Literatuur week 5 Emotions

Question 1

What parts of the brain are involved in the functions of central emotions and participate in emotional expression, according to Papez?

Answer 1

Hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nucleus, cingulate gyrus and hippocampus

Question 2

What part of the brain might be involved in the elaboration of experience, according to Papez?

Answer 2

Cingulate gyrus

Question 3

According to Tucker and Ross, which hemisphere may be more involved in processing emotions?

Answer 3

Right hemisphere

Question 4

Which hemisphere, according to Ross et al., might be more involved in negative emotions and which one more in social forms of emtion?

Answer 4

Right hemisphere more negative and left hemisphere social

Question 5

The assumption that emotional mechanisms may be subserved by ….?

Answer 5

Subcortical brain structures

Question 6

Where are the basic systems for primative fear-anger emotions located?

Answer 6

In the amygdala

Question 7

Are emotions equally represented in the right and left hemisphere?

Answer 7

No

Question 8

The asymmetry of emotions being represented in the hemispheres may be due to what?

Answer 8

Cognitive factors

Question 9

….. must be considered as a multicomponent adaptive sustem, integrated in the … system

Answer 9

Emotions, cognitive

Question 10

Emotions are behavioural reactions and can be distinguished into two categories:

Answer 10

1. simple, primative and hard wired behavioural patterns
2. more complex and learned cognitive activities

Question 11

Most authors consider the emotional and cognitive system as advanced adaptive systems based on components aimed at: (4)

Answer 11

1. Scanning external milieu
2. Selecting and analyzing relevant stimuli
3. Providing appropriate response
4. Learning to give a subjective/emotional or objective/cognitive meaning to stimuli

Question 12

The ventral striatum, ventral pallidum and the basal ganglia have been considered to be involved in the execution of

Answer 12

Emotional responses

Question 13

The emotional processing system is …. organized

Answer 13

Hierarchically

Question 14

According to Levental, the lowest level of the emotional system is formed by a set of ….

Answer 14

Innate neuromotor programs

Question 15

Which two higher levels of emotional processing are there, according to the perceptual motor theory of emotion (Levental)?

Answer 15

Schematic level and the conceptual level

Question 16

The schematic level of emotional processing is based on:

Answer 16

A mechanism of conditioned learning

Question 17

The conceptual level of emotional processing is based on:

Answer 17

The functioning of the semantic declarative memory system

Question 18

The schematic level relies on subcortical/ cortical functions and the conceptual level relies on subcortical/ cortical functions

Answer 18

Subcortical, cortical

Question 19

The left/ right hemisphere plays a critical role in functions of emotional control

Answer 19

Left hemisphere

Question 20

Vegetative response to emotional stimuli is higher in left/ right brain-damage people

Answer 20

Left brain-damage

Question 21

Hemispheric asymmetries for emotional functions could be due to greater emotional involvement of the right/ left hemisphere subcortical structures

Answer 21

Right hemisphere

Question 22

Hemispheric asymmetries could be due to a right/ left-hemisphere cortical dominance for cognitive and control functions

Answer 22

Left hemisphere

Question 23

What do we call the oldest layer of the brain that is composed of the brainstem, medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain, globus pallidus and olfactory bulbs?

Answer 23

Reptilian brain

Question 24

This brain layer does not learn well from experience but is inclined to repeat instinctual behaviours. This part of the brain controls survival activities like breathing, heart rate and balance (Reptilian brain/ Mammalian brain/ Neocortex or primate brain)

Answer 24

Reptilian brain (medulla, pons, cerebellum, Globus pallidus en olfactory bulbs)

Question 25

What do wel call the brain layered over the reptilian brain? It consists the system of brain parts called limbic system.

Answer 25

Mammalian brain

Question 26

The systems is this brain are evolved to respons to evolutionary pressure such as danger, reproductive and nurturance needs, and acquisition of food (Reptilian brain/ Mammalian brain/ Neocortex or primate brain)

Answer 26

Mammalian brain

Question 27

What do wel call the cover of the cerebral hemispheres? It is home of our complex cognitive, linguistic, motor, sensory and social abilities

Answer 27

Neocortex or primate brain (cortex + subcorticale nulcei, zoals basal ganglia)

Question 28

It gives us flexibility and creativity in adapting to changeable environment (Reptilian brain/ Mammalian brain/ Neocortex or primate brain)

Answer 28

Neocortex or primate brain

Question 29

Panksepp has offered a functional definition of an emotional system. The first four emotion systems that appear shortly after birth are:

Answer 29

1. Seeking 2. Fear 3. Rage 4. Panic

Question 30

According to Panksepp there are 3 special-purpose systems developing at different stages, what are those emotions systems? (following seeking, fear, rage and panic)

Answer 30

5. Lust 6. Care 7. Play

Question 31

The ... system is a neural system for avoiding pain or injury. It is based in the central and lateral nuclei of the amygdala and responds to stimuli arriving from the thalamus

Answer 31

Fear system

Question 32

LeDoux has labelled the two sensory input pathways to the amygdala as...?

Answer 32

Low and high road

Question 33

LeDoux: This road (Low or High) is only capable of low spatial resolution of stimuli and can respond to only simple stimuli or gross characteristics of complex stimuli.

Answer 33

Low road/ thalamo-amygdala

Question 34

LeDoux: This road is more influenced by social and personal decision-making processes and can reflect culture-specific emotional responses.

Answer 34

High road/ thalamo-cortico-amygdala. (note this one also goes trough the cortex)

Question 35

.... neglect is a deficit in body perception and visuospatial processing in individuals who have lesions in their parietal cortex.

Answer 35

Parietal

Question 36

What do we call it, when two different stimuli are presented simultaneously in the right and left visual field and patients with right neglect will report not being able to see the stimulus in their left visual field

Answer 36

Extinction

Question 37

According to results form Vuilleumeir's study, something activated the amygdala in patients with right hemisphere parietal damage. Even when the stimuli was on the neglected side. What was it?

Answer 37

Fearful faces

Question 38

What do we call the ability to react in behaviourally appropriate ways to specific objects without awareness of the stimuli

Answer 38

Blindsight

Question 39

What do people with bilateral amygdala damage fail to look at?

Answer 39

The eyes when judging facial expression

Question 40

What recepetors are activated with extinction (the gradual weakening of a conditioned response = Pavlovian)?

Answer 40

NMDA receptors in de amygdala When activation is enhanced, extinction is increased

Question 41

Memories become permanent through a process of protein synthesis, what is this called?

Answer 41

Consolidation

Question 42

What kind of coping strategies do people use?

Answer 42

Reappraisal (looking more positive at thins) and Reinterpretation

Question 43

Panksepp decribed the SEEKING system with two primary reward pathways. Which are those?

Answer 43

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway Mesocortical dopamine pathway

Question 44

Dopamine neurons respond more to predicted/ unpredicted rewards (reward prediction error theory)

Answer 44

Unpredicted

Question 45

What are the 3 components of the reward prediction theory?

Answer 45

1. Liking 2. Learning 3. Wanting

Question 46

Natural rewards and drugs of abuse act in differents ways on the ..... dopamine system

Answer 46

Mesolimbic

Question 47

Which component theory did James-Lange cam up with?

Answer 47

Physiology drives processes

Question 48

Which component theory did Cannon came up with?

Answer 48

Cognitive drives processes

Question 49

Which component theory Strack et al. came up with?

Answer 49

Expression drives processes

Question 50

Who invented the dimension (kwadranten) model?

Answer 50

Russell

Question 51

What does the discrete system model entail and who uses it?

Answer 51

Small set of basic emotions, Panksepp

Question 52

Which 3 core components are there within emotion?

Answer 52

Physiological arousal, expression, subjective feeling

Question 53

How do we call an emtion that can last for days, weeks or months?

Answer 53

Mood

Question 54

How do we call an emotion that lasts a lifetime?

Answer 54

Personality trait

Question 55

Who argue that the emotional system is an emergency system that can take action, to quickly select a new operative schedule. Is based on modules (automata) that automatically generates signals and triggers a response.

Answer 55

Oatley & Johnson-Laird

Question 56

Emotional responses are determaind by? (subcortical and neocortex)

Answer 56

1. Classical conditioning for stimuli that were thus previously linked to pleasure/pain (subcortical) 2. Cognitive perception of stimuli in certain context (neocortex)

Question 57

The afferent signals to the amygdala arrive via which four pathways?

Answer 57

- Olfactory information arrives directly at the amygdala without processing in the thalamus. - Visceral information from the hypothalamus - Affect-relevant information also arrives from the hypothalamus, thalamus, and brainstem as well as the orbital cortex and anterior cingulate cortex via the ventral pathway. - Sensory information arrives directly from temporal lobe structures

Question 58

What did researcher concluded in affective blindsight (ability of such patients to respond correctly to visual emotional expressions presented to their blind fields) studies?

Answer 58

That recognition of fear is mandatory and independent of awareness. So fearful faces can be processed without awareness despite the damage.

Question 59

Which five cognition-emotion interactions that depend on the amygdala and its associated areas have been identified?

Answer 59

(1) implicit emotional learning and memory; (2) emotional modulation of memory; (3) emotional influences on perception and attention; (4) emotion and social behavior; (5) emotion inhibition and regulation

Question 60

What do we call a behavior conditioning method that presents the stimuli in a reverse order, that is, the unconditioned stimulus (US) occurs before the neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 60

Reverse conditioning

Question 61

Memories become permanent through a process of protein synthesis called?

Answer 61

Consolidation

Question 62

What produces more dopamine? The anticipation or de receiving of the reward?

Answer 62

The anticipation of reward

Question 63

The hedonic feeling of (liking/ wanting/ learning) ’ is dissociable from the dopamine system

Answer 63

Liking - Likeability appears to depend on a separate system involving the shell of the nucleus accumbens

Question 64

Which drug inhibits reuptake and which drug increases dopamine release?

Answer 64

Cocaine inhibits reuptake en amphetamine increases release

Question 65

What are the 3 components of expectancy theory (in between the stages effort, performance, outcome, motivation)?

Answer 65

The expectancy theory hinges on three elements: Expectancy. Instrumentality. Valence

Question 66

What is the emphasis of the classical motivation and reward theorie?

Answer 66

Maintaining homeostasis/ physiological balance

Question 67

What did the reward modulated n-back test from Thurm concluded?

Answer 67

Better memory if reward is better

Question 68

What is anhedonia?

Answer 68

Lack of pleasure

Question 69

Motivation/ pleasure is mostly implemented in frontal cortical areas that receive input from subcortical areas

Answer 69

Pleasure