Literatuur week 4 Attention Flashcards
What kind of attention is determined by the current goals of the observer?
Top-down
What kind of attention is determined by the physical characteristics of the scene?
Bottom-up
What kind of phenomena can’t be explained by either top-down or bottom-up?
Selection history and Reward history
Name the three distinct categories of selection bias
- Current goals
- Selection history
- Physical salience
What are some symptoms of ADHD?
Difficulty in attending to relevant cues, maintaining attention for prolonged periods of time, fidgety and restless, overtly agressive
Name three biological factors dor ADHD
- Dysfunctional neurotransmitter system (results in lower catecholamine levels)
- Reduced blood flow to the PFC
- Heredity
What is an Ischemic infarct?
Obstruction of an artery
What is an embolic infarct and what are the complications?
Infarct in major cerebral artery, often destroys grey matter causing motor, perceptual and cognitive deficits
What is a cerebral haemorrhage?
Result of a burst blood vessel
What is a subarachnoidal haemorrhage?
Burst of a blood vessel in the protective layers surrounding the brain
Infarct in the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes can affect which functions?
Language, memory and attention
A patient with … does not ackowledge any stimulation from the side contralateral to the damaged hemisphere
Neglect (Neglect kan ruimte-gebaseerd of object-gebaseerd. Zo kan men de rechterkant van het visuele veld negeren of van een specifiek object)
What is a form of visual neglect in which a previously visible stimulus in one half of the visual field is not consciously reported when a second stimulus appears simultaneously in the other half of the visual field?
Extinction
What syndrome is characterized by difficulty in fixating eyes, executing controlled movements and processing visual scenes?
Balint’s syndrome
Difficulty with fixating on a certain position in space is called?
Ocular apraxia
Disorder in visually guiding motor behaviour is called?
Optic ataxia
Inhability to simultaneously percieve different aspects of an object is called?
Simultanagnosia
Bruising of the brain that has been in contact with the inside surface of the skull is called?
Coup effect
What is primary damage?
Bruising of the brain
Lacerated blood vessels that leads to interacerebral haemorrhage or swelling is called?
Secondary damage
What may occur when the head is swung forward and backward, resulting in hyperflexion and hyperextension of the neck?
Whiplash
A … can cause deficits in divided attention, concentration and high sensability to interference
Whiplash
Neurological patients often complain about?
Low arousal, poor concentration, deficit in dived attention, sustained attention and cognitive control
… refers to an overall decline in mental functioning and involved developmental of multiple cognitive and bevaiour deficits, including memory impairment
Dementia
What is the main form of cortical dementia?
Alzheimer’s disease
How does Alzheimer’s expresses itself?
Enlarged ventricles, cortical atrophy and brain abnormalities
What are the most prominent subcortical dementias?
Parkinson’s & Huntington’s disease
What is the primary cause of Parkinson’s disease?
Degeneration of the brain stem nuclei, substantia nigra
Damage to the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease leads to?
Decrease of the neurotransmitter dopamine
Cognitive deficits of Parkinson’s include?
Memory and selective attention dysfuntion and decrease in mental flexibility
What is the primary cause of Huntington’s disease? (after gene mutation)
Degeneration of the caudate nucleus
Where do patients of Huntington’s suffer from? (cognitive symptoms)
Reduction in mental speed and deficit in the retrieval of information.
What causes are involved in Schizophrenia?
Genetic and environmental factors (exact cause unknown)
Which cognitive areas are impaired in depression?
Concentration, memory and somatic system
What kind of attention is impaired in depression and what kind of attentions remains unimpaired?
Selective and sustained attention impaired. Attention span and devided attention unimpaired
What is the Stroop test
Requires individuals to view a list of words that are printed in a different color than the meaning of the word - measures reaction time
What is the Posner flanker task?
The subject looks only at a fixation point in the center of the screen. Directional cues such as an arrow draw attention to the left or right flank (side) of the fixation point, but no eye movements are allowed - assess visual attention
The ANT task is a generalized version of the flanker task. Which three seperate aspects of attention are tested?
- Alerting before an expected signal
- Orienting to a specific location in space
- Executive attention
Which brain areas are invloved in alertness?
Right frontal and parietal regions. Also requires waking state which depends ons the brainstem, thalamus and cortex
Which brain areas are invloved in orienting?
Right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
Itti and Koch developed a model that shows a simplified concept of the visual system. The visual map shows three things, what are those?
- Orientation, intensity and color (salience)
Which attention network is involved in top-down attention?
Dorsal attention system
Which attention network is involved in bottum-up attention?
Ventral attention system
What is Hemianopia?
Visual defects that occupy about half of an eye’s visual space
What is a water-shed infarct and what are the complications?
Low blood pressure resulting in no blood flow to far places. Gives motor weakness, language problems
What is a lacunar infarct?
Occurs when an artery that supplies blood to the deeper portions of the brain becomes blocked.
