Literatuur week 2 Genes Flashcards
What does a neuron consists of?
Soma, dendrites & axon
What is the soma and what are the structures inside it called?
Central part op the neuron. Structures inside are called organelles
What is the fluid inside the cell called?
Cytosol
Which organelles is not part of the cytoplasm? (i.e. everything within the cell membrame)
Nucleus
What does the nucleus contain?
DNA
What specific parts of DNA assembles the cell?
Genes
What does gene expression mean?
‘Reading’ a cell
What is the final product of gene expression?
The synthesis of molecules (i.e. protein)
Where does protein synthesis take place?
Cytoplasm
What carries the genetic message to the sites of the protein synthesis?
mRNA
What is transcription?
The process of assembling a piece of mRNA that contains the information of the gene
What do we call the region where the RNA synthesizing enzyme, RNA polymerase, binds to?
The promoter
What do we call the region where the RNA synthesizing enzyme, RNA polymerase, binds to?
The promoter
What do we call the stop sequence that the RNA polymerase recognizes as the end point of the transcription?
The terminator
What are the parts of DNA called that can not be used to code a protein?
Introns and exons
The process of assembling proteins from amino acids under direction of mRNA is called?
Translation
What do we call the entire lenght of DNA that comprises the genetic information in our chromosomes?
Genome
What does gene copy number variations mean?
Having duplicated genes
Many of our genes have small mutations, how do we call that?
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
What process is know by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted in the body?
Pharmacokinetics
What kind of injection is an intraperitoneal injection?
Drug gets injected into the space around abdominal organs
A drugs margin of safety is determined by the …. effect and the …. effect, and the measure is called …
Analgesic, depressant, therapeutic index
The most desirable drugs has (high/ low) affinity for sites of action that produce therapeutic effects and will produce effects at a (high/ low) concentration and a (high/ low) affinity for sites that produce toxid side effects
High, low, low
What is a drug called when it blocks or inhibits the postsynaptic effects?
Antagonist
What is a drug called when it facilitates the postsynaptic effects?
Agonists
What is a drug called when it prevents the neurotransmitter from opening the ion channel?
Receptor blocker or direct antagonists
What does a indirect antagonist and indirect agonist do?
ANT: attaches to one of the alternative sites and prevents the ion channel from opening
AG: attaches to an alternative site and facilitate the opening of the ion channel
By which two neurotransmitters in the brain is the most synaptic communication accomplished?
Glutamate & GABA
By which neurotransmitter are all muscular movements accomplished?
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Which two types of Acetylcholine (Ach) receptors are there?
Ionotropic: nicotine receptors
& Metabotropic: muscarinic receptors
Which neurotransmitters belong to the subclass catecholamines?
Dopamine, norepinephrine & epinephrine
In what functions is dopamine implicated?
Movement, attention and learning
How does the synthesis of dopamine go?
An enzyme turns the procursor, tyrosine, into LDOPA and another enzyme turns this into dopamine
Name the three major dopamine pathways
Nigrostriatal system, Mesolimbic system, Mesocortical system
What are the behavioural effects of the Nigrostriatal system, Mesolimbic system and Mesocortical system
Control of movement, reinforcement effects of drugs and short therm memories/ planning
What substance are people with Parkinson given and why not just dopamine?
L-dopa, because dopamine can’t cross the blood brain barrier
Where are the cell bodies of norepinephrine located?
Pons, medulla and one region of the thalamus
Where does serotonin play a roll in?
Regulation of mood; in control of sleep, eating, arousal and pain
What is the precursor of serotonin?
Tryptophan
Where does histamine play a roll in?
Wakefulness, control of the digestive system and immune system
Which are the 4 major glutamine receptors?
MNDA, AMPA, Kainate & Metabotropic glutamate
Is GABA an excitatory or an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory
Is GABA an excitatory or an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory
By the removal of which inhibitory neurotransmitter causes the effect of muscles to contract continuously?
Glycine
There is no mechanism for reuptake and recycling of …., they are destroyed by enzymes
Peptides
Substance derived from what can serve to transmit messages between cells?
Lipids
Which theory suggests that variation in a trait is caused by many genes, each of which contribute tot the phenotype
Polygenic inheritance
What refers to the structure and organization of cognition?
Phenotypic architecture
Which phenomena is the process by which an individual’s genotype influences the environment that they inhabit
Gene-environmnet correlation
Which phenomena represents the phenomenon whereby the response to an environmental factor vareis as function of one’s genotype
Gene-environment interaction
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism; in other words, it describes an organism’s complete set of genes
What is a phenotype?
Observable characteristics or traits
What is an allele?
Variety of a gene
Is duchenne muscular dystrophy a dominant or recessive X linked disorder?
Recessive X linked dissorder (zonen meer kans op de ziekte, want ze worden altijd drager)
Wat zijn Knock-out mice en Knock-in mice?
Knock-out mice -> gen is verwijderd
Knock-in mice -> oorspronkelijk gen is vervangen
What is the candidate gene approach?
How a specific gene is linked to behavior
What is the genome wide association study?
Examines all genes comparing two groups
Which gene converts dopamine in to norepinephrine?
DBH gene (associated with ADHD)
What is the precuror of L-dopa en in what does L-dopa convert?
Tyrosine and dopamine
To which categorie does dopamine belong?
Catecholamines
What are the precursors of serotonin? (2) and to which categorie does serotonin belong?
Tryptophan and 5HTP
Indolamines
What are the precursors of Acetylcholine? (2) and to which categorie does it belong?
Acetyl coenzyme A and Choline
Modified amino acid
