communication models and post-normal science Flashcards
what component of communication is the sender of the message
source
What component of communication is the recipient of the message
receiver
What component of communication is the process of turning thoughts into communication
encoding
What component of communication is the process of turning communication into thoughts
decoding
What component of communication is the reply or response (verbal or non-verbal) to the message
feedback
What component of communication is the content of communication
message
What component of communication is the vehicle through which communication travels
channel
What component of communication is the interference in communication
noise
What comm model only looks at one-way communication and is a single-direction process that occurs when a sender passes along a message without any feedback or response from the receiver?
Linear model
What comm model is a two-way process of exchanging ideas, messages, and information and involves an active exchange between two or more parties where each takes turn as the sender and receiver of the message
Interactive model
What comm model is the communication between two or more people in an ongoing exchange of messages where both sender and receiver influence what is communicated. It hones in on the context of the mesage and how it is process by each person, paying special attention to nonverbalcues like posture, vocal inflection, and facial expressions
Transactional Models
What linear model is…
communication > message > medium > receiver > effect
Laswell’s comm model
What linear model is…
sender > encoder > channel (< noise) > decoder > receiver
Shannon and Weaver’s comm model
What linear model is…
(sender; encoder) > signal (< noise) > (decoder; receiver)
involves field of experience
Schramm’s comm model
What linear model is…
envi factors > sender > gatekeeper > receiver
Westley and Maclean’s comm model
What linear model is…
source (KAP) > message (content) > channel (5 senses) > receiver (KAP)
Berlo’s comm model
Examples of linear models of communication
- radio
- TV
- book publications
- socmed posts
- letters/memos
7 biases associated with linear models
- view of comm as one-way instead of two-way overtime
- source biased on dependency not interdependency
- tendency to focus on objects of comm isolated from their context (in a vacuum)
- tendency to focus on messages per se
- tendency to consider primary purpose of communication for persuasion
- tendency to concentrate on psychologicl effects of communication on separate individuals
- belief in one-way mechanistic causation
Advantages of linear communication
- beneficial for mass communication
- simple and straightforward
- more efficient
- ensures only one message is delivered
disadvantages of linear communication
- does not allow feedback
- does not account for noise
- ineffective when multiple messages
- difficulty in ensuring everyone understands the same message
- less effective when multiple stakeholders are involved
examples of interactive models of communication
- emails
- text messages
- online forums
- chat rooms
- conversation with two or more people
Advantages of interactive communication
- increased flexibility
- more effective
- improved problem solving
- higher levels of trust
Disadvantages of interactice communication
- requires more effort
- time consuming
- sensitivity and emotional risks
- difficulties in measuring success
- difficult for mass communication
Examples of transactional models of communication
- phone calls
- focus groups
- group discussions
- brainstorming sessions
- video conference
Advantages of transactional communication
- allows two-way comm
- ensure effective feedback
- encourages open dialogue
disadvantages of transactional communication
- does not guarantee perfect transmission of ideas and emotions
- can become quite time consuming
- relies heavily on nonverbal cues
- could also become too personal
What model depicts communication as cyclical and interactive and no distinctions are made betwen the source and the receiver, between message and feedback; the participants in the communication process are regarded as CO-EQUALS; involves MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING
Convergence model
what is the process whereby an individual becomes engaged with transformative, democratic, and humanistic pedagogical practices and are not mere receptacles of reality but who as ‘knowing subjects achieve a deepening awareness both of the socio-cultural reaility which shapes their lives and of their capacity to transform that reality’
Conscientization
What denotes an individuals set of abilities and commitments necessary to find, understand, assess, and act on informaiton about the health of our environment and embodies values, beliefes, and attitudes toward sustaining a healthy environment?
Environmental literacy
What is a proficiency which is developed mainly in mathematics but also other subjects and involves developing confidence and competence with numbers and measures?
Numeracy
what does the concept of environmental literacy imply?
- knowledge of envi issues and the credible science behind them
- understanding of the ‘whole picture’ not just minor parts of it
Issue analysis:
what is a situation in which someone or something is at risk. The problemis agreed upon, but dispute lies in deciding on a solution. Likewise, the process for finding a solution is likely to be debated
Problem
Issue analysis:
a multipdimentional situation bringing together a related set of problems, where different values and beliefs about the problems are held by various players/stakeholders
Issue
Issue analysis:
individuals, groups, or organizations holding a vested interest in an issue and its outcome.
Players/stakeholders
Issue analysis:
the stance or postures various players adopt concerning an issue. DIffering values and beliefs exist for the various players, so their positions will differ too
positions
Issue analysis:
alternative strategies and ideas employed to find consensus and resolution for an issue
solutions
What is the over-emphasizing of a selective viewpount and propaganda material is used.
Bias
What is it when so much information about an issue is left out of an explanation that can make the message misleading.
Simplified
What is it when individual human dimensions of a wider envi problem are highlighted, the issue is given face and TUGS at your heartstrings?
Personalized
What is it when a non-local issue is sensationalized when the focus is on a single town, natural area, industry, or other entity only
Sensationlaized/Glamorized
Who wrote science for post-normal age
Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome Ravetz
what is widely used as a term for describing contemporary cultural phenomena and refers to an apporach of unrestrained criticism of the assumptions underlying our dominant culture, and flirts with nihilism and despair?
Post-modern
According to Kuhn, what is the unexciting, indeed anti-intellectual routine puzzle solving by which science advancces steadily between its conceptual revolutions. Unvertainties are managed automatically, values are unspoken, and foundational problems are unheard of?
Normal science
what fosters a new methodology that helps guid its development devloped by Funtowicz and Ravets where uncertainty is not banished by managed and values are not presupposed but are made explicit
Post-normal science
what are analyzed in PNS
- quantity of scientific information
- problem-solving strategies
What conveys the principle that the problem is concerned noot with the discovery of a particular fact, but with the comprehension or management of an inherently complex reality
Systems uncertainties
What are all the various costs, benefits, and value commitments that are involved in the isue through the various stakeholders
Decision stakes
applied science:
professiknal consultancy:
post-normal science:
- mission oriented
- client serving
- issue driven
