where do hepatic artery & (hepatic) portal vein enter liver?

A

Porta hepatis

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4
Q

Functional unit of liver?

A

Lobules

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5
Q

Shape of classic hepatic lobules?

A

Polygonal/hexagonal

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6
Q

Label.

A
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7
Q

What components of portal triad merge?

A

-Hepatic artery
-Portal vein

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8
Q

What is formed by merging of hepatic artery & portal vein?

A

Sinusoids (blood capillaries)

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9
Q

What is in centre of classic hepatic lobule?

A

Central vein

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10
Q

Label.

A
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11
Q

Direction of contents of portal triad components?

A

-Hepatic artery & portal vein - blood enters central vein
-Bile duct - bile away from central vein towards bile ducts of portal triad

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12
Q

What is the lining of sinusoids?

A

Endothelial - as is a blood cap.

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13
Q

What separates endothelial lining of sinusoids from radial plates of hepatocytes?

A

Space of Disse

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14
Q

What synthesises bile?

A

Hepatocytes

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15
Q

What are bile canaliculi?

A

-Enlarged intracellular spaces/channels
-Between x2 adjacent hepatocytes
-Receive bile from hepatocytes

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16
Q

What are hepatic sinusoids?

A

-Carry glu rich & O2 rich blood to supply hepatocytes
-Go through space of Disse

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17
Q

What is the space of Disse?

A

-Gap between endothelial lining of sinusoids & (radial plates of) hepatocytes
–> so sinusoids can supply hepatocytes w/ glu & O2

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18
Q

Label.

A
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19
Q

Give the flow of blood into liver & to heart.

A

-Hepatic artery & portal vein
-> sinusoids
-> central venules
-> central vein
-> hepatic vein
-> inf vena cava
-> right atrium

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20
Q

Structure of hepatocytes?

A

-Polyhedral
-Uni/bi nucleated
-Form plates/cords in liver

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21
Q

Roles of hepatocytes?

A

-Produce bile
-Store glycogen

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22
Q

Give the flow of bile from hepatocytes.

A
  • Hepatocytes
  • Canaliculi
  • Canals of Hering (by joining of many canaliculi)
  • Bile ductules
  • Bile duct = part of portal triad!!!
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23
Q

Where are cholangiocytes found in liver?

A

In canals of Hering & bile ductules

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24
Q

Role of cholangiocytes?

A

Modify bile flowing through bile ductules

25
Q

What type of epithelium are cholangiocytes - i.e., the ep of bile ductules?

A

Simple cuboidal

26
Q

Name a hormone that regulates bile release from gall bladder - where it is stored?

A

Cholecystokinin

27
Q

Where is cholecytokinin produced?

A

By enteroendocrine cells in intestinal mucosa

28
Q

What exactly does cholecystokinin cause -> so gall bladder releases bile?

A

Gall bladder contraction -> expulses bile

29
Q

Draw together all x3 components of portal triad!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A

-Hepatic artery & portal vein merge = sinusoids (caps) -> these supply O2 & glu to hepatocytes with the space of Disse between hepatocytes & sinusoids
-(Sinusoids open into central vein -> hepatic vein -> IVC -> RA)
-Hepatocytes produce bile
-Bile enters bile canaliculi
-Into canals of Hering (simple cubpoidal ep - w. cholangiocytes - modify bile)
-Into bile ductule (w/ cholangiocytes too!)
-Into bile duct = component of portal triad!

30
Q

What does this image of portal tract show?

A

PV - Portal vein
B - Bile ductules
A - Hepatic artery
L - lymphatics
H - Hepatocytes
S - Sinusoids

31
Q

What are the 3 functional units of liver??? - & what shape are they?

A

-Classic lobule (polygonal/hexagonal)
-Portal lobule (triangular)
-Liver acinus (diamond)

32
Q

What is central in classical hepatic lobule?

A

Central vein

33
Q

What is structure of portal lobule?

A

-Triangular
–> formed by central veins of x3 classic lobules
–> with cenetral portal triad

34
Q

Difference between classic lobule & portal lobule?

A

-Classic lobule -> central vein is central
-Portal lobule -> portal triad is central

35
Q

Structure of liver acinus?

A

-Diamond shaped
–> on long axis is x2 opposite central veins
–> on short axis is x2 opposite portal triads

36
Q

What are the 3 zones in liver acinus?

A

Zones 1,2 & 3

37
Q

Compare blood perfusion in each of the 3 zones of liver acinus?

A

-Zone 1 = closest to branches of portal vein & hepatic artery (closest to short axis) = highest perfusion/blood supply
-Zone 2 = middle - between 1&3 but has no sharp boundaries
-Zone 3 = furthest from branches of portal vein & hepatic artery (furthest from short axis) = lowest perfusion/blood supply –> this zone is the most central part

38
Q

What divides the liver acinus into x3 zones?

A

Hepatocyte organisation?

39
Q

Describe these histological images.

A

A
-> pale staining sinusoids
-> running between hepatocytes

B
-> reticular fibres = black
-> amongst hepatocytes

C
-> central vein
-> pale staining sinusoids
-> hepatocytes

D
-> portal triad x3 components

40
Q

Where is bile from liver sent for storage?

A

Gall bladder

41
Q

Flow of bile from liver to gall bladder & to duodenum?

A
  • From liver via R & L hepatic ducts]
  • R & L hepatic ducts merge = forms common hepatic duct
  • Bile from common hepatic duct can enter gall bladder via cystic duct (OR flow directly into duodenum)
  • To enter duodenum - bile flows down common bile duct
  • Common bile duct opens into major duodenal papilla
42
Q

What is another secretion released into dudodenum?

A

Pancreatic juice - brings digestive enzymes

43
Q

How does pancreatic juice enter duodenum?

A

Either via:
-Minor pancreatic duct -> opens into minor duodenal papilla
-Major pancreatic duct -> opens into major duodenal papilla

44
Q

What hormone controls bile secretion from gall bladder into duodenum?

A

Cholcystokinin

45
Q

What effect does cholcystokinin have?

A

Causes sphincter muscles of hepatopancreatic ampulla to relax & gall bladder contraction -> forces bile into duodenum

46
Q

Summarise bile & pancreatic juice flow.

A
47
Q

Histology of gall bladder - layers?

A

*Mucosa
-Simple columnar ep w/ microvilli
-Laminar propria - CT so has blood vs

**NO SUBMUCOSA!!!

*Muscularis exerna
–> oblique & longitidinal muscle = no organisation

*Serosa (as is intraperitoneal) - CT so has blood vs

48
Q

Purpose of microvilli on epithelium of gall bladder?

A

Inc SA -> so gall bladder can store more bile

49
Q

Term for gall stones?

A

Cholelithiasis

50
Q

What are gall stones made up of?

A

-Cholesterol
-Ca2+ salts
==> solid deposits of either/both of these

51
Q

Symptoms of gall stones?

A

Often none
-Unless lodged in bile ducts between liver & duodenum (R/L hepatic ducts or common hepatic) - blocks bile flow
–> can cause jaundice & severe abd pain (= bilary colic)

52
Q

How can pancreatitis be caused by gall stones?

A

Blockage of hepatopanreatic ampulla (just before major duodenal papilla opening)

53
Q

What is cholecystitis - how can gall stones cause this?

A

-Gall stones = blockage
-Gall bladder contracts more strongly to overcome obstruction - causing thickened musculature -> inc pressure in gall bladder lumen -> pushes pouches of mucosa into muscle layers

54
Q

Term for jaundice?

A

Hyperbilirubinaemia
= condition - build up of bilirubin in blood -> causes yellow discoloration of eyes & skin -> called jaundice

55
Q

x3 types of jaundice?

A

-Prehepatic jaundice
-Hepatic jaundice
-Posthepatic jaundice (/ obstructive jaundice)

56
Q

What is prehepatic jaundice jaundice?

A

Occurs due to increased production of bilirubin, such as when there is excessive red cell breakdown in sickle cell anaemia

57
Q

What is hepatic jaundice?

A

Occurs when there is acute or chronic damage to the liver, reducing its ability to metabolise and excrete bilirubin

58
Q

What is posthepatic jaundice?

A

When there is mechanical blockage interrupting the flow of bile into the biliary system - e.g., such as gallstones

Histology (14 decks)

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