Literatuur week 1 Autonomy Flashcards
What consist of neural cell bodies, axons & dendrites?
Grey matter
Where does white matter consists of?
Nerve fibers with myeline sheath
What do we call the closest connections between the cortex and thalamus
Thalamus-cortical system
Name two main parts of the nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS) & Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What does the CNS contain?
Brain and spinal cord
What are gyri and sulci
Landmarks
What do we use as a way of mapping the cortex?
Brodmann areas
How do we call the visible outer brain?
Neocortex
What is the opposite of contraleteral? i.e. axons in the same hemisphere
Ipsilateral
What lies on top of your cerebrum?
Cerebral cortex
What divides the posterior cortex from the frontal cortex?
Central sulcus
What area is used for emtotional processing, social cognition, planning, initiating activities and monitoring one’s actions?
Prefrontal cortex
What lobe is used for motor planning and motor output?
Frontal lobe
What region is involved in the verbal expression of language? (located in the frontal cortex)
Broca’s area
Which lobe is vital for sensory perception and integration?
Parietal lobe
What is the anterior region of the parietal lobe called?
Somatosensory cortex
Which lobe consists of auditory laguage, speech comperhension systems
Temporal lobe
Which lobe contains the region fusiform face area? (face recognition)
Temporal lobe
Which lobe contains the visual cortex?
Occipital lobe
Which region is responsible for balance/ controlling fine motor movements, cognitive functions and coordination?
Cerebellum
What is called an hidden part of the brain that may be involved in ‘gut feeling’ and interoception (feeling of one’s inner organs)
The insula
Which lobe is home to the hippocampus, amygdala and limbic cortex?
Medial temporal lobe
What is called a type of white matter tract that crosses the midline, connecting the same cortical area in opposite hemispheres
Commissures
The cortical sensory motor pathways can be devided in to two sets. One flows trough the…. and the other trough the….
Cranial nerves, spinal cord
The cortical sensory motor pathways can be devided in to two sets. One flow trough the…. and the other trough the….
Cranial nerves, spinal cord
Which subcortical structure is important for remembering conscious experiences and episodic memory?
Hippocampus
Which subcortical structure is imporant for emotion and learning processes?
Amygdala
Which subcortical structure is important for action planning and unconscious cognitive operations?
Basal ganglia
Which two development theories of nature and nurture are there? (epigenesis)
Predetermined and Probablistic
What type of migration is happining when young cells are pushed away from the proliferative zone by more recently born cells?
Passive cell displacement
What type of migration is happining when young cells are pushed away from the proliferative zone by more recently born cells?
Passive cell displacement
What is called the increae in sheath that surround neuronal processes and fibers and increases the efficiency of electrical transmission?
Myelination
The ability to retain an object in mind after it has been hidden by another object or a cover is called?
Object permanence
What is the ability to change structure or function in a sustained manner in response to some type of external stimulation called? (the aging brain)
Plasticity
What model suggests that there are specific experiences and bevaiours that give protections from age-related decline?
Cognitive reserve model
What is ion permability?
The ability of ions to corss the membrane
What is neurogenesis?
Brain areas are able to grow new neurons
What is apoptosis?
A neuron can self-initiate preprogrammed cell death (pruning)
What is the modular concept of the brain en what is the network concept of the brain?
- Modular concept of the brain: each area has its own function
- Network concept of the brain: each function is implemented
by a combination of regions
What are some predictors of cognitive decline?
Age, health and biomarkers (comorbidity, genetics) and experience/ lifestyle (low education level, lack of exercise, smoking, nutrition)
Which part of the brain is involved in the Stroop task?
The front part of the cingulate gyrus is involved in detecting or revolving tasks with conflicting stimuli
What are some mechanisms of plasticity?
Dendritic spine development and pruning/ apoptosis, myelination, receptor changes and neurogenesis
What are the areas of the ‘social brain’
Superior temporal sulcus (STS), the fusiform face area (FFA), and the orbitofrontal cortex
What does the scaffholding theory of aging and cognition (STAC) suggests?
That cognitive function in older adults can be understood in terms of the magnitude of neural insults that the brain had sustained and the compensatory neural activities that maintain cognitive behavior
What is dendritic spine formation?
Based on stimulation levels, connectivity between cells can change
