Literatuur week 4 Attention

Question 1

What kind of attention is determined by the current goals of the observer?

Answer 1

Top-down

Question 2

What kind of attention is determined by the physical characteristics of the scene?

Answer 2

Bottom-up

Question 3

What kind of phenomena can’t be explained by either top-down or bottom-up?

Answer 3

Selection history and Reward history

Question 4

Name the three distinct categories of selection bias

Answer 4

1. Current goals
2. Selection history
3. Physical salience

Question 5

What are some symptoms of ADHD?

Answer 5

Difficulty in attending to relevant cues, maintaining attention for prolonged periods of time, fidgety and restless, overtly agressive

Question 6

Name three biological factors dor ADHD

Answer 6

1. Dysfunctional neurotransmitter system (results in lower catecholamine levels)
2. Reduced blood flow to the PFC
3. Heredity

Question 7

What is an Ischemic infarct?

Answer 7

Obstruction of an artery

Question 8

What is an embolic infarct and what are the complications?

Answer 8

Infarct in major cerebral artery, often destroys grey matter causing motor, perceptual and cognitive deficits

Question 9

What is a cerebral haemorrhage?

Answer 9

Result of a burst blood vessel

Question 10

What is a subarachnoidal haemorrhage?

Answer 10

Burst of a blood vessel in the protective layers surrounding the brain

Question 11

Infarct in the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes can affect which functions?

Answer 11

Language, memory and attention

Question 12

A patient with … does not ackowledge any stimulation from the side contralateral to the damaged hemisphere

Answer 12

Neglect (Neglect kan ruimte-gebaseerd of object-gebaseerd. Zo kan men de rechterkant van het visuele veld negeren of van een specifiek object)

Question 13

What is a form of visual neglect in which a previously visible stimulus in one half of the visual field is not consciously reported when a second stimulus appears simultaneously in the other half of the visual field?

Answer 13

Extinction

Question 14

What syndrome is characterized by difficulty in fixating eyes, executing controlled movements and processing visual scenes?

Answer 14

Balint’s syndrome

Question 15

Difficulty with fixating on a certain position in space is called?

Answer 15

Ocular apraxia

Question 16

Disorder in visually guiding motor behaviour is called?

Answer 16

Optic ataxia

Question 17

Inhability to simultaneously percieve different aspects of an object is called?

Answer 17

Simultanagnosia

Question 18

Bruising of the brain that has been in contact with the inside surface of the skull is called?

Answer 18

Coup effect

Question 19

What is primary damage?

Answer 19

Bruising of the brain

Question 20

Lacerated blood vessels that leads to interacerebral haemorrhage or swelling is called?

Answer 20

Secondary damage

Question 21

What may occur when the head is swung forward and backward, resulting in hyperflexion and hyperextension of the neck?

Answer 21

Whiplash

Question 22

A … can cause deficits in divided attention, concentration and high sensability to interference

Answer 22

Whiplash

Question 23

Neurological patients often complain about?

Answer 23

Low arousal, poor concentration, deficit in dived attention, sustained attention and cognitive control

Question 24

… refers to an overall decline in mental functioning and involved developmental of multiple cognitive and bevaiour deficits, including memory impairment

Answer 24

Dementia

Question 25

What is the main form of cortical dementia?

Answer 25

Alzheimer's disease

Question 26

How does Alzheimer's expresses itself?

Answer 26

Enlarged ventricles, cortical atrophy and brain abnormalities

Question 27

What are the most prominent subcortical dementias?

Answer 27

Parkinson's & Huntington's disease

Question 28

What is the primary cause of Parkinson's disease?

Answer 28

Degeneration of the brain stem nuclei, substantia nigra

Question 29

Damage to the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease leads to?

Answer 29

Decrease of the neurotransmitter dopamine

Question 30

Cognitive deficits of Parkinson's include?

Answer 30

Memory and selective attention dysfuntion and decrease in mental flexibility

Question 31

What is the primary cause of Huntington's disease? (after gene mutation)

Answer 31

Degeneration of the caudate nucleus

Question 32

Where do patients of Huntington's suffer from? (cognitive symptoms)

Answer 32

Reduction in mental speed and deficit in the retrieval of information.

Question 33

What causes are involved in Schizophrenia?

Answer 33

Genetic and environmental factors (exact cause unknown)

Question 34

Which cognitive areas are impaired in depression?

Answer 34

Concentration, memory and somatic system

Question 35

What kind of attention is impaired in depression and what kind of attentions remains unimpaired?

Answer 35

Selective and sustained attention impaired. Attention span and devided attention unimpaired

Question 36

What is the Stroop test

Answer 36

Requires individuals to view a list of words that are printed in a different color than the meaning of the word - measures reaction time

Question 37

What is the Posner flanker task?

Answer 37

The subject looks only at a fixation point in the center of the screen. Directional cues such as an arrow draw attention to the left or right flank (side) of the fixation point, but no eye movements are allowed - assess visual attention

Question 38

The ANT task is a generalized version of the flanker task. Which three seperate aspects of attention are tested?

Answer 38

1. Alerting before an expected signal 2. Orienting to a specific location in space 3. Executive attention

Question 39

Which brain areas are invloved in alertness?

Answer 39

Right frontal and parietal regions. Also requires waking state which depends ons the brainstem, thalamus and cortex

Question 40

Which brain areas are invloved in orienting?

Answer 40

Right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)

Question 41

Itti and Koch developed a model that shows a simplified concept of the visual system. The visual map shows three things, what are those?

Answer 41

1. Orientation, intensity and color (salience)

Question 42

Which attention network is involved in top-down attention?

Answer 42

Dorsal attention system

Question 43

Which attention network is involved in bottum-up attention?

Answer 43

Ventral attention system

Question 44

What is Hemianopia?

Answer 44

Visual defects that occupy about half of an eye's visual space

Question 45

What is a water-shed infarct and what are the complications?

Answer 45

Low blood pressure resulting in no blood flow to far places. Gives motor weakness, language problems

Question 46

What is a lacunar infarct?

Answer 46

Occurs when an artery that supplies blood to the deeper portions of the brain becomes blocked.