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Histology > Connective Tissue - Workshop: Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Connective Tissue - Workshop: Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Features/structure of cartilage?

A

-Avascular
-NO nerve supply
-NO lymphatic drainage
-Surrounded by perichondrium - CT capsule (EXCEPT articular & fibrocartilage!!!)
-Cells = chondrogenic, chondroblasts (immature) & chondrocytes (mature)

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2
Q

Function of cartilage?

A

-Tensile strength
-Structural support - for soft tissues
-Gives flexibility w/ no distortion
-Resilient to compression
-Shock absorber –> smooth surface = frictionless movement of joints

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3
Q

What are the 2 processes cartilage grows by?

A

-Appositional growth
-Interstitial growth

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

-Hyaline
-Elastic
-Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

Structure of hyaline cartilage?

A

-Perichondrium (CT capsule = for protection, nutrition & repair) - BUT THIS IS NOT IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE (a type of hyaline)
-Contains type II collagen fibres
-Cartilaginous cells = enclosed in lacunae
-Isogenous group = groups of chondrocytes (how these will appear)
ECM:!!!
-Territorial matrix = around isogenous groups of chondrocytes/chondroblasts
-Interterritorial matrix = matrix farther from an isogenous group - between isogenous groups

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6
Q

What happens when hyaline cartilage degenerates?

A

-Chondrocytes hypertrophy & die
-Matrix calcifies

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7
Q

Purpose of hyaline cartilage degeneration?

A

-Normal part of endochondral bone formation - constant remodelling
-Nature part of ageing (wearing down of this cartilage between bones i.e., joints) = less mobility & pain of joints - bone can deform due to loss of cartilage - can lead to osteoarthritis

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8
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

-Trachea (C shaped rings)
-Tip of nose
-Articular cartilage = between bones

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9
Q

Structure of elastic cartilage?

A

-Matrix = contains elastin & collagen fibres
-Matrix = abundant fine-to-coarse elastic fibres w/ type II collagen fibres
-Perichondrium = rich in elastic fibres

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10
Q

Function of elastic cartilage?

A

-Can recoil after being deformed (back to original shape)
-Flexible - due to interspersed elastic fibres & type II collagen
-NO organisation of chondrocytes
-Chondrocytes = enclosed in own lacunae
-Perichondrium encapsulates

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11
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

-Aorta
-Epiglottis
-External ear

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12
Q

Structure of fibrocartilage?

A

-Chondrocytes = organised - into parallel rows
w/ collagen fibres
-Chondrocytes in own lacunae
-NO perichondrium!!!
-Dense coarse type I collagen fibres in matrix

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13
Q

Function of fibrocartilage?

A

-Gives resistance to mechanical forces
*Withstands tensile forces - due to coarse type I collagen fibres in matrix

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14
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

-Pubic symphysis
-Intervertebral discs = between vertebra - (often have some hyaline cartilage w/ fibrocartilage here)

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15
Q

How is fibrocartilage different to hyaline & elastic cartilage?

A

*Fibrocartilage
-Chondrocytes = arranged in parallel rows
-NO perichondrium
-Type I coarse collagen fibres in matrix

*Hyaline & elastic
-Chondrocytes = not organised
-Is perichondrium (except in articular hyaline)
-Type II collagen fibres

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16
Q

Which of these is which of the 3 types of cartilage & why - & label?

A
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17
Q

Label this image.
What type of cartilage is this?

A

= Hyaline cartilage - articular surface of bone from synovial joint
(region of large chondrocytes = isogenous group of chondrocytes)
-Bone = @ bottom of image

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18
Q

Label this image.
What type of cartilage is this?

A

Elastic cartilage
-Black = elastic fibres in extracellular matrix (as wasn’t H&E stain)

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19
Q

Where is this image taken from?
Label.

A

-Regular arrangement of chondrocytes - in parallel rows & no perichondrium - so must be fibrocartilage
-Irregular arrangement of chondrocytes & no black elastic fibres - so must be hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

SO - where can hyaline cartilage & fibrocartilage appear together???

A

At articular surfaces e.g., intervertebral disc

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21
Q

Which type of cartilage are these?

A

Left = hyaline cartilage
Middle = elastic cartilage
Right = fibrocartilage

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22
Q

Where is the perichondrium of this hyaline cartilage if the epithelium is as marked?

A
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23
Q

Where is the chondrogenic layer of this hyaline cartilage is the epithelium is as marked?

A
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24
Q

Label the:
-Chondrocytes
-Chondroblasts
-Chondrogenic layer of perichondrium
–> of this elastic cartilage

A

1 = Chondroblasts
2 = Chondrocytes
3 = Chondrogenic layer

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25
Q

Summarise the characteristics, perichondrium presence & location of the 3 types of cartilage.

A
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26
Q

What is the name for the formation of cartilage?

A

Chondrogenesis

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27
Q

How does interstitial cartilage growth occur?

A

-Mesenchymal cells - aggregate & differentiate = makes chondroblasts during embryogenesis - immature
–> chondroblasts form centres of chondrogenesis
-Mitosis of chondroblasts - daughter cells remain in same lacuna –> forms isogenous group
-Chondroblasts secrete cartilage matrix = forms territorial matrix around isogenous groups
= now are called CHONDROCYTES (once is territorial matrix around)
-Secretion of cartilage matrix by isogenous group - pushes chondrocytes away from each other = forms separate lacunae
-Then get interterritorial matrix forming around territorial matrix

*Perichondrium not involved = mitosis occurred

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28
Q

How does appositional cartilage growth occur?

A

-Perichondrium - inner cellular layer OR chondrogenic layer - cells here differentiate = forms chondroblasts
-Chondroblasts - secrete type II collagen precursors & other ECM components
-New cell layers & ECM are added to surface of cartilage longitudinally - layering!
-Chondroblasts mature into chondrocytes
–> get longitudinal cartilage growth due to production of chondroblasts from perichondrium - chondrogenic layer

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29
Q

Difference between interstitial & appositional cartilage growth?

A

-Interstitial = no need for perichondrium - not involved
-Appositional = perichondrium is involved

-Interstitial growth - chondrocytes grow & divide & lay down more matrix inside existing cartilage - mainly happens in childhood & adolescence
-Appositional growth - new surface layers of matrix are added to pre-existing matrix by new chondroblasts from perichondrium

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30
Q

Structure of perichondrium?

A

-Outer fibrous layer
-Inner cellular layer OR chondrogenic layer - produces chondroblasts

31
Q

Key difference between chondroblasts & chondrocytes?

A

-Chondroblasts = immature cartilage cells found near perichondrium
-Chondrocytes = mature cartilage cells found embedded within ECM

32
Q

Structure of bone?

A

-Highly vascularised
-Mineral deposits - Ca2+ & PO4 3- (along w/ 3 normal CT components)
-Covered by periosteum - EXCEPT @ articular surfaces

33
Q

What is the inorganic component of bone?

A

Minerals
-Ca2+
-PO4 3-

34
Q

Difference between cartilage & bone?

A

-Cartilage = NOT vascularised (only perichondrium has blood vs)
-Bone = highly vascularised

35
Q

Function of bone?

A

-Protects organs
-Provides attachment for muscles
-Mineral deposits = important for haematopoiesis & act as Ca2+ & mineral store

36
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

-Primary/woven
-Secondary/lamellar/mature

37
Q

What is primary bone?

A

-Lots of osteocytes
-Irregular collagen bundles
-Will be later replaced & organised as secondary bone

38
Q

Compare collagen fibre arrangement in primary vs secondary bone.

A

-Primary = irregular/unorganised collagen fibre arrangement
-Secondary = regular/organised collagen fibre arrangement

39
Q

What are the 2 sub-types of secondary bone?

A

-Compact/cortical
-Spongy/cancellous/trabecular

40
Q

Label the histological parts of this long bone.

A
41
Q

Where is the periosteum of this long bone?

A
42
Q

Where is the endosteum of this long bone?

A
43
Q

Where is the compact bone found in this long bone?

A
44
Q

Where is the spongy bone found in this long bone?

A
45
Q

Summarise where the periosteum, compact bone & spongy bone are found in a long bone.

A

-Periosteum = outer covering of bone
-Compact bone = outer bone
-Spongy bone = internal bone

46
Q

Label this image of a cross-section of a long bone.

A

-Periosteum - outer covering of bone
-Endosteum = inner covering of compact bone
-Concentric lamellae - collectively = osteon
-Centre of osteon = Haversian canal - contains blood vs (as bone = vascular)
-Volkmann canal - 90 degrees to Haversian canal - role = to connect w/ Haversian canal
*H canal = vertical
*V canal = horizonal
-Lacuna = within concentric lamellae - have osteocytes inside
-Cortical bone = outer ‘chunk’ of bone
-Trabeculae = of spongy bone

47
Q

What are the 2 components/layers of periosteum?

A

-Outer fibrous layer
-Inner cellular layer (osteogenic)

48
Q

What does this image show overall, & label.
What type of bone is this taken from?

A

= Osteon - made up of:
-Haversian canal = in centre of osteon
-Osteon = surrounded by concentric lamellae rings (of matrix)
-Osteocytes = between these concentric lamellae rings within lacunae

-From compact bone

49
Q

What does this image show, & label?
What type of bone is this taken from?

A

-Many osteons - & so many haversian canals in centre of these osteons & many concentric lamellae surrounding these osteons

-From compact bone

50
Q

Label this image.

A

BLOOD VS WITHIN HAVERSIAN & VOLKMANN’S CANAL!!!

51
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

= Canals between lacunae

-Spaces occupied by cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes
-Appear as v. fine dark strands radiating from Haversian canal to osteocytes
-Help w/ communication between 2 osteocytes

52
Q

Label.

A
53
Q

Annotate these labels.

A

-Periosteum (FP)
-Outer circumferential lamellae (OCL)
-Interstitial lamellae (IL)
-Haversian canal (HC)
-Volkmann canals (VC)
-Inner circumferential lamellae (ICL)

54
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A

-Osteoprogenitor cells
-Osteoblasts
-Osteocytes
-Osteoclasts

55
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

-Come from mesenchyme
-Precursors of osteoblasts
–> they are any cells that give rise to osteoblasts
-Undifferentiated stem cells - can give rise to any cell type

56
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

-Immature bone cells
-Synthesise osteoid collagen - then mineralise it (deposit Ca & PO4 hydroxides - hydroxyapatite)
-Are ONLY large & metabolically active when need new osteoid deposition
-Inactive = insignificant spindle cells on bone surface
-Develop/mature into osteocytes

57
Q

What are the organic & inorganic components of bone?

A

-Organic = osteoid collagen
-Inorganic = minerals - Ca2+ & PO4 3-

58
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

-In lacunae
-Derived from osteoblasts
-Regulate bone remodelling by secreting factors acting on other cells

59
Q

What are osteoclasts - give details of the process they are involved in?

A

-Multinucleate cells
-Derived from blood monocytes
-V. mobile

= bone ‘eating’ cells
-Can erode mineralised bone - via enzymatic hydrolysis of osteoid collagen = releases bone minerals
–> this process (osteoclastic resorption) - stimulated by parathyroid hormone due to low serum Ca2+ (i.e., want to release Ca2+ mineral from bone)

60
Q

Summarise function of osteoclasts - as bone ‘eating’ cells?

A

Locally erode bone matrix during osteogenesis & bone remodelling = releases bone minerals

–> so osteoid collagen makes up bone matrix (remember matrix of CT contains fibres)

61
Q

Give the process of osteocyte formation.

A

-Osteoprogenitor cells (from mesenchyme) differentiate = osteoblasts
-Osteoblasts secrete osteoid (component of initial matrix!!!)
*Osteoid = type I collagen + osteocalcin prot -> this binds to Ca2+ & PO4 3- = hydroxyapatite crystals
-Osteocytes = enclosed in lacunae & maintain matrix

As bone synthesis proceeds, the osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by matrix referred to as osteoid, and when that matrix becomes mineralized the encased cell is referred to as an osteocyte

62
Q

Role of osteocytes?

A

-Detect mechanical stresses on bone
-Communicate w/ adjacent cells via canaliculi - which extend from lacuna

63
Q

AWhat are the 2 types of bone development?

A

-Intramembranous ossification
-Endochondral ossification

64
Q

Similarity between intramembranous & endochondral ossification (one development)?

A

-Primary bone = 1st bone made
-Then primary bone is later resorbed & replaced by secondary bone
-Secondary bone = resorbed throughout life - @ slower rate

65
Q

How does bone develop by intramembranous ossification?

A

-Occurs within mesenchymal tissue (no cartilage involved)
-Mesenchyme - gives rise to osteoprogenitors
-Osteoprogenitors found in periosteum give rise to osteoblasts
-Osteoblasts secrete osteoid (initial matrix component)
*Osteoid = type I collagen + osteocalcin prot -> this binds to Ca2+ & PO4 3- = hydroxyapatite crystal
-Blood vs - part of CT - bring Ca2+ in for mineralisation of osteoid (deposit Ca2+)
-Osteoid + Ca2+ = forms bone matrix
THE Ca2+ IS PART OF THE HYDROXYAPITITE CRYSTALS!!!
-Osteocytes = enclosed in lacunae & maintain matrix

66
Q

Purpose of intramembranous ossification?

A

For faster bone development e.g., in skull - to protect brain –> as is no cartilage interfaces involved

67
Q

How does bone develop by endochondral ossification?

A

*Before birth = primary ossification centre:
-Embryonic mesenchyme - differentiates into chondroblasts = cartilage cells
-Chondroblasts - develop/mature in cartilage = cartilage interface - w/ perichondrium = interstitial cartilage formation - cartilage is layed down
-Chondroblasts will mature into chondrocytes too
-Perichondrium of cartilage forms osteoblasts
-Signalling occurs to enable bone to take shape needs (e.g., as long bone) = developing cartilage model @ stage 2
-Perichondrium produces more & more osteoblasts - mature into osteocytes = periosteum forms (periosteum produces more osteoblasts)
-Angiogenesis - blood vs formation - indicates bone formation (bone = vascular - but cartilage is not) - blood brings in inorganic components - bring in Ca2+, PO43- –> as bone = vascular
–> so now we have formed the primary ossification centre -> the diaphysis/shaft of long bone
-Have holes in the yellow bone here - due to action of osteoclasts - break down bone - for bone marrow

*After birth/postnatal development = secondary ossification centre –> still need bone growth:
–> think of this as invasion of surrounding blue cartilage zone by the yellow bone - this occurs radially & longitudinally -> so new bone cells layed down to bottom & bone growth upwards
(Blue = cartilage - need to be replaced by bone, yellow = bone, brown = articular cartilage - won’t be replaced - is retained)
-Resting cells - chondroblasts (yellow in cartilage of epiphysis) - will be self-stimulated to divide/proliferate
-Chondroblasts will hypertrophy - inc in size
-Chondroblasts - converted to osteoblasts
-Osteoblasts form - secrete osteoid collagen (= type I collagen + osteocalcin prot) - blood vs bring in Ca2+ (deposit Ca2+) & PO43- to mineralise osteoid (Ca2+ + PO43- binds to osteoid = forms hydroxyapatite crystal) = calcifies cartilage cells
-Osteoid + Ca2+ = forms bone matrix
-Osteocytes = enclosed in lacunae & maintain matrix
== forms OSTEOID (organic + inorganic)

*Around puberty:
-Epiphyseal plate converted to epiphyseal line -> merge together the primary & secondary ossification centres
-> once this is complete = no further bone growth

*2 centres of ossification = ossify separately
1 = primary ossification centre = towards centre of bone - diaphysis/shaft
2 = secondary ossification centre = towards ends of bone - epiphysis
*Remember - cartilage = avascular

68
Q

When does ossification actually occur as part of endochondral ossification?

A

After birth - postnatally

69
Q

Outline postnatal bone development.

A

-Secondary ossification centres start @ epiphysis at each end

-Epiphyseal plate = cartilage plate = actively proliferating - divides epiphysis & diaphysis
–> this layers more cartilage up @ diaphysis ends - converted to spongy bone

-At secondary ossification centres - have blood vs of mesenchymal cells
-Mesenchymal cells become osteoprogenitor cells - differentiate into osteoblasts

–> at epiphyseal PLATE:
*Resting zone = chondroblasts - mature = chondrocytes (interstitial cartilage growth!!!)
*Proliferative zone = chondrocytes proliferate/divide in columns towards diaphysis - inc in no.
*Hypertrophy zone = chondrocytes inc in size - as they deposit cartilage matrix
-Matrix is further mineralised by osteoid secreted by osteoblasts (which come from osteoprogenitor cells - as above!) & deposited onto calcified matrix model - forms hydroxyapatite crystals???
-Osteocytes = enclosed in lacunae & maintain matrix
–> this ossifies cartilage (replaces) - ossification zone - now = no more growth - epiphyseal line

70
Q

What happens at epiphyseal plate during puberty?

A

-Puberty = stop further ossification/bone growth - so close epiphyseal plate
-Once closed = epiphyseal line - merging primary & secondary ossification centres

71
Q

Why is it vital that ossification occurs after birth?

A

To allow for bone growth once born (because bone does not grow after ossification)

72
Q

Difference between intramembranous & endochondral ossification?

A

-Intramembranous = no cartilage involved
-Endochondral = is cartilage involved

73
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

-Age-related loss of bone mineral density
-Women = more at risk -> because: oestrogen level drop after menopause causes increase in osteoclast activity after menopause

74
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Histology (14 decks)

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