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Environmental Science > Lithosphere > Flashcards

Lithosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the effect of geological processes caused by plate tectonics?

A

Soil formation

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2
Q

Formation of rock and soil:
formed via weathering and transport of existing rocks, and then deposition, cementation, and compaction

A

Sedimentary rock

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3
Q

Formation of rock and soil:
Formed by cooling and crystallization of molten rock

A

Igneous rock

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4
Q

Formation of rock and soil:
formed when heat and pressure are applied to rocks

A

Metamorphic rocks

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5
Q

What is the phenomenon of the movement of continents and plates

A

Continental Drift

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6
Q

What plate is the most active and why?

A

Pacific plate; ring of fire

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7
Q

What are the three factors of soil formation?

A
  1. soil age
  2. climate
  3. topography
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8
Q

Soil horizon:
Decomposition takes place here

A

O: Organic Layer

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9
Q

Soil horizon:
Nutrients from previous layer mix with minerals in this layer

A

A: Top soil

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10
Q

Soil horizon:
Filtration from previous layer and leaching of minerals and organic matter

A

E: Eluviation Layer

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11
Q

Soil horizon:
Mineral and metal salts found here

A

B: Subsoil

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12
Q

Soil horizon:
More compact and has partly weathered rock

A

C: Parent Rock

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13
Q

Soil horizon:
Super solid and compact; unweathered rock found here

A

R: Bedrock

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14
Q

Type of soil parameter:
particle size used as basis, what are these?

A

Soil texture:
Clay, silt, sand

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15
Q

Type of soil parameter:
indicator or organic matter content, drainage, and aeration

A

Soil color

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16
Q

Soil color:
high in organic matter, more than 4%

A

Black

17
Q

Soil color:
Good organic matter content and well drained

A

Brown

18
Q

Soil color:
Low organic matter; well drained, color due to presence of ferric oxide (Fe2O2)

A

Red

19
Q

Soil color:
Low organic matter; poorly drained, color due to excess water, poor aeration and Iron oxide (FeO)

A

Gray

20
Q

Soil color:
Low organic matter, well drained

A

Yellow

21
Q

Soil color:
well and poorly drained due to fluctuations in water table

A

Mottling/smearing of color

22
Q

Soil nutrients:
Non-mineral

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

23
Q

Soil nutrients:
Primary Nutrients

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium

24
Q

Soil nutrients:
What is the role of nitrogen

A

building block of proteins and is part of amino acids which is important for chlorophyll

25
Q

Soil nutrients:
What is the role of phosphorus

A

Used to form DNA and RNA and store and transfer energy, promotes early plant growth

26
Q

Soil nutrients:
What is the role of potassium

A

Plant translocation of sugars and starch formation, and helps efficiency of water by opening and closing small apertures (stomata)

27
Q

Soil Nutrients:
Secondary nutrients

A

Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur

28
Q

Detachment and displacement of soil particles and transported by various means

A

Soil erosion

29
Q

Breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces mechanically and chemically WITHOUT displacement and transportation

A

Weathering

30
Q

5 man induced erosions

A
  1. deforestation
  2. clearing land for agricultural purposes and construction
  3. dam construction and diversion of natural course of river
  4. faulty farming
  5. mining activities
31
Q

Soil erosion prevention:
Planting organisms that are native and that can adapt to environment

A

Tree planting

32
Q

Soil erosion prevention:
respecting topography of area and no leveling of ground.

A

Buffer strips - plants below because of water accumulation

33
Q

Soil erosion prevention:
Plowing with respect to natural topography of land. Furrows are plowed perpendicular to the slope of the land rather than in the downslope direction.

A

Contour plowing

34
Q

Soil erosion prevention:
larger crops used to protect soil like trees to minimize wind and water that cause erosion

A

Shelter belts/vegetative barriers

35
Q

Soil erosion prevention:
System that eliminates plowing altogether to reduce soil erosion.

A

No-till agriculture

36
Q

Soil erosion prevention:
Soil erosion on steep slopes can be managed and minimized by producing flat areas and walls that retain water and soil with retaining walls

A

Terracing slopes

37
Q

Soil erosion prevention:
planting of several crops to allow land to recover after several years

A

Planting of more than one type of crop

38
Q

Uncontrolled waste dumping and landfill leachate

A

Soil Contamination

Environmental Science (14 decks)

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