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Histology > Gut > Flashcards

Gut Flashcards

1
Q

What order of organs in alimentary canal?

A
  • Mouth (Oral Cavity) - once mixes with saliva food = bolus
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
  • Large Intestine (asc, transverse desc)
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2
Q

Accessory organs?

A
  • Salivary organs
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Gallbladder
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3
Q

Role of oral cavity?

A

Ingestion, breakdown/fragmentation of food - mixes with salivary secretions = bolus

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4
Q

When is food a bolus?

A

Once mixed with salivary secretions - enzymes, mucus - after breakdown (chewing).

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5
Q

When is food chyme?

A

Once food is in stomach

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6
Q

3 functional compartments of digestive system?

A

-Oral Cavity
-Simple Passages
-Digestive Tract

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7
Q

What are the simple passages in the digestive system?

A

-Oesophagus (entry)
-Anus (exit)

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8
Q

What are the components of the digestive tract?

A

-Stomach
-SI
-LI

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9
Q

Which organs are classed as secretory?

A

-Salivary Glands
-Pancreas
-Liver

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10
Q

What is digested in oral cavity?

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

Function of stomach?

A
  • Digestion (continued) of carbs - amylase
  • Start digestion of triglycerides - lipase
  • Start digestion of proteins - pepsin
  • Churning & acidification of bolus to form chyme - muscularis muscle
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12
Q

Function of SI?

A
  • Digestion finishes
  • Nutrient (products of digestion) absorbed
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13
Q

Function of LI?

A
  • Absorption of water and electrolytes
  • Faeces produced from indigestible material
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14
Q

What type of epithelial cells make up the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

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15
Q

What are the 4 layers of the oesophagus?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Adventitia
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16
Q

Role of Langerhans cells in mucosa of oesophagus?

A

Phagocytosis & to degrade antigens

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17
Q

Types of cells within mucosa (lining oesophagus lumen)?

A
  • Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
  • Langerhans cells (APCs)
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18
Q

What are the sublayers of the mucosa of oesophagus?

A
  • Epithelium (Stratified squamous non-keratinized)
  • Lamina Propria
  • Muscularis Mucosa
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19
Q

Role of epithelium in oesophagus?

A
  • Protection
  • Produce mucus (mucous glands) - lubricate & neutralise acidic food contents (mucus contains HCO3)
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20
Q

Role of lamina propria in oesophagus?

A
  • Lots of capillaries/ blood vs - nutrient absorption
  • MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue) - for immunological protection against ingested pathogens (prevent infection)
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21
Q

Role of muscularis mucosa in oesophagus?

A

= smooth muscle - contacts & relaxes to allow for peristalsis (move bolus into stomach)

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22
Q

Role of submucosa in oesophagus?

A
  • Lots of blood vs - nutrient absorption
  • Mucous glands - mucus = lubricates oesophagus for bolus passage to stomach
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23
Q

What component of submucosa in oesophagus controls enzyme, hormone, mucus secretions?

A

Submucosal Meissner nerve plexus

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24
Q

What smooth muscles make up the muscularis externa layer of the oesophagus?

A

-Outer longitudinal (muscle fibres = longitudinal)
-Inner circular (muscle fibres = circular)

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25
Q

Role of muscularis externa in oesophagus?

A

Peristalsis - contraction of these muscles causes food to be moved down oesophagus

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26
Q

What generates & coordinates peristalsis caused by muscularis externa of oesophagus?

A

Myenteric plexus

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27
Q

What is adventitia of oesophagus made up of?

A

Loose connective tissue

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28
Q

Role of adventitia in oesophagus?

A

Provide nutrients to epithelial tissue via diffusion from blood vs
- Provide support/integrity - hold layers together

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29
Q

What is the adventitia layer called once crosses diaphragm - i.e., for intraperitoneal organs?

A

Serosa

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30
Q

Why is 4th layer of oesophagus called adventitia and not serosa?

A

As oesophagus is retroperitoneal

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31
Q

Can any part of oesophagus have serosa?

A

Where oesophagus meets stomach

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32
Q

What type of cells make up the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelial

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33
Q

Label parts of stomach.

A
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34
Q

What is the order of stomach layers from inner to outer?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Serosa
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35
Q

What 3 muscles is the muscularis externa of the stomach made up of?

A
  • Outer longitudinal
  • Middle circular
  • Inner oblique
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36
Q

What 3 layers is mucosa of stomach made up of?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosae
37
Q

What are the in delves of the mucosa of the stomach called?

A

Gastric pits

38
Q

What do gastric pits lead into?

A

Gastric glands

39
Q

What are the 3 parts of gastric glands of the stomach called?

A
  • Isthmus
  • Neck
  • Base
40
Q

What cells line the gastric glands of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

41
Q

What are the 6 cells that make up the gastric glands?

A
  • Surface-lining cells (‘normal’ mucosa cells)
  • Regenerative cells
  • Mucous neck cells
  • Oxyntic (parietal) cells
  • Zymogenic (chief) cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
42
Q

Role of regenerative cells of stomach mucosa gastric glands?

A

Can proliferate to form any of the other types of cells within the mucosa when needed - new cells migrate to new locations

43
Q

Role of mucous neck cells of stomach mucosa gastric glands?

A
  • Secrete mucus - protect stomach lining as neutralises acid
44
Q

Role of oxyntic (parietal) cells of stomach mucosa gastric glands?

A
  • Release HCl - digests proteins & kill/degrade pathogens
  • Release gastric intrinsic factors - to absorb vitamin B12 in SI
45
Q

Role of zymogenic (chief) cells of stomach mucosa gastric glands?

A
  • Release gastric lipase - fat digestion
  • Release pepsinogen (inactive) - so HCl will active into pepsin (active) - protein digestion
46
Q

Role of enteroendocrine cells of stomach mucosa gastric glands?

A
  • Release hormones e.g., histamine, gastrin
    –> Gastrin = stimulates HCl secretion from oxyntic cells
47
Q

HCl production & role in stomach?

A
  • Gastrin (hormone) released by enteroendocrine cells
    = activates HCl release from oxyntic/parietal cells
  • HCl converts pepsinogen released from zygomatic/chief cells (inactive) into pepsin (active) - protein digestion
48
Q

Label this histological image of the oesophagus.

A

E = Epithelium
LP = Lamina Propria
MM = Muscularis Mucosa
SM = Submucosa
IC = Inner Circular
OL = Outer Longitudinal

49
Q

What is the mucosa of the SI made up of?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium (covers villi)
  • Lamina propria
    -Muscularis mucosae
  • Villi
  • Goblet cells
50
Q

Label this image of the SI.

A

A = Intestinal lumen
B = Villi - inc. SA helping food absorption
C = Simple columnar epithelium
D = Lamina propria
E = Goblet cells - secrete mucus

51
Q

Overall structure/arrangement of SI.

A
  • Overall SI is made up of plicae circulares = circular folds
  • Mucosa (innermost layer - next to lumen) - has villi (project into lumen)
52
Q

Mucosa of SI structure?

A
  • 1st/epithelium layer of mucosa = simple columnar & enterocytes (form of simple columnar cells specialised for nutrient absorption) & goblet cells found dispersed within this epithelium & Paneth cells
  • Villi on epithelial layer
  • Lamina propria - within villi (connective tissue)
  • Muscularis mucosae
53
Q

Where exactly are Paneth cells found in SI?

A

Bottom of the Crypts of Lieberkühn on epithelial layer.

54
Q

What are the ends of the circular folds of SI called?

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn (= glands) - in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and rectum

55
Q

What 5 cell types are found in crypts of Lieberkühn of SI?

A
  • Surface absorptive cells (absorption of nutrients) - enterocytes
  • Goblet cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • Regenerative cells
  • Paneth cells
56
Q

What cell types are found in SI but not LI?

A

Paneth cells

57
Q

Role of goblet cells in crypt of Lieberkühn in SI?

A

Lobules secrete mucus to neutralise HCl & lubricate the lining of the intestine.

58
Q

Role of enteroendocrine cells in crypt of Lieberkühn of SI?

A
  • Secrete hormones
  • Peptide hormones
59
Q

Role of regenerative cells in crypt of Lieberkühn of SI?

A

Will proliferate to produce more cells of the epithelium of the:
-crypts
-mucosal surface
-villi

60
Q

Role of Paneth in crypt of Lieberkühn of SI?

A
  • Made up of eosinophilic, apical secretory granules.
  • Pyramid-shaped cells
  • Produce:
    -lysozymes
    -defensive proteins (defensins) = bind and break down membranes of microorganisms and bacterial cell walls
    -TNF-α (inflammatory cytokine)

–> defence against infection (innate immunity)

61
Q

Where are microvilli in SI found?

A

Apical cell membrane of enterocytes

62
Q

Purpose of plicae circulares, microvilli and villi?

A
  • Increase mucosal SA for nutrient absorption
63
Q

4 main layers of SI?

A
  • Mucosa (3 parts)
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa (inner circular & outer longitudinal)
  • Serosa
64
Q

Similarity between submucosa & serosa?

A

Made of connective tissue - so contains blood vessels - where nutrients are absorbed into

65
Q

Why does more villi increase rate of absorption?

A

More blood vessels for absorption

66
Q

What runs parallel to blood vessels in plicae circulares?

A

Lacteals/Lymphatic vessels

67
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands found?

A

In duodenum of SI

68
Q

Label this image of duodenum of SI.

A

M = mucosa
V = villus
MM = muscularis mucosa
SM = submucosa
B = Brunner’s glands
CM = circular muscle
LM = longitudinal muscle

69
Q

Role of Brunner’s glands?

A
  • Secrete mucus
70
Q

Order of 3 parts of SI?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
    (All same overall layering & cells - except specific ones)
71
Q

Difference between duodenum & ileum?

A
  • Duodenum = Brunner’s glands
  • Ileum = Peyer’s patches
72
Q

Role of Peyer’s patches in ileum of SI?

A
  • Provide immunity (as are lymphoid aggregated nodules - many lymphoid cells together)
73
Q

What are 6 components of villus in SI?

A
  • Loose connective tissue from the lamina propria - fibroblasts within
  • Smooth muscle fibres
  • Lymphocytes
  • Plasma cells
  • Fenestrated capillaries
  • Central lacteal
74
Q

Rank 3 parts of SI from most villi to least villi & why?

A
  • Duodenum = most (so more plicae circulares)
  • Jejunum = middle
  • Ileum = least
    –> as most absorption of nutrients occurs in duodenum
75
Q

What epithelium is this & where is it found?

A
  • Simple columnar
  • Stomach & SI & LI
76
Q

2 things SI has that LI doesn’t?

A
  • No villi
  • Few/no Paneth cells (often none)
  • SI has fewer goblet cells than LI
77
Q

Label this image of mucosal layer of LI.

A
78
Q

What is the longest part of LI?

A

Colon

79
Q

What 4 parts make up the colon - in order?

A
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
80
Q

What 4 cell types make up the LI’s Crypt of Lieberkühn & their roles?

A
  • Absorptive cells (absorb water) - enterocyte
  • Goblet cells (secrete mucus)
  • Regenerative cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells (secerete hormones)
81
Q

What 4 cell types make up the LI’s Crypt of Lieberkühn & their roles?

A
  • Absorptive cells - enterocyte (absorb water)
  • Goblet cells (secrete mucus)
  • Regenerative cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormones)
82
Q

Label this image of LI.

A
83
Q

Pathway for faecal matter from sigmoid colon?

A
  • Rectum (through anorectal junction)
  • Anal canal
84
Q

Main feature of appendix?

A

Lots of MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)

85
Q

MALT function?

A

Protects against invading microorganisms

86
Q

Appendix layers?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Serosa
87
Q

What is rectum part of?

A

LI

88
Q

Epithelium type & change from rectum to anal canal?

A

Rectum = simple columnar
Anal canal = stratified squamous
(changes at rectoanal junction)

Histology (14 decks)

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