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Histology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic role of the cardiovascular system?

A

To transport:
• O2
• CO2
• Nutrients
• Other waste
• Immune cells
• Hormones

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2
Q

What are the 5 types of vessel?

A

-Arteries
-Arterioles
-Veins
-Venules
-Capillaries

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3
Q

Features of arteries - simple?

A

-Large - thick-walled vessels
-Small lumen (deal w/ high pressure)
-Transport oxy blood away from heart to caps (except pulmonary artery)
-Get smaller further away from heart – structure changes away from heart (structure changes)

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4
Q

Features of arterioles - simplified?

A

-Small arteries
-Get smaller further from heart

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5
Q

Features of capillaries - simplified?

A

-Small
-V. thin walls
-Site of exchange

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6
Q

Features of veins - simplified?

A

-Large
-Thin walls
-Large lumen (as low pressure)
-Can have valves (prevent backflow)
-Get larger further towards heart

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7
Q

Features of venules - simplified?

A

-Small veins
-Get larger further towards heart

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8
Q

What are the branches of veins called?

A

Tributaries

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers common in all 5 types of vessel?

A

-Tunica intima (internal)
-Tunica media (middle)
-Tunica adventitia (external)

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10
Q

What is tunica intima made of?

A

-Endothelium (simple squamous ep) - have flat nuclei - endo cells bound by junctions complexes
-Basal lamina below endo

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11
Q

What is tunica media made of?

A

-Circular smooth muscle
-Elastin/elastic tissue

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12
Q

What is tunica adventitia made of?

A

-Connective tissue
-Fibroblasts - produces collagen (gives structural integrity to vessel wall)
-Longitudinal smooth muscle
-Vaso vasorum = small vs - branches into media supplies blood to it

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13
Q

Compare any differences in the tunicas in arteries & veins.

A

Arteries
-thicker tunica media = most prominent layer

Veins
-thinner tunica media - so tunica adventitia = thickest/most prominent layer

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14
Q

What is a difference on the tunica intima in arteries & veins?

A

Arteries = have internal elastic lamina between

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15
Q

What type of artery has internal elastic lamina?

A

Muscular arteries

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16
Q

What vessels have external elastic lamina?

A

-Muscular arteries
-Medium arteries

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17
Q

Where is external elastic lamina in the 2 vessels it is in?

A

Between tunica media & tunica adventitia

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18
Q

Label this muscular artery.

A
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19
Q

Order the layers of a muscular artery from outer to inner.

A

Outer—>Inner
-Tunica adventitia
-Ext elastic lamina
-Tunica media
-Int elastic lamina
-Tunica intima

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20
Q

What is the most prominent layer in a muscular artery?

A

Tunica media

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21
Q

What is the tunica media bound to in a muscular artery?

A

-External elastic artery
-Internal elastic artery

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22
Q

Label & what type of vessel is this? How do you know the vessel type?

A

Vein - larger lumen, thinner walls

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23
Q

Label & what type of vessel is this? How do you know the type of vessel?

A

Arteriole

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24
Q

Differences between arteries & veins?

A

-Lumen - arteries smaller vs veins larger
-Wall - arteries thicker vs veins thinner
-Tunica media - most prominent in arteries
-Tunica adventitia - thickest in veins

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25
Q

Which of these is an arteriole & which is a venule? Label other.

A

Top = arteriole
Bottom = venule
L – Lumen (contains RBCs)
A – Arteriole (well defined)
TM – Tunica Media
Ve – Venule (poorly defined)
N – Nuclei
(Tunica media = not as robust in venule as arteriole)

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26
Q

Label this vessel.

A

a = internal elastic lamina
b = external elastic lamina
c = tunica media
d = tunica adventitia

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27
Q

What do veins not have that arteries do?

A

No internal or external elastic lamina

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28
Q

What are some significant features of large elastic arteries?

A

-Concentric layers of elastic & smooth muscle

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29
Q

Name 2 large elastic arteries.

A

-Aorta
-Subclavian

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30
Q

What are some significant features of large muscular arteries?

A

-Prominent tunica media (smooth muscle bound to internal & external elastic laminae)

31
Q

Name a muscular artery/ies.

A

Coronary arteries

32
Q

Label.

A

-M = Tunica Media
-A = Tunica Adventitia
-I = Tunica Intima
-T = Thrombus

33
Q

What is a main cause of a thrombus?

A

-Atherosclerosis
-Accumulation of fatty acids in arterial wall
= impaired blood flow

34
Q

How does a thrombus form to block the lumen of an artery?

A

-Lumen reduced by thickened intima (I) by atheroma.
-Media (M) & adventitia (A) = normal
-Intima thickening & irregularity —> forms thrombus (T)
= blocks vessel lumen - reduced blood flow

35
Q

What type of vessel is this - explain why using labels.

A

= Muscular artery
-Tunica adventitia (TA)
-Internal elastic lamina (iEL)
-External elastic lamina (xEL)
—> both in THICK tunica media (TM)
-Tunica intima (TI)

—> black lines = elastic fibres

36
Q

What type of vessel is this - explain using labels?

A

-Tunica intima (TI) = thin
-Tunica media (TM) = thin
-Tunica adventitia (TA) = thick - spirally disposed collagen fiber bundles (CF) interspersed in thin elastic fibres
-Nuclei (N) of longitudinal smooth muscle cells - compartmentalized into fascicles by bundles of collagen fibres

37
Q

What type of vessel is this?

A

Artery (common carotid)
-Elastic tissue in walls gives resilience to smooth out pressure wave

38
Q

Features of elastic arteries?

A

-Thin wall relative to diameter/lumen
*elastic fibres:
-Store energy
-Resist over d’intention in systole
-Return vessel shape in diastole
*Large ones = have many fenestrated elastic sheets in tunica media

39
Q

Features of muscular arteries?

A

-Further down arterial tree so not subjected to force exerted by heart
-Greater vol of smooth muscle = greater (involuntary) contraction of vessel walls (controlled by ANS) -so these arteries = more able to regulate blood flow than elastic arteries
-Tunica intima = prominent internal elastic lamina - consisting of a 1 fenestrated elastic sheet
-Thick tunica media = has circularly smooth muscle
-Ext elastic lamina - made of elastic sheets divides tunica media & tunica adventitia

40
Q

What type of vessel is this?

A

Medium muscular artery (see features of muscular arteries)

41
Q

What types of vessel is this?

A

Large elastic artery

-Thick tunica adventitia
-CT of tunica adventitia= thin & disorganised
-Many small arteries & veins present - supply thick tunica adventitia = vasa vasorum
-Lymphatic vs & nerves seen too

42
Q

What type of vessel is this?

A

Elastic artery (see features of elastic arteries)

43
Q

What type of vessel is this, & label?

A

Vein
(section of brachiocephalic vein - a large vein found in thorax)

44
Q

Which type of vessel has the thinnest walls?

A

Capillaries

45
Q

What are capillaries involved in?

A

Major site of gaseous exchange - transfer of O2 from blood to tissues & CO2 from tissues to blood (example lungs/alveoli)

46
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

ONLY HAVE TUNICA INTIMA!

-Capillary wall = made of:
*endothelial cells
*basement memb
*rare scattered contractile cells = pericytes

47
Q

Role of capillary pericytes?

A

-Help control blood flow (especially in brain) as are CONTRACTILE CELLS
-Contain tropomyosin, isomyosin, & protein kinase, involved in contracting = regulates capillary blood flow

48
Q

What are the 3 types of capillary?

A

-Continuous
-Fenestrated
-Sinusoidal

49
Q

Features of continuous capillaries?

A

-Uninterrupted endothelium = reduced permeability & restricts passage of material found where barrier function is needed

50
Q

Example of where continuous capillaries are found?

A

Blood-brain barrier

51
Q

Features of fenestrated capillaries?

A

More permeable so involved more in fluid transport

52
Q

Example of where fenestrated capillaries are found?

A

Renal corpuscles in kidneys

53
Q

Features of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

-Wider gaps = more permeable
–> facilitate movement of fluid & larger molecules & blood cells
-Filter toxins, antigens & defective RBCs

54
Q

Examples of where sinusoidal capillaries are found?

A

Liver & spleen

55
Q

What does this histological image of a capillary show?

A

-Stain = toluidine blue
-Longitudinal section
-Thin BM = most of wall
-Int surface = lined by endo cytoplasm
(can see transverse smaller cap - arrow)

56
Q

Compare the vein, artery & capillaries shown here, in terms of:
-Wall
-Lumen
-Thickness
-Size
-Endothelial cells

A

Wall = thickest in artery, then vein, then cap
-Lumen - relative to wall thickness! - so arteries have thick wall relative to lumen diameter vs veins - narrow wall relative to lumen diameter

57
Q

What is the name of the vessels where blood enters & leaves heart?

A

Great vessels

58
Q

What are the 3 layers of pericardium?

A

-Fibrous pericardium
-Parietal pericardium
-Visceral pericardium

59
Q

What is fibrous pericardium & where is it found?

A

Tough, external fibrous layer

60
Q

What is parietal pericardium & where is it found?

A

Serous memb - on inside of fibrous pericardium

61
Q

What is visceral pericardium & where is it found?

A

Serous memb - on external surface of heart

62
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

-Endocardium (internal)
-Myocardium (middle)
-Epicardium (external)

63
Q

Label the layers of the heart here?

A
64
Q

What is the name of the gap between the visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium?

A

Pericardial cavity - contains small amount of serous fluid to lubricate surfaces & permit friction-free movement of heart in cavity during muscular contractions

65
Q

Summarise the layers of the heart?

A
66
Q

Label this image of the endocardium.

A

-Regularly arranged collagen in middle layer, also contains elastic fibers
-Irregularly arranged collagen in outer layer.
M - Myocardium

67
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

68
Q

Features of myocardium?

A

-Striated muscle = cardiac muscle (single central nuclei) - features:
*central nucleus
*intercalated discs (circles) ONLY SEEN IN MYOCARDIUM
*electoral coupling via gap junctions so myocardium acts as 1 unit ‘functional syncytium’

69
Q

Role of intercalated discs in myocardium?

A

Join/attach cardiac myocytes:
-for direct electrical connection for electrical conductivity
-gives structural integrity & strength - as all cardiac myocytes are coupled via gap junctions so entire myocardium acts as single unit (called the functional syncytium)

70
Q

Give all the terms for muscle cells of heart.

A

-Cardiac muscle cells
-Cardiocytes
-Cardiac myocytes

71
Q

Which layer of pericardium is the epicardium the same as?

A

Visceral serous pericardium

72
Q

What are some identifiable features of the epicardium/visceral serous pericardium?

A

-Flattened mesothelial cells - line body cavities & have non-adhesive & protective role
-Fibrocollagenous stroma
-Vessels supplying the heart
-Adipose tissue (doesn’t take up H&E stain, but have peripherally located nuclei = shows up purple) - provides insulation & protection of tissue as is fat so stores energy & has metabolic role

73
Q

Label this image of the epicardium/visceral serous pericardium.

A

H & E x200
A = adipose tissue, hexagonal in shape
CA = coronary artery embedded in fat
F = fibres of the epicardium
Me = mesothelial cells, external layer
M = myocardium

74
Q

Summarise:
-diameter
-tunica intima
-tunica media
-tunica adventitia
-role in circulatory system
–> of elastic arteries, muscular arteries, small arteries, arterioles & capillaries & venules, small veins, medium veins, large veins

A

Histology (14 decks)

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