Literatuur week 2 Genes

Question 1

What does a neuron consists of?

Answer 1

Soma, dendrites & axon

Question 2

What is the soma and what are the structures inside it called?

Answer 2

Central part op the neuron. Structures inside are called organelles

Question 3

What is the fluid inside the cell called?

Answer 3

Cytosol

Question 4

Which organelles is not part of the cytoplasm? (i.e. everything within the cell membrame)

Answer 4

Nucleus

Question 5

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

What specific parts of DNA assembles the cell?

Answer 6

Genes

Question 7

What does gene expression mean?

Answer 7

‘Reading’ a cell

Question 8

What is the final product of gene expression?

Answer 8

The synthesis of molecules (i.e. protein)

Question 9

Where does protein synthesis take place?

Answer 9

Cytoplasm

Question 10

What carries the genetic message to the sites of the protein synthesis?

Answer 10

mRNA

Question 11

What is transcription?

Answer 11

The process of assembling a piece of mRNA that contains the information of the gene

Question 12

What do we call the region where the RNA synthesizing enzyme, RNA polymerase, binds to?

Answer 12

The promoter

Question 12

What do we call the region where the RNA synthesizing enzyme, RNA polymerase, binds to?

Answer 12

The promoter

Question 13

What do we call the stop sequence that the RNA polymerase recognizes as the end point of the transcription?

Answer 13

The terminator

Question 14

What are the parts of DNA called that can not be used to code a protein?

Answer 14

Introns and exons

Question 15

The process of assembling proteins from amino acids under direction of mRNA is called?

Answer 15

Translation

Question 16

What do we call the entire lenght of DNA that comprises the genetic information in our chromosomes?

Answer 16

Genome

Question 17

What does gene copy number variations mean?

Answer 17

Having duplicated genes

Question 18

Many of our genes have small mutations, how do we call that?

Answer 18

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

Question 19

What process is know by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted in the body?

Answer 19

Pharmacokinetics

Question 20

What kind of injection is an intraperitoneal injection?

Answer 20

Drug gets injected into the space around abdominal organs

Question 21

A drugs margin of safety is determined by the …. effect and the …. effect, and the measure is called …

Answer 21

Analgesic, depressant, therapeutic index

Question 22

The most desirable drugs has (high/ low) affinity for sites of action that produce therapeutic effects and will produce effects at a (high/ low) concentration and a (high/ low) affinity for sites that produce toxid side effects

Answer 22

High, low, low

Question 23

What is a drug called when it blocks or inhibits the postsynaptic effects?

Answer 23

Antagonist

Question 24

What is a drug called when it facilitates the postsynaptic effects?

Answer 24

Agonists

Question 25

What is a drug called when it prevents the neurotransmitter from opening the ion channel?

Answer 25

Receptor blocker or direct antagonists

Question 26

What does a indirect antagonist and indirect agonist do?

Answer 26

ANT: attaches to one of the alternative sites and prevents the ion channel from opening AG: attaches to an alternative site and facilitate the opening of the ion channel

Question 27

By which two neurotransmitters in the brain is the most synaptic communication accomplished?

Answer 27

Glutamate & GABA

Question 28

By which neurotransmitter are all muscular movements accomplished?

Answer 28

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 29

Which two types of Acetylcholine (Ach) receptors are there?

Answer 29

Ionotropic: nicotine receptors & Metabotropic: muscarinic receptors

Question 30

Which neurotransmitters belong to the subclass catecholamines?

Answer 30

Dopamine, norepinephrine & epinephrine

Question 31

In what functions is dopamine implicated?

Answer 31

Movement, attention and learning

Question 32

How does the synthesis of dopamine go?

Answer 32

An enzyme turns the procursor, tyrosine, into LDOPA and another enzyme turns this into dopamine

Question 33

Name the three major dopamine pathways

Answer 33

Nigrostriatal system, Mesolimbic system, Mesocortical system

Question 34

What are the behavioural effects of the Nigrostriatal system, Mesolimbic system and Mesocortical system

Answer 34

Control of movement, reinforcement effects of drugs and short therm memories/ planning

Question 35

What substance are people with Parkinson given and why not just dopamine?

Answer 35

L-dopa, because dopamine can't cross the blood brain barrier

Question 36

Where are the cell bodies of norepinephrine located?

Answer 36

Pons, medulla and one region of the thalamus

Question 37

Where does serotonin play a roll in?

Answer 37

Regulation of mood; in control of sleep, eating, arousal and pain

Question 38

What is the precursor of serotonin?

Answer 38

Tryptophan

Question 39

Where does histamine play a roll in?

Answer 39

Wakefulness, control of the digestive system and immune system

Question 40

Which are the 4 major glutamine receptors?

Answer 40

MNDA, AMPA, Kainate & Metabotropic glutamate

Question 41

Is GABA an excitatory or an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Answer 41

Inhibitory

Question 41

Is GABA an excitatory or an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Answer 41

Inhibitory

Question 42

By the removal of which inhibitory neurotransmitter causes the effect of muscles to contract continuously?

Answer 42

Glycine

Question 43

There is no mechanism for reuptake and recycling of ...., they are destroyed by enzymes

Answer 43

Peptides

Question 44

Substance derived from what can serve to transmit messages between cells?

Answer 44

Lipids

Question 45

Which theory suggests that variation in a trait is caused by many genes, each of which contribute tot the phenotype

Answer 45

Polygenic inheritance

Question 46

What refers to the structure and organization of cognition?

Answer 46

Phenotypic architecture

Question 47

Which phenomena is the process by which an individual's genotype influences the environment that they inhabit

Answer 47

Gene-environmnet correlation

Question 48

Which phenomena represents the phenomenon whereby the response to an environmental factor vareis as function of one's genotype

Answer 48

Gene-environment interaction

Question 49

What is a genotype?

Answer 49

The genetic makeup of an organism; in other words, it describes an organism's complete set of genes

Question 50

What is a phenotype?

Answer 50

Observable characteristics or traits

Question 51

What is an allele?

Answer 51

Variety of a gene

Question 52

Is duchenne muscular dystrophy a dominant or recessive X linked disorder?

Answer 52

Recessive X linked dissorder (zonen meer kans op de ziekte, want ze worden altijd drager)

Question 53

Wat zijn Knock-out mice en Knock-in mice?

Answer 53

Knock-out mice -> gen is verwijderd Knock-in mice -> oorspronkelijk gen is vervangen

Question 54

What is the candidate gene approach?

Answer 54

How a specific gene is linked to behavior

Question 55

What is the genome wide association study?

Answer 55

Examines all genes comparing two groups

Question 56

Which gene converts dopamine in to norepinephrine?

Answer 56

DBH gene (associated with ADHD)

Question 57

What is the precuror of L-dopa en in what does L-dopa convert?

Answer 57

Tyrosine and dopamine

Question 58

To which categorie does dopamine belong?

Answer 58

Catecholamines

Question 59

What are the precursors of serotonin? (2) and to which categorie does serotonin belong?

Answer 59

Tryptophan and 5HTP Indolamines

Question 60

What are the precursors of Acetylcholine? (2) and to which categorie does it belong?

Answer 60

Acetyl coenzyme A and Choline Modified amino acid