Literatuur week 5 Emotions Flashcards
What parts of the brain are involved in the functions of central emotions and participate in emotional expression, according to Papez?
Hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nucleus, cingulate gyrus and hippocampus
What part of the brain might be involved in the elaboration of experience, according to Papez?
Cingulate gyrus
According to Tucker and Ross, which hemisphere may be more involved in processing emotions?
Right hemisphere
Which hemisphere, according to Ross et al., might be more involved in negative emotions and which one more in social forms of emtion?
Right hemisphere more negative and left hemisphere social
The assumption that emotional mechanisms may be subserved by ….?
Subcortical brain structures
Where are the basic systems for primative fear-anger emotions located?
In the amygdala
Are emotions equally represented in the right and left hemisphere?
No
The asymmetry of emotions being represented in the hemispheres may be due to what?
Cognitive factors
….. must be considered as a multicomponent adaptive sustem, integrated in the … system
Emotions, cognitive
Emotions are behavioural reactions and can be distinguished into two categories:
- simple, primative and hard wired behavioural patterns
- more complex and learned cognitive activities
Most authors consider the emotional and cognitive system as advanced adaptive systems based on components aimed at: (4)
- Scanning external milieu
- Selecting and analyzing relevant stimuli
- Providing appropriate response
- Learning to give a subjective/emotional or objective/cognitive meaning to stimuli
The ventral striatum, ventral pallidum and the basal ganglia have been considered to be involved in the execution of
Emotional responses
The emotional processing system is …. organized
Hierarchically
According to Levental, the lowest level of the emotional system is formed by a set of ….
Innate neuromotor programs
Which two higher levels of emotional processing are there, according to the perceptual motor theory of emotion (Levental)?
Schematic level and the conceptual level
The schematic level of emotional processing is based on:
A mechanism of conditioned learning
The conceptual level of emotional processing is based on:
The functioning of the semantic declarative memory system
The schematic level relies on subcortical/ cortical functions and the conceptual level relies on subcortical/ cortical functions
Subcortical, cortical
The left/ right hemisphere plays a critical role in functions of emotional control
Left hemisphere
Vegetative response to emotional stimuli is higher in left/ right brain-damage people
Left brain-damage
Hemispheric asymmetries for emotional functions could be due to greater emotional involvement of the right/ left hemisphere subcortical structures
Right hemisphere
Hemispheric asymmetries could be due to a right/ left-hemisphere cortical dominance for cognitive and control functions
Left hemisphere
What do we call the oldest layer of the brain that is composed of the brainstem, medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain, globus pallidus and olfactory bulbs?
Reptilian brain
This brain layer does not learn well from experience but is inclined to repeat instinctual behaviours. This part of the brain controls survival activities like breathing, heart rate and balance (Reptilian brain/ Mammalian brain/ Neocortex or primate brain)
Reptilian brain (medulla, pons, cerebellum, Globus pallidus en olfactory bulbs)
What do wel call the brain layered over the reptilian brain? It consists the system of brain parts called limbic system.
Mammalian brain
The systems is this brain are evolved to respons to evolutionary pressure such as danger, reproductive and nurturance needs, and acquisition of food (Reptilian brain/ Mammalian brain/ Neocortex or primate brain)
Mammalian brain
What do wel call the cover of the cerebral hemispheres? It is home of our complex cognitive, linguistic, motor, sensory and social abilities
Neocortex or primate brain (cortex + subcorticale nulcei, zoals basal ganglia)
It gives us flexibility and creativity in adapting to changeable
environment (Reptilian brain/ Mammalian brain/ Neocortex or primate brain)
Neocortex or primate brain
Panksepp has offered a functional definition of an emotional system. The first four emotion systems that appear shortly after birth are:
- Seeking
- Fear
- Rage
- Panic
According to Panksepp there are 3 special-purpose systems developing at different stages, what are those emotions systems? (following seeking, fear, rage and panic)
- Lust
- Care
- Play
The … system is a neural system for avoiding pain or injury. It is based in the central and lateral nuclei of the amygdala and responds to stimuli arriving from the thalamus
Fear system
LeDoux has labelled the two sensory input pathways to the amygdala as…?
Low and high road
LeDoux: This road (Low or High) is only capable of low spatial resolution of stimuli and can respond to only simple stimuli or gross characteristics of complex stimuli.
Low road/ thalamo-amygdala
LeDoux: This road is more influenced by social and personal decision-making processes and can reflect culture-specific emotional responses.
High road/ thalamo-cortico-amygdala. (note this one also goes trough the cortex)
…. neglect is a deficit in body perception and visuospatial processing in individuals who have lesions in their parietal cortex.
Parietal
What do we call it, when two different stimuli are presented simultaneously in the right and left visual field and patients with right neglect will report not being able to see the stimulus in their left visual field
Extinction
According to results form Vuilleumeir’s study, something activated the amygdala in patients with right hemisphere parietal damage. Even when the stimuli was on the neglected side. What was it?
Fearful faces
What do we call the ability to react in behaviourally appropriate ways to specific objects without awareness of the stimuli
Blindsight
What do people with bilateral amygdala damage fail to look at?
The eyes when judging facial expression
What recepetors are activated with extinction (the gradual weakening of a conditioned response = Pavlovian)?
NMDA receptors in de amygdala
When activation is enhanced, extinction is increased
Memories become permanent through a process of protein synthesis, what is this called?
Consolidation
What kind of coping strategies do people use?
Reappraisal (looking more positive at thins) and Reinterpretation
Panksepp decribed the SEEKING system with two primary reward pathways. Which are those?
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Mesocortical dopamine pathway
Dopamine neurons respond more to predicted/ unpredicted rewards (reward prediction error theory)
Unpredicted
What are the 3 components of the reward prediction theory?
- Liking
- Learning
- Wanting
Natural rewards and drugs of abuse act in differents ways on the ….. dopamine system
Mesolimbic
Which component theory did James-Lange cam up with?
Physiology drives processes
Which component theory did Cannon came up with?
Cognitive drives processes
Which component theory Strack et al. came up with?
Expression drives processes
Who invented the dimension (kwadranten) model?
Russell
What does the discrete system model entail and who uses it?
Small set of basic emotions, Panksepp
Which 3 core components are there within emotion?
Physiological arousal, expression, subjective feeling
How do we call an emtion that can last for days, weeks or months?
Mood
How do we call an emotion that lasts a lifetime?
Personality trait
Who argue that the emotional system is an emergency system that can take action, to quickly select a new operative schedule. Is based on modules (automata) that automatically generates signals and triggers a response.
Oatley & Johnson-Laird
Emotional responses are determaind by? (subcortical and neocortex)
- Classical conditioning for stimuli that were thus previously linked to pleasure/pain (subcortical)
- Cognitive perception of stimuli in certain context (neocortex)
The afferent signals to the amygdala arrive via which four
pathways?
- Olfactory information arrives directly at the amygdala without
processing in the thalamus. - Visceral information from the hypothalamus
- Affect-relevant information also arrives
from the hypothalamus, thalamus, and brainstem as well as the
orbital cortex and anterior cingulate cortex via the ventral
pathway. - Sensory information arrives directly from temporal
lobe structures
What did researcher concluded in affective blindsight (ability of such patients to respond correctly to visual emotional expressions presented to their blind fields) studies?
That recognition of fear is mandatory and independent of awareness. So fearful faces can be processed without awareness
despite the damage.
Which five cognition-emotion interactions that depend on the amygdala and its associated areas have been identified?
(1) implicit emotional learning and memory; (2) emotional modulation of memory; (3) emotional influences on perception and attention; (4) emotion and social behavior; (5) emotion
inhibition and regulation
What do we call a behavior conditioning method that presents the stimuli in a reverse order, that is, the unconditioned stimulus (US) occurs before the neutral stimulus (NS)
Reverse conditioning
Memories become permanent through a process of protein synthesis called?
Consolidation
What produces more dopamine? The anticipation or de receiving of the reward?
The anticipation of reward
The hedonic feeling of (liking/ wanting/ learning) ’ is dissociable from the dopamine system
Liking - Likeability appears to depend on a separate system involving the shell of the nucleus accumbens
Which drug inhibits reuptake and which drug increases dopamine release?
Cocaine inhibits reuptake en amphetamine increases release
What are the 3 components of expectancy theory (in between the stages effort, performance, outcome, motivation)?
The expectancy theory hinges on three elements: Expectancy. Instrumentality. Valence
What is the emphasis of the classical motivation and reward theorie?
Maintaining homeostasis/ physiological balance
What did the reward modulated n-back test from Thurm concluded?
Better memory if reward is better
What is anhedonia?
Lack of pleasure
Motivation/ pleasure is mostly implemented in frontal cortical areas that receive input from subcortical areas
Pleasure
