Literatuur week 7 Motor control

Question 1

The central motor system is arranged as a hierarchy of control levels? Which 3?

Answer 1

Highest level, middle level, lowest level

Question 2

What is the highest level of the central motor system for?

Answer 2

Strategy: the goal of movement

Question 3

Which brain areas are involved in the highest level of the central motor system?

Answer 3

Areas of the neocortex (frontal and parietal) and basal ganglia

Question 4

What is the middle level of the central motor system for?

Answer 4

Tactics: the sequence of muscle contractions

Question 5

Which brain areas are involved in the middle level of the central motor system?

Answer 5

Motor cortex and cerebellum

Question 6

What is the lowest level of the central motor system for?

Answer 6

Execution: activation of the motor neuron and interneuron pools that generate the goal-directed movement

Question 7

Which brain areas are involved in the lowest level of the central motor system?

Answer 7

Brain stem and spinal cord

Question 8

To know the positions of your own body in space and how it relates to the positions of others, the mental body image is generated by?

Answer 8

Somatosensory, proprioceptive and visual
inputs to the posterior parietal cortex

Question 9

The …. and …. make a tactical decision and issue instructions to the brain and spinal cord

Answer 9

Motor areas and cerebellum

Question 10

Which areas activates the neurons to cause the movement to be executed?

Answer 10

Brain stem and spinal cord

Question 11

Which of the control levels has a sensory motor system that makes tactical decisions based on memory of sensory information form past movements?

Answer 11

Middle level

Question 12

Axons from the brain descend through the spinal cord trough which 2 major pathways?

Answer 12

Lateral pathways and ventromedial pathways

Question 13

Which pathway is involved in voluntary movement and under direct cortical control?

Answer 13

Lateral pathways

Question 14

What is the pyramidal decussation?

Answer 14

Junction of the medulla and spinal cord

Question 15

Which tract originates in the neocortex, 2/3 of axons in the tract originates in the motor cortex and remaining axons derive from somatosensory areas?

Answer 15

Corticospinal tract

Question 16

Which pathway is involved in control of posture and locomotion and are under brain stem control?

Answer 16

Ventromedial pathways

Question 17

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway keeps the head balanced on the shoulders as the body moves?

Answer 17

Vestibulospinal tract

Question 18

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway directs the head and eyes to move so that the appropriate point of space is imaged on the fovea and helps control muscles of the neck, upper trunk and shoulders?

Answer 18

Tectospinal tract

Question 19

Where does the tectospinal tract originates and was does this area?

Answer 19

Superior colliculus - constructs a map of the world around us

Question 20

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway enhances the antigravity reflexes of the spinal cord and helps maintain a standing posture by resisting gravity?

Answer 20

The pontine reticulospinal tract

Question 21

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway liberates the antigravity muscles from reflex control?

Answer 21

The medullary reticulospinal tract

Question 22

Voluntary movements = … pathways
Reflex control = … pathways

Answer 22

Lateral, ventromedial

Question 23

The motor cortex consists of area 4 and 6, where do they refer to?

Answer 23

Area 4: primary motor cortex (M1)
Area 6: premotor area (PMA) and supplementary motor area (SMA)

Question 24

A mental body image seems to be generated by the posterior parietal lobe, it gets input from area 5 and 7, where do they refer to?

Answer 24

Area 5: primary somatosensory cortical areas
Area 7: higher order of visual cortical areas

Question 25

Which lobes are important for abstract thoughts, decision making and anticipating the consquences of action?

Answer 25

Anterior frontal lobes

Question 26

Area 6 converge axons from the PFC and parietal cortex, in what does it play an important rol?

Answer 26

In planning of movement, particularly complex movements sequences of far muscles

Question 27

Which neurons may be part of an extensive brain system for understanding actions and intentions of others?

Answer 27

Mirror neurons

Question 28

Which brain part consists of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, the subthalamic nucleus (and substantia nigra)

Answer 28

The basal ganglia

Question 29

Which structures together are called the striatum?

Answer 29

The caudate and putamen

Question 30

Which pathway (direct/ indirect) allows the basal ganglia to enhance the initation of desired movements?

Answer 30

Direct

Question 31

Describe the direct pathway

Answer 31

Cortical activation (cerebral cortex) --> excites putamen (striatum) --> inhibits GPinternal --> releases the cells in VLo (Thalamus) from inhibition to become active

Question 32

Which pathway of the basal ganglia is involved in the inhibition of movement?

Answer 32

Indirect pathway

Question 33

Increased inhibition of the thalamus by the basal ganglia leads to?

Answer 33

Hypokinesia (lack of movement)

Question 34

Decreased basal ganglia output leads to?

Answer 34

Hyperkinesia (excess of movement)

Question 35

What is bradykinesia and akinesia?

Answer 35

Slowness of movement and difficulty in initiating willed movements

Question 36

What happends within the basal ganglia in Parkinsons?

Answer 36

Degeneration of the substantia nigra neurons and their inputs to the striatum

Question 37

Which neurotransmitter facilitates the direct motor loop by activating the cells in the putamen?

Answer 37

Dopamine

Question 38

Which disorder is characterized by hyperkinesia, dyskinesias (abnormal movements), dementia and disorder of personality?

Answer 38

Huntington's disease

Question 39

What is chorea?

Answer 39

Spontaneous, uncontrollable and purposeless movements

Question 40

What happends within the basal ganglia in Huntingtons?

Answer 40

Loss of neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

Question 41

What disorder can be caused by damage to the subthalamic nucleus?

Answer 41

Ballism - violent flinging movements, or hemiballismus (on one side of the body)

Question 42

The larger the population of neurons presenting a type of movement, the finer the possible control, is called the?

Answer 42

Malleable motor map - leads to a prediction

Question 43

Critical motor functions belong to which brain area?

Answer 43

Cerebellum

Question 44

Lesions in the cerebellum can lead to which kind of movement disorders?

Answer 44

Ataxia or dyssynergia

Question 45

What is ataxia?

Answer 45

Movements become more uncoordinated and inaccurate

Question 46

What is Dyssynergia?

Answer 46

Disturbance of muscular coordination, resulting in uncoordinated and abrupt movements (literatuur: decomposition of synergistic multijoint)

Question 47

What is the vermis in the cerebellum?

Answer 47

The vermis separates the two lateral cerebellar hemispheres and sends output to the brain stem structures

Question 48

How much premotor areas in addition to the primaray motor cortex do we have?

Answer 48

6

Question 49

Cortical inputs to the primary motor cortex arise from which areas?

Answer 49

Frontal premotor and parietal somatosensory areas

Question 50

Some aspects of higher order processes such as reward value, context and motor goals are presented in which area?

Answer 50

A premotor area

Question 51

Which area are involved in the control and initiation/ genesis of movement disorders?

Answer 51

The basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 52

Which basal ganglia structure is important in planning complex sequences?

Answer 52

Striatum

Question 53

Sequences with greater planning requirements appear to be associated with greater activation only in which side/ areas?

Answer 53

Left parietal and premotor areas

Question 54

Damage in the ... lobe disrupts the ability to maintain internal representations and produces deficitis in motor imagery

Answer 54

Parietal

Question 55

Left/ right hemisphere damage produces deficits in planning, refelected as impaired control of movements direction

Answer 55

Left

Question 56

Left/ right hemisphere damage causes problems achieving and stabalizing the arm at a desired goal location

Answer 56

Right

Question 57

The explicit learning system relies on ... memory and .... control, whereas the implicit system relies more on the ...

Answer 57

Working memory, executive attentional control, basal ganglia

Question 58

Damage of the (left/right) .... cortex disrupts motor adaption, what suggests that it is critical for motor planning and updating new internal representations

Answer 58

Left parietal

Question 59

What is apraxia

Answer 59

Difficulty with motor planning to perform tasks or movements

Question 60

Limb praxis is most commonly associated with .... regions on the (left/ right) hemisphere

Answer 60

Fronto- parietal regions, left

Question 61

What is ideomotor apraxia?

Answer 61

It demonstrates planning deficits and impaired ability to update motor plans trough learning - Intact understanding of what task requires but loss of access to kinetic memory

Question 62

What does the vestibular system do?

Answer 62

Gives us information of motion, head/ body position and orientation

Question 63

What are the 3 stages of motor learning?

Answer 63

1. Early/cognitive – declarative, verbal selftalk 2. Associative – detect and eliminate errors, link components 3. Autonomous – automatic, frees up conscious working memory

Question 64

In Huntingtons, the indirect pathway becomes more/ less active leading to over-/ understimulation of the thalamus In Parkinson's, the indirect pathway becomes more/ less active leading to over-/ understimulation of the thalamus

Answer 64

H: less, overstimulation (te weinig inhibity) PD: more, understimulation (te veel inhibity)

Question 65

What is Ideation Apraxia?

Answer 65

Wrong execution of an action because they don't know what to do. They have lost the perception of the object's purpose

Question 66

Which apraxia is associated with left frontoparietal damage?

Answer 66

Ideomotor apraxia

Question 67

Basal ganglia dysfunction is associated with motor learning deficits in implicit/ explicit learning

Answer 67

Implicit